mycology chapter 2v2

8/3/2019 Mycology Chapter 2v2

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Chapter 2: FUNGI CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE.

The Kingdom Fungiis enormous, the identified species and those not yet classified add up to over300,000 species. The majority of these species are microscopic fungi (yeasts and moulds, oftenused for the production of antibiotics). A relatively small number of species have reproductivesystems known as mushrooms that can be easily observed.

In the field, fungi of various shapes and colours can be observed. Examples of common shapesand appearances are the saddle or honeycomb shapes, coral shape appearances or egg-shapedgrowing under ground, and finally the best known appearance, the umbrella shaped (with a capand a stipe). Similar variations exist in the colour, taste and smell of fungi. However, suchmacroscopic observations are not sufficient to achieve a proper scientific identification andclassification of fungi and, consequently, microscopic studies are also necessary.

For the purposes of this guide the following classification is used (COURTECUISSE, 1994):

Kingdom Fungi

Division AmastigomycotaSubdivision Ascomycotina

Class AscomycetesSubclass Pyrenomycetidae

Order XylarialesSubclass Pezizomycetideae

Order HelotialesOrder OstropalesOrder PezizalesOrder Tuberales

Subdivision Basidiomycotina

Class PhragmabasidiomycetesOrder AuricularialesOrder Tremellales

Class HomobadisiomycetesSubclass Aphyllophoromycetideae

Order CantharellalesOrder ClavarialesOrder GanodermatalesOrder Polyporales

Suclass Gasteromycetidae

Order LycoperdalesOrder SclerodermatalesSubclass Agaricomycetideae

Order AgaricalesOrder AmanitalesOrder BoletalesOrder CortinarialesOrder EntolomatalesOrder PlutealesOrder RussulalesOrder Tricholomatales


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ASCOMYCETES.

They are called higher fungi along with theBasidiomycetes. They differ from the Basidiomycetes intheir reproductive cells. Ascomycetes are characterised bysac-shape sporanges of relatively big size (up to 400 m[0.4 mm]) which are called asci, with spores inside, theascospores. These reproductive cells are surroundedby sterile ones, the paraphyses, both are part of thehymenium.

Aleuria aurantia

The most interesting species from a gastronomic andcommercial point of view are from the following genera:Morchella, Helvella, Tuber, Terfezia.

BASIDIOMYCETES.

Their sporanges are club-shaped formations andare called basidia; they carry basidiospores

attached to them through the intermediate of asterigma. The sterile cells surrounding them arecystidia.

The Basidiomycetesare divided in different groups according to microscopic characteristics:

Phragmabasidiomycetes: the basidia have membranous walls orientated transversally orlongitudinally. They are of gelatinous or ligneous consistence. They can produce secondaryspores from the basidiospores.

Homobasidiomycetes: the basidia do not have walls, are not clavate (club-shaped) orcylindrical and their basidiospores never produce secondary spores. They form the majorityof the known species.

Aphyllophoromycetideae: this order includes fungi of very various shapes and withhymenia formed of pleats, spines, tubes, alveoli, scales and which can be smooth, etc.

Boletales: the hymenium of these fungi is formed by pores and tubes, although they canexceptionally have gills easily separable from the cap flesh.

Agaricomycetideae:these umbrella-shaped fungi have hymenium made up of gills and the

flesh is fibrous. This subclass has the highest diversity of species and it represents themajority of edible (Amanita caesarea, Macrolepiotas, Agaricus, etc.) and poisonous(Amanita, Lepiota, Entoloma, Cortinarius, etc.) fungi.

Russulales: they are umbrella-shaped and the hymenium has gills, but the flesh isgranulate and in the case ofLactariuscontains latex.

B.3).- Gasteromycetideae.

Differing from the precedent group, the hymenium of these species is protected or enclosed insidefruiting-bodies. This group includes puffballs (Lycoperdon, Calvatia). They can be hypogeous orepigeous.


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MODERN TAXONOMY.

In 1735 the Swedish botanist Karl von Linn, better known as Linneus, published a book inLatin entitled Systema Naturalis. His work presents a general classification of plants, basedon morphological characteristics, following some rational and universal criteria.

Linneus divided plants and living beings in general, in large kingdoms according to their

morphological characteristics, which were then divided more specifically by TYPE, CLASS,ORDER and FAMILY, to finally group the living beings the most similar by GENUS andSPECIES.

KINGDOM

TYPE or DIVISION

CLASSORDER

FAMILY

GENUS

SPECIES

The success of the method relies on its objective and universal character. Animals and plantsthat are discovered at a later date will follow the same rules of classification that the onesalready discovered; therefore the method is open and flexible.

This universal system of classification of living beings is called binomial system, becauseeach species is defined by two Latin or Latinised names.

A generic name, always with its initial in capital letter.

A specific name, in lower-case letter.

Though it is an old system and subjected to continuous modifications, it is used world-wide byscientists to classify living beings.

THE CURRENT CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI.

The Modern Mycological Taxonomy

There is a belief that a mycologist is only an expert in the identification of fungi, and it is oftenforgotten that after the identification there is a great amount of work needed in theclassification of fungi.


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For someone starting to discover and learn about Mycology, this part is one of the mostunpleasant, as it contains a lot of strange and difficult names.

Concerning the names, two problems occur:

To know, while facing a new name, which rank or taxon it corresponds to (are wedealing with the genus, order, class or is it a common name in a vernacularlanguage?).

To know the hierarchical order of each rank.

The table below shows the most important ranks and its nomenclature.

MYCOLOGICAL TAXONOMY

CLASIFICATION ABREVIATION TERMINATION

KINGDOM K. FUNGI

DIVISION D. -MYCOTA.

Sub.DIVISIN s.D. -MYCOTINA.

CLASS Cl. -MYCETES

Sub.CLASS s.Cl. -MYCETIDEAE

ORDER O. -ALES

Sub.ORDER s.O. -INEAE

FAMILY F. (Fam.) -ACEAE

Sub. FAMILY s.F. (s.Fam.) -OIDEAE

TRIBU T. -EAE

GENUS - g.

SUBGENUS - sg.

SPECIES - spp.

SUBSPECIES - ssp.

VARIETY

RACEECOTYPE

- var.

- r.- ecot.


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GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

KINGDOM

FUNGI

D. GYMNOMYCOTA Also called MYXOMYCETES

Division between fungi and animals or protista.

Mobile or immobile.

D. DEUTEROMYCOTA

So-called IMPERFECT FUNGI in the past.

Asexual reproduction by conidia.

Alternation of reproductive phases:

sexual (anamorph)

asexual (teleomorph)

both ( synanamorph)

Important actual status:

medical (Candidiasis, Balstomicosis,HIV).

industrial (Aspergillus, Penicillium).

D. MASTIGOMYCOTA

Sexual reproduction by flagellated spores (+/).

Organisation without cellular separation(cenocytic).

Important cause of diseases:

plant (Mildew, Ink).

animal (Trout disease: saprolegniosis).

D. AMASTIGOMYCOTA

Sexual reproduction (in all or part of the cycle).

Spores NEVER flagellated.s.D. ZYGOMYCOTINA

Coenocytic structure.s.D. ASCOMYCOTINAs.D. BASIDIOMYCOTINA

Membranous walls.


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GENERAL CLASIFICATION OF ASCOMYCETES

s.D. ASCOMYCOTINA

Cl. LABOULBENIOMYCETES.

Cl. ACARPOASCOMYCETES

Cl. PLECTOMYCETES.

s.Cl. Erysiphomycetideae

s.Cl. Pirenomycetidae

Cl. HYMENIOASCOMYCETES

s.Cl. Loculoascomycetideae

s.Cl. Lecanoromycetideae

s.Cl.Pezizomycetideae.

s.C.PEZIZOMYCETIDEAE

DISCOM. NO OPERCULADOS

O. PHACIDIALES.

O. OSTROPALES.

O. LEOTIALES.

s.O. SARCOSCYPHINEAEDISCOM. OPERCULADOS

s. O. PEZIZINEAE

Fam. TERFEZIEAE.

TUBERALES

Fam. TUBERACEAE.


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GENERAL CLASIFICATION OF BASIDIOMYCETES ANDAPHYLLOPHOROMYCETES

s.D. BASIDIOMYCOTINA

Cl. TELIOMYCETES.

s.Cl. Aphyllophoromycetideae

Cl. PHRAGMOBASIDIOMYCETES.

GRUPOS DE TRANSICION.

Cl. HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES

s.Cl. Agaricomycetideae.

s.Cl. Gasteromycetideae.


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S. Cl.APHYLLOPHOROMYCETIDEAE

F. CORTICIACEAEF. STEREACEAE

O. CORTICIALES

F. BANKERACEAEF. TELEPHORACEAEO. TELEPHORALES

F. AURISCALPIACEAEF. HERICIACEAEF. CLAVICORONACEAE

O. HERICIALES

F. COLTRICIACEAEF. PHELLINACEAE

O. HYMENOCHAETALES

F. GANODERMATACEAEO. GANODERMATALES

F. PHAEOLACEAEF. GRIFOLACEAEF. FOMITOPSIDACEAEF. CORIOLACEAEF. BJERKANDERACEAEF. FISTULINACEAEF. POLIPORACEAEF. SCHYZOPYLLACEAE

O. HYMENOCHAETALES

F. CLAVARIACEAEF. CLAVARIADELPHACEAEF. CLAVULINACEAEF. RAMARIACEAEF. SPARASSIDACEAEF. TYPHULACEAE

O. CLAVARIALES

F. GOMPHACEAEF. HYDNACEAEF. CRATERELLACEAEF. CANTHARELLACEAEF. SCUTIGERACEAE

O. CANTHARELLALES


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GENERAL CLASIFICATION OF AGARICOMYCETES

s.Cl. AGARICOMYCETIDEAE

F. PLEUROTACEAEF. HYGROPHORACEAE

F. TRICHOLOMATACEAEs.F. Tricholomatoideaes.F. Leucopaxilloideaes.F. Lyophylloideae

F. MARASMIACEAEF. DERMOLOMACEAE

O. TRICHOLOMATALES

F. AGARICACEAEF. COPRINACEAEO. AGARICALES

- g. Amanita

- g. LimacellaO. AMANITALES

F. PLUTEACEAEO. PLUTEALES

F. ENTOLOMATACEAEF. MACROCYSTIDIACEAEF. RHODOTACEAE

O. ENTOLOMATALES

F. CORTINARIACEAEF. CREPIDOTACEAE

F. STROPHARIACEAEF. BOLBITIACEAE

O. CORTINARIALES

F. ELASMOMYCETACEAEF. RUSSULACEAEO. RUSSULALES

F. HYGROPHOROPSIDACEAEF. OMPHALOTACEAEF. PAXILLACEAEF. GOMPHIDIACEAEF. BOLETACEAE

F. GYRODONTACEAEF. STROBILOMYCETACEAE

O. BOLETALES


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GENERAL CLASIFICATION OF GASTEROMYCETES

s.Cl.GASTEROMYCETIDEAE

F. HYMENOGASTRACEAEF. GASTERELLACEAE

O.HYMENOGASTERALES

F. MELANOGASTRACEAEF. LEUCOGASTRACEAE

O. MELANOGASTRALES

F. GEASTRACEAEF. LYCOPERDACEAE

O. LYCOPERDALES

F. ASTRACEAEF. PISOLITHACEAEF. SCLERODERMATACEAE

O.SCLERODERMATALES

F. BATTARAEACEAEF. TULOSTOMATACEAE

O. TULOSTOMALES

F. NIDULARIACEAEF. SPHAEROBOLACEAE

O. NIDULARIALES

O. HYSTERANGIALES

F. PHALLACEAEF. CLATHRACEAEO. PHALLALES

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