myers’ psychology for ap* david g. myers. unit 1: psychology’s history and approaches
TRANSCRIPT
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Myers’ Psychology for AP*
David G. Myers
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Unit 1:Psychology’s History and
Approaches
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Unit Overview
• What is Psychology?
• Contemporary Psychology
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
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What is Psychology?
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Psychology’s RootsPrescientific Psychology
• Ancient Greeks–Socrates
–Plato
–Aristotle
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Psychology’s RootsPrescientific Psychology
• Rene Descartes
- Dualism• Francis Bacon• John Locke
–Tabula Rasa (blank slate)
• Empiricism
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Psychology’s RootsPsychological Science is Born
• Wilhelm Wundt (1879)–University of Leipzig
–Reaction time experiment
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Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Structure
• Edward Titchener–Structuralism
• introspection
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Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Function
• William James–Functionalism
–Mary Calkins
–Margaret Floy Washburn
• Experimental psychology
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Psychological Science Develops
• Sigmund Freud
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Psychological Science Develops
• Behaviorism–John B. Watson
–B.F. Skinner
–“study of observable behavior”
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Psychological Science Develops
• Humanistic psychology–Carl Rogers
–Abraham Maslow
• Cognitive Neuroscience
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Psychological Science Develops
• Psychology–Science
–Behavior
–Mental processes
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Contemporary Psychology
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Psychology’s Biggest Question
• Nature – Nurture Issue–Biology versus experience
–History• Greeks
• Rene Descartes
• Charles Darwin–Natural selection
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Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
• Levels of Analysis–Biological
–Psychological
–Social-cultural
• Biopsychosocial Approach
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Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
• Biological psychology• Evolutionary psychology• Psychodynamic psychology• Behavioral psychology• Cognitive psychology• Humanistic psychology• Social-cultural psychology
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychology’s Subfields
• Psychometrics
• Basic Research–Developmental psychology
–Educational psychology
–Personality psychology
–Social psychology
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Psychology’s Subfields
• Applied Research–Industrial/organizational psychology
–Human factors psychology
–Counseling psychology
–Clinical psychology
–Psychiatry
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Tips for Studying Psychology
• SQ3R• Study Tips
–Distribute your study time–Learn to think critically–In class, listen actively–Overlearn–Be a smart test-taker
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The End
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Definition Slides
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Empiricism
= the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.
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Structuralism
= an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.
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Functionalism
= a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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Experimental Psychology
= the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.
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Behaviorism
= the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
• Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
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Humanistic Psychology
= historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.
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Cognitive Neuroscience
= the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).
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Psychology
= the science of behavior and mental processes.
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Nature-Nurture Issue
= the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
• Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.
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Natural Selection
= the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
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Levels of Analysis
= the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.
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Biopsychosocial Approach
= an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
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Biological Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes.
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Evolutionary Psychology
= the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.
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Psychodynamic Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.
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Behavioral Psychology
= the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.
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Cognitive Psychology
= the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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Social-Cultural Psychology
= the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.
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Psychometrics
= the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
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Basic Research
= pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
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Developmental Psychology
= the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
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Educational Psychology
= the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.
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Personality Psychology
= the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
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Social Psychology
= the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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Applied Research
= scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
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Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology
= the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.
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Human Factors Psychology
= the study of how people and machines interact resulting in the design of machines and environments.
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Counseling Psychology
= a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, and marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
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Clinical Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
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Psychiatry
= a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
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SQ3R
= a study method incorporating five steps; Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.