mycotoxins in feed and their effects on broiler
TRANSCRIPT
MYCOTOXINS IN FEED AND THEIR EFFECTS ON
BROILER
Despite great efforts and preventive measures, mould contamination and subsequent mycotoxin production remains an ever-present natural threat to the safe use of grains and feed for poultry.
Introduction500 known mycotoxins
Secondary Metabolites
Carcinogenic in nature
ImmunosuppressiveFAO---25% of Total Grains infected with Mycotoxins
Mycotoxins
A diverse family of chemical substances produced by moulds that are toxic to poultry.
Mycotoxins
Each mycotoxin is chemically distinct and has unique effects upon the animal / bird ingesting the mycotoxin, causing unique signs and lesions.
Mycotoxicoses
Intoxications results from consumption of one or more poisons of fungal origin. These fungal poisons collectively referred as mycotoxins.
Affect of Mycotoxins Depends :
Nature of toxinsConcentrationDuration of exposureAge of the flockNutritional StatusStress factors in the flock
Conditions Favoring Fungus Production
Temperature 25 oC plus Relative Humidity 60 % plus Grain moisture 13 % plus Delayed harvest time
Conditions Favoring Fungus Production
Sub standard storage conditions
Long Storage duration
Damaged grains contamination
Presence of insects
Azziz-Baumgartner E, Lindblade k, Gieseker K, Rogers HS, Kieszak S, Njapau H,S chleicher, R, McCoy LF, Misore A DeCock K, Rubin C, Slutsker L, and the Aflatoxin Investigative Group ( 2005). Case-Control Study of an Acute Aflatoxicosis outbreak, Kenya, 2004. Environ Health Perspect. 113: 1779-1783.
Mycotoxin Target OrganAflatoxin LIVER
Ochratoxin A KIDNEY
Trichothecenes MUCOSA
Ergot Alkaloids Peripheral Vascular System
Zearalenne URO-GENITAL Tract
Mycotoxins Produce Readily
Feedstuff Derived from: Corn Cottonseed Sunflower Rice Polishing
Minimizing Mycotoxin Production
Harvest at maturity at minimum grain damage
Dry grain at 15% moisture as rapidly as possibleThoroughly clean the grain and bins before storageStore in water, insect and rodent tight structuresContinue periodic aeration and probing for “hot spots”.Use propionic acid
Natural Protection Against Mycotoxins
Types of MycotoxinsAflatoxin A. flavus, A. Parasiticus
OchratoxinA. Ochraceus Penicillium Viridicatum
DON F. TricinctumF. GraminearumF. Solani
ZON F. GraminearumF. Roseum
Fumonisin F. MoniliformeF. Prolliferatum
Citrinin P. Citrinium
EstimationHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Flourometer
ELISA Reader
AFLATOXIN
Aflatoxin interacts deleteriously with low dietary protein and fat, vitamin deficiencies, temperature extremes and infectious agents.
AFLATOXIN
Most prevalent and toxicB1 , B2 , G1 , G2, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus Condition of synthesis Temp.: 27-30 oC, Moisture : > 18%
Occurrence Maize, soya, rice polishing, sorghum, CSM, SFM
Mode of Action RNA synthesis, Hepatoxicity, Carcinogenesis
Feed Storage—Aflatoxin
Symptoms of Aflatoxicoses
Acute: Liver damage, Hemorrhage
(hematoma, capillary damage), Ataxia (nervous syndrome), death.
Chronic: Decreased performance, poor embryo
development, imunosuppression, carcinogenesis.
Signs/Symptoms
Inappetance, reduced and uneven growth (FCR)
Depressed Immune system
Feather picking
Purple discoloration of legs & feet
Paralysis & lameness
Loss of egg production
Loss of hatchability due to embryonic death
Poor FCRSlow Growth
RateLow Profit
PM LesionsGeneralized congestion
Liver & kidney were enlarged & pale
In chronic cases– liver become shrunken, firm and nodular
Hemorrhages on kidneys, pancreas & in sub cutis of legs
Anemia and Decrease in PCV, TEC, Hb, Total serum protein
Atrophy of bursa & thymus
Right : Pale liver receiving 200 ppb aflatoxin in feedCenter: Normal LiverLeft: Bird receiving low levels of aflatoxin in feed
Subcutaneous hemorrhages in Chicks
Feathers pull out easily
Postmortem LesionsParameters Negative
Control, %
1PositiveControl,
%
1% Sodium bentonite,
% Sub cut hemorrhages 2 75 30Liver enlarged 10 65 50Kidney enlarged 3 80 67Femur head necrosis 6 70 47Intestinal petecheal hemorrhages
1 60 35
Enlarged/hemorrhagic cecal tonsils
2 65 50
Thymus hemorrhagic 10 95 45Gall bladder distended 0 83 47
Mahmood, et. al., 1997
1, 70 ppb aflatoxins added
Aflatoxin in Poultry Feed
05
1015202530354045
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Months
ppb
OCHRATOXIN Ochratoxin A (B, C, D) A. ochraceus, P. viridicatum Conditions of synthesis Temperature: 4-30 oC, Moisture: > 17%
Occurrence Maize, rice polishing, soybean, sorghum
Mode of Action Nephrotoxicity Liver Toxicity
Symptoms of Ochratoxicoses
Acute Incoordination High mortality rate
Chronic Liver damage High water consumption Decreased bone strength Reduced body weight gain Lower Hatchability
Kidneys pale and accumulation of urates in ureters
Ochratoxicoses acute nephrosis
Ochratoxin
Gizzard erosions
Gizzard erosions penetrating in deep muscle layers
Ochratoxin
Pasting around vent feathers(enteritis) in adults
Withdrawal of contaminated feed causes disappearance of Ochratoxin residues from the liver within 24 hours and kidneys within 40 hours.
TRICHOTHECENE T-2 Toxin, Diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2, Nivalenol, Fusarenon X (Deoxynivalenol) F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, F. oxysporum, F. poae, F. solaniConditions of synthesis Temp 8-25 oC, Moisture : > 20%
Occurrence Maize, sorghum, rice polishing
Mode of Action Inhibition of protein synthesis
Symptoms of Trichothecene Toxicoses
Acute Hemorrhage (crop, stomach,
intestine, heart, lung, kidney), Edema, Beak lesion, Dermatitis, Digestive disorders (diarrhoea, refusal to eat)
Chronic Blood disorders (leukopenia),
immunosuppression, Reduced body weight gain, Thin egg shell
Diarrhea in chicksFusariotoxin & Trichothecene
toxicoses
Stomatitis due to T2 Fusariotoxicoses
Stomatitis following consumption of T2 Fusariotoxin
Ulcers along the upper and lower beak Trichothecenes toxicoses
Mycotoxin Interactions
Synergistic and Additive Effect of different MycotoxinsSynergistic EffectsAdditive Effects
In most cases there are no specific symptoms but reduced productivity and decreased resistance to infection. An impairment of the immune system increases susceptibility to caecal coccidosis, Newcastle disease, Marek’s disease, Infectious bursal disease, salmonella and other infections.
Mycotoxins and Antibody Titer
Guideline for mycotoxin contamination in Finished Poultry
Feed
Type of Mycotoxin
LowConcentration
MediumConcentratio
n
HighConcentrati
onAflatoxins < 20 20-50 > 50Ocharatoxin A < 10 10-60 > 60Trichothecenes, A
< 150 150-400 > 400
Trichothecenes, B
< 250 250-1000 > 1000
Fumonisin < 2000 2000-5000 > 5000Zearalenone < 50 50-250 > 250
ppb
Mycotoxin Detoxification Chemical Inactivation Alkali treatment, Adsorption
Physical Inactivation Blending, irradiation, heating
Biological Inactivation Certain spp of fungi, yeast & bacteria
Adsorbents exhibit high binding capacity in vivo were further tested in poultry and it was observed that some adsorbents are suitable to alleviate the toxic effects of specific mycotoxins.HSCAS resulted in almost total protection against aflatoxicosis, its efficacy against zearalenone and ochratoxin was limited.
SOLUTIONS
1. NON-CONTAMINATED MIXED FEEDS.2. RAW MATERIALS AND MAXIED FEEDS (MOISTURE = 9-12.5%).3. FIRST IN FIRST OUT4. TEMPERATURE = 20ć. 5. BLOW DRY AIR THROUGH THE RAW MATERIALS IN THE SILO.6. HYGIENE AND CLEANING.7. FUMIGATION SYSTEMS AGAINTS INSECTS, MITES, RODENTS.8. MOULD INHIBITORS.9. TREATMENTS OF THE MIX FACTORY EQUIPMENT WITH A
MOULD INHIBITOR.
Conclusion
“Prevention is better than cure”
The best policy to be adopted for mould and mycotoxins problems in
poultry feeding.