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June 2014

IPC 2014, Budapest

‘Think outside the Gut’Effects of probiotics on animal performance and environment.

AJAY AWATI

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6/23/2014

1960 1970 1980 1990

1.68 Kg1.82 Kg 1.98 Kg 2.19 Kg

2000

2.8 Kg

Broiler body weight at 42 days

2010

2.60 Kg

66% increase

Based on Rauw 1998 & Ross recommendations

Last 5 decades of growth improvement

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Last 5 decades of efficiency improvement

6/23/2014

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

2.5 Kg2.1 Kg 2.04 Kg 1.92 Kg

Based on Rauw 1998 & Ross recommendations

1.85 Kg 1.72 Kg

Broiler Feed Conversion Ratio

32% improvement

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Animal production: at the turn of millenium

6/14/2013 4

Otte et al., 2007

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Success brings responsibilities: Just performance is not

enough!

6/23/2014

Environ-

ment

Animal

welfare

Animal

health

Public

Health

Quality of

animal

products

Improved

growthImproved

efficiency

Improved

growth

Improved

efficiency

Bad news is most of these if not all are microbiota related

Good news is we understand and we can do something about it

Microbiota and animal growth performance

6/14/2013 6

VFA (butyrate) provide 70% energy needed by gut epithelium

Production of nutrients, such as vit k & vit B.

Improved water re-absorption in the large intestine

Improved mineral absorption and bone mineralization

……many more

Microbiota and animal growth performance

X Decreased nutrient digestibility in chickens with microbial overgrowth in

small intestine(Smits 1996)

X Non specific stimulation of immune response

• IgA secreted across the GIT accounts for >70% of total antibody

production (Macpherson and Uhr, 2004)

X Increased absorptive cell turnover and mucus production

• In chickens, gut metabolism accounts for 20-36% of the whole body

energy expenditure, which is mainly due to cell turnover (Cant et al

1996)

6/14/2013 7

Microbiota and Animal Health and Public Health

6/14/2013 8

Gastro-intestinal

Pathogens

e.g. E.coli,

Clostridia,

Salmonella

In feed antibiotics Increased antibiotic

resistance

Ban in EU and

some other countries

Further increase in

therapeutic antibiotics useThreat to public health

Microbiota and Quality of animal products and public health

6/14/2013 9

Campylobacter infection

Commensal in poultry

Does not cause any infection,

But serious threat to human health

Salmonella infection

E.coli infection

Microbiota and Animal Welfare

6/14/2013 10

Foot pad lesions

in broilers

Gastrointestinal microbes

e.g. Staphylococcus spp.

Clostridium spp.

Microbial activity

Higher protein fermentation

-leading to higher ammonia

in excreta

Microbiota and Environment

6/14/2013 11

•Globally livestock production contributes to 50% of ammonia

emission

•Ammonia lost from manure decreases fertilizer value and cause

serious air pollution

•Deposition of ammonia enhances N levels in soil and water, which

affects aquatic and terrestrial eco-system

Microbiota and Environment

6/14/2013 12

Farm odor and public defiance to animal farming

Ammonia along with phenols, indoles and skatoles

contribute to strong offensive odor on animal farms

This can affect health of the people working & living

in the farm neighborhood.

These odorous compounds are mainly produced

due to protein fermentation

Protein fermentation also increases pH of the

manure, which helps release of this compounds in

the air

Can probiotics play role in it?

6/14/2012 13

'Organisms and substances which contribute to

intestinal microbial balance'.- Parker 1974

'A live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects

the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial

balance'.- Fuller 1989

Probiotics and Growth performance

6/14/2012 14

1.92

1.82

1.5

1.55

1.6

1.65

1.7

1.75

1.8

1.85

1.9

1.95

2

FCR

Control

DBSC

p<0.05

Santoso et al 1999

Animal: Broilers

Probiotic: Dried bacillus subtilis culture

Pro

du

cti

on

Pe

rfo

rma

nc

e

Probiotics and performance

*Shows significance at P<0.05 in the individual trials

FCRc: corrected 3 points for 100g of liveweight difference

3 strain mixture of B. Subtilis was used.

1.74*

1.97*

1.77* 1.78*1.82

1.69*

1.82*

1.72* 1.72*1.74

Massey University

NZ, 2010

Southern Poultry

Research GA, USA

Imasde Spain,

2010

Imasde Spain,

2010

Average across all

trials

Improvement in FCRc after addit ion of Bacil lus

subt i l is to broi ler diets

Control Bacillius subtilis

Pro

du

cti

on

Pe

rfo

rma

nc

e

Unpublished data

Probiotics and synergy with other feed additives

6/23/2014Romero et al., 2013

2960c

2995c

3042b

3093a

Control Bacillus XAP Bacillus +XAP

AMEn(kcal/kg DM)

Animal: Broilers

Probiotic: 3 Bacillus strains

3582

133

Pro

du

cti

on

Pe

rfo

rma

nc

e

Probiotics and Egg production

6/14/2012 17

-5.9

2.4

1.2

2.8

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4

% egg/hen/day

Egg weight

Egg Mass g/hen/day

FCRegg Kg feed/Kg egg

Xu et al 2006

Animal: Laying hens

Probiotic: Dried bacillus subtilis culture

*

Pro

du

cti

on

Pe

rfo

rma

nc

e

Probiotics and egg quality

6/14/2012 18

-12.2

3.1

1.6

1

10.6

-20 -10 0 10 20

Shell Strength

Shell thickness

Yolk color

Haugh Unit

Yolk Cholesterol

Xu et al 2006

Animal: Laying hens

Probiotic: Dried bacillus subtilis culture

*

Qu

ality

of

An

ima

l P

rod

uc

ts

Probiotics and meat quality

6/14/2012 19

Animal: Broilers

Probiotic: Mixture of lactobacilli and bifidobacterium

Khaksefidi and Rahimi 2005

Qu

ality

of

An

ima

l P

rod

uc

ts

Probiotics and public health concerns

6/14/2012 20Khaksefidi and Rahimi 2005

Animal: Broilers

Probiotic: Mixture of lactobacilli and bifidobacterium

Pu

blic

he

alt

h c

on

ce

rn

Probiotics and Necrotic enteritis challenge (0-28d)

6/14/2012 21

Unchallenged Control Challenged Control CC+BMD CC+DFM

Animal: Broilers challenged with necrotic enteritis

Probiotic: 3 strains mixture of bacillus strains

1.63

2.04

1.7 1.72

FCR

aa

ba

738

508

726 700

Body Wt gain g

a

b

aa

An

ima

l H

ea

lth

Unpublished data

Probiotics and gut health

6/14/2012 22

1928

821 760

2138

1080931

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Control

DFM

*

**

Animal: Broilers challenged with Eimeria vaccine

Probiotic: Mixtures of bacillus strains

Lee et al 2010

Vill

us

Heig

ht (µ

m)

An

ima

l H

ea

lth

Probiotics and Environment

6/14/2012 23

3.317.7

82

140

1.5 6.4

32

80

wk 2 wk 4 wk 6 wk 8

Ammonia concentration in manure, ppm

Control

DBSC

**

*

*

Animal: Laying hens

Probiotic: Dried bacillus subtilis culture

Santoso et al 1999

En

vir

on

me

nt

Probiotics and Foot pad lesions

6/14/2012 24

0.76a

0.65b

Control Bacillus subtilis

Paw scoring at 56 days

Control Bacillus subtilis

An

ima

l w

elf

are

Animal: Broilers

Probiotic: mixture of 3 strains of Bacillus subtilis

Unpublished data

Probiotics: Thinking outside the ‘gut’

6/23/2014

Probiotics in feed

Gut

Animal

Environment

Public Concerns

Microbial balance

Production performance Welfare

Gut Health Synergy with other feed additives

Manure Quality Farm odour reduction

Health

Meat Quality Egg Quality Lower antibiotic use

6/14/2012 26

Thank you for your attention

Summary

Animal nutrition in modern days

can not be all about

‘Gut filling’ of animal

‘Gut feeling’ of nutritionist

or

We must

‘think outside the Gut’

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6/23/2014