myanmar: increasing displacement as fighting resumes in the east

8/14/2019 MYANMAR: Increasing displacement as fighting resumes in the east

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MYANMAR

Increasing displacement as fghting resumesin the east

Displacement as a result o armed con ict and human rights violations continues in

Myanmar. Between August 2008 and July 2009, an estimated 75,000 people rom ethnicminority communities in eastern Myanmar were orced to ee their homes. In severalareas it is impossible to estimate the number o internally displaced people (IDPs). InOctober 2009, it was estimated there were at least 470,000 IDPs in rural areas o easternMyanmar. Here, con ict between the Tatmadaw (the Myanmar Armed Forces) and eth-nic insurgent groups has intensi ed since June 2009, as a result o government plansto trans orm armed opposition groups which have agreed cease res into Tatmadaw-commanded Border Guard Forces in the run-up to planned 2010 elections.

During 2009, displacement was most prevalent in the Shan and Kayin/Karen States,where the IDP populations were reportedly 135,000 and 125,000 respectively. In severalparts o Myanmar, coercive measures such as orced labour and land con scation, o tenpart o state-sponsored development initiatives, have also caused displacement.

IDPs living in con ict-a ected areas o Myanmar are vulnerable and in need o security,ood, shelter, health and education. With the exception o the Ayerarwady/Irrawaddy

delta, devastated by Cyclone Nargis in May 2008, humanitarian access remains tightly

controlled. International awareness o the nature and extent o con ict-induced displace-ment remains limited.

29 January 20 1 0

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Map of Myanmar

Source: United Nations Cartographic SectionMore maps are available at www.internal-displacement.org

Thaton

KunmingDa li

D u k o u

Ge jiu

Pongsa li

J inghong

Linca ng

Te ngchongBa osha n

Li jia ng

Xicha ng

Mua ng Xai

Houa yxa y

Chiang Ma i

La mpa ng

Na khon Sa wa n Na khon

Ra tcha s ima

Khon Ka e n

Ba r is a l

Chit t a gong

Imphal

J orha t

Tins ukia

LumdingS hillong

G u w a h a ti

Bhamo

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Maymyo

Katha

Mawlaik

Myingyan

Meiktila

Taungdwingyi

Prome (Pye)

Minbu

Chauk

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Mon ywa

Shwebo

Falam Kalemya

Pyapon

Henzada

Mergui

Kawthuang

Chumphon

S a ndow a y

Amherst

Ta-kaw

Mng-Pan

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Putao

Hopin

Lashio

Makaw

Ye

Namhkam

Sittw e(Ak y ab)

P a the in

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Bago

Pa-a n

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D aw e i

Mawlamyine

Taunggyi

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Myitkyina

Mandalay

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Ba n g k o k (Kru n g The p )

Na ypy itaw

Vie n tia n e

( Viang cha n )

D h a k aSAG AI N G

D IVIS ION

BAGODIVISION

A Y E YA R W A R D Y

D I V I S I O N

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M A G W A Y

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KACHIN

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M O N

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K A Y I NS TA T E

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C H I N A

I N D I A

T H A I L A N D

V I E T N A M

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L A O P E O P L E ' S

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MYANMARMYANMAR

Map No. 4168 Rev. 2 UNITED NATIONSMay 2008

Department of Field SupportCartographic Section

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

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Myanmar: Increasing displacement as fghting resumes in the east

29 January 20 1 0 3

Background

Since independence rom Britain in 1948, the

country has been subject to armed con icts. Thecollapse o the Communist Party o Burma in 1989allowed the army to ocus on combating a serieso interlinked ethnic insurgencies in northern andeastern areas (RSC, February 2007, p.3). Between1989 and 1995, cease res were agreed betweenthe government and most armed ethnic groups. The number o people displaced by these armedcon icts who have not achieved a durable solu-tion is in the millions. Many have been living in

displacement or decades (RSC, February 2007,pp.3-6). The most acutely vulnerable IDPs arethose in areas still a ected by signi cant levels o armed con ict (RSC, February 2007, p.4).

In 2009, ghting resumed in some cease reareas as the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces)sought to incorporate into Border Guard Forcesthose armed opposition groups who had negoti-ated cease re agreements (cease re groups). This would place them under the command o the Tatmadaw (TBBC, 31 October 2009, p.3; TNI,September 2009). The government plan is orBorder Guard Forces to consist o units o 326soldiers, detached rom their ethnic leadership,35 o whom, including those in command, are Tatmadaw personnel (TNI, September 2009, p.6).

The State Peace and Development Council(SPDC), the ofcial title by which the govern-ment is known, promulgated a new constitutionin 2008 calling or a bicameral national parlia-ment and state and local legislatures (Lwin, 8December 2009). However, observers say theconstitution does not allow or any signi cantsteps towards real democratisation (Rogers andCox, 9 December 2009; TBBC, 31 October 2009,p. 6). A 19 November 2009 UN General Assemblyresolution called on the Myanmar governmentto review the constitution to ensure compliancewith international human rights law, noted theexclusion o the democratic opposition and ethnic

groups rom the democratisation programme andcalled on the SPDC to ensure a ree, air, transpar-ent and inclusive electoral process (UNGA, 19

November 2009).

Although it is estimated that at least hal a mil-lion people are currently internally displaced ineastern Myanmar, international awareness o thescale o the con ict-induced displacement crisiscontinues to be limited. Concessions on hu-manitarian access were made a ter the May 2008Cyclone Nargis struck the Ayerarwady/Irrawaddydelta. However, ongoing restrictions elsewhere

in Myanmar continue to rustrate e orts to reachcon ict-a ected IDPs (FMR, December 2008, p.14).

Causes of displacement

The scale o internal displacement in Myanmar re-mains difcult to assess. It is impossible to meas-ure in areas under government control (TBBC, 31October 2008, p.20). The human rights impacts on

civilians, especially IDPs, o armed con ict, gov-ernment policies and counter-insurgency meas-ures have been documented in areas o easternMyanmar. The SPDC is widely acknowledged tobe the major perpetrator o human rights viola-tions (Re ugees International in May 2007). Otherabuses are perpetrated by ethnic insurgentgroups, though to a lesser extent. They presentthemselves as de enders o minority populationsagainst state aggression but have been unableto de end civilians when their guerrilla actionsprovoke government retaliation. Insurgent groupssuch as the Karen National Union (KNU) have aninterest in controlling, or at least maintaining,civilian populations in their traditional territoriesin order to claim legitimacy and obtain ood, intel-ligence, soldiers and porters. They thus bear someresponsibility or the plight o civilians in areaswhere they operate.

Since the 1960s, the Tatmadaw has respondedwith brutal counter-insurgency strategies which


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have included orced relocation o civilians (ANU,15 June 2007; TBBC, 31 October 2009). Villagersare typically given little notice be ore receiving

relocation orders. Villages may be burned downand mined in order to prevent return. There aremany reports o soldiers shooting and killing peo-ple ound in homes a ter deadlines have passed.Villagers have reported being threatened withdeath i they re used to ollow relocation ordersand warned that anyone who remained behindwould be assumed to support armed opposi-tion groups and thus be regarded as legitimatemilitary targets (AI, 5 June 2008, p.26; TBBC, 31

October 2009). In order to avoid going to relo-cation sites, some villagers ee into the jungle,sometimes to pre-arranged places o re uge,carrying in ants, cooking utensils, blankets, plasticsheeting, and a ew days supply o rice. Onceo ensives are over, and troops return to camp,some try to return to elds and villages (FMR,April 2008, p.11).

Most orms o displacement and associated hu-man rights abuses result rom the Tatmadaws our cuts counter-insurgency strategy. Thisseeks to cut o insurgents access to ood, money,intelligence and ghting personnel (ANU, 15 June2007; NCGUB, November 2009, p.880). It aims totrans orm all areas under the control o opposi-tion armed groups (described as black areas)into contested (brown) and nally into SPDC-controlled (white) territories. In pursuit o thisgoal and to impose control over civilians, commu-nities are continuously moved rom black areasto designated relocation sites in white areas(NCGUB, November 2009, p.880; TBBC, 31 October2009, p.30).

Additional displacement in Myanmar in 2009ensued rom new ghting in some cease re areaswhich ollowed the SPDCs demand in June 2009that all cease re groups should turn themselvesinto Border Guard Forces. During the year, the Tatmadaw began attacking some cease re groupswhich opposed the SPDCs plans. Some cease re

groups split, with one action agreeing to becomea Border Guard Force and another taking up armsagain. Northern Karen areas and Southern Shan

State were particularly concerned. There, civilianswere speci cally targeted by the SPDC in orderto weaken armed opposition groups (Le Mondediplomatique, November 2009; TBBC, 31 October2009, p.30).

Internal displacement also continues to occuras a result o orced labour, extortion and landcon scation. Faced with multiple constraints ontheir livelihoods, people earn so little that they

o ten have no choice but to leave their homes(UN Special Rapporteur on the situation o hu-man rights in Myanmar, 7 March 2008, p.17 and11 March 2009). State-sponsored developmentinitiatives, o ten organised on military lines andwithout consultation o the local population,have also caused displacement. Ethnic commu-nities generally bear a disproportionate shareo the impact and are denied a air share o anybene ts (TBBC, 31 October 2009, pp.32-34; SGM,September 2009, p.1).

Displacement in eastern Myanmar

The Thailand Burma Border Consortium (TBBC)estimated in October 2009 that there were atleast 470,000 IDPs in rural eastern Myanmarwithin Shan State, Kayah/Karenni State, Bago/Pegu Division, Kayin/Karen State, Mon Stateand Tanintharyi/Tenasserim Division. The TBBCestimate is based on survey data collected bycommunity-based organisations. The largestgroup (231,000 IDPs) were living in temporarysettlements in cease re areas under the adminis-tration o ethnic armed non-state groups. Anotherestimated 111,000 were hiding in remote areasacutely a ected by ghting, while 128,000 whohad been evicted rom their villages by the SPDClived in state-designated relocation sites. By theend o 2009, the total number o IDPs in easternMyanmar, including in urban areas and in mixed


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administration (or grey) areas (where SPDC aswell as armed opposition groups and/or cease regroups have some degree o in uence), was prob-

ably well over hal a million (TBBC, 31 October2009, p.42).

According to the TBBC, between August 2008 andJuly 2009 at least 75,000 people were newly dis-placed in eastern Myanmar as a result o armed con-

ict and human rights abuses. This is probably anunder-estimate as it is only based on data rom ruralareas o the 38 eastern Myanmar townships (admin-istrative sub-districts) which are most commonly

a ected by displacement. Since 1996, more than3,500 villages and hiding sites have been destroyedand their inhabitants orcibly relocated. Observers

ear an imminent increase in displacement in east-ern Myanmar and new re ugee ows into neigh-bouring countries as a result o the SPDCs e ortsto incorporate cease re groups into Border GuardForces (The Irrawaddy, 8 December 2009).

Shan State

Between August 2008 and July 2009, at least37,700 people were newly displaced in ShanState, raising the total to over 135,000 IDPs(TBBC, 31 October 2009, p.50). Southern ShanState (in particular Kehsi, Mong Kung and Laikha Townships) was badly a ected. Fighting betweenthe Shan State Army-South (SSA-S), which hadno cease re agreement with the SPDC, and the Tatmadaw continued in 2009. The SPDC hadreportedly been responsible or extortion, con s-cation o property and orced relocation, resultingin the new displacement o 19,000 civilians. InLaikha Township, more than 500 houses had beenburned and 30 villages relocated by August 2009(TBBC, 31 October 2009, p.16).

In Mawk Mai, Hsi Hseng, and Mong Nai Townships,new ghting and related intimidation, orced evic-tions, rape, torture, and harassment had contin-ued since mid-2008, when the Shan NationalitiesPeoples Liberation Organisation (SNPLO), acease re group o the Pa-O ethnic group, split in

two actions. One, the Pa-O National LiberationArmy (PNLA), resumed combat, triggering thedisplacement o more than 3,000 people (TBBC,

31 October 2009, pp.16, 18).

In August 2009, 37,000 people in northern ShanState were orced to ee across the border intoChina, ollowing an o ensive by the Tatmadawagainst the Myanmar National DemocraticAlliance Army (MNDAA), a cease re group thatcontrolled the Kokang Special Region. TheMNDAA split into two actions, one agreeing tobecome a Border Guard Force, the other re using

to renounce armed struggle. The situation wasalso tense in areas controlled by the United WaState Army (UWSA) as the SPDC also sought totrans orm it into a Border Guard Force. In addi-tion, Lahu militias ghting against both the SSA-Sand the UWSA intensi ed activitities in 2009. Itis suggested these developments may result in

urther displacement within northern Shan Stateand across its borders with China and Thailand(TNI, September 2009, pp.1, 3; TBBC, 31 October2009, pp.3, 16; Shan Herald Agency or News, 3December 2009).

In addition, government-led development proj-ects a ected people already displaced and ledto urther displacement in southern Shan State.Progress on the Tasang Dam project on the Thanlwin/Salween River has made it less likelythat tens o thousands o IDPs will ever return totheir villages. Planned exploitation o lignite atMong Kok in Mong Hsat Township will orce anestimated eight villages to move. Anticipatedmilitarisation may a ect thousands o civilians,potentially leading to displacement (TBBC, 31October 2009, p.16). In addition, the exploitationo iron ore at Mount Pinpet is expected to displace7,000 people and a ect the water supply or a

urther 35,000 (PYO, June 2009, p.1).

Kayah/Karenni StateAs o October 2009, there were an estimated58,150 displaced people living in the state, o


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whom 800 were newly displaced between August2008 and July 2009. The great majority o thosedisplaced were in cease re areas. The situation

in Kayah/Karenni State has remained tense, withincreased Tatmadaw patrols along the border withShan State since the PNLA took up arms again in2008. In 2009, despite opposition rom memberso the Karenni National Peoples Liberation Front(KNPLF), its leaders agreed to become a BorderGuard Force because they depend on logging andmining concessions rom the SPDC. This rictionmay lead to urther con ict and displacement(TBBC, 31 October 2009, pp.18, 50).

Kayin/Karen StateIn Kayin/Karen State, over 125,100 people weredisplaced as o October 2009, o whom 22,800

ed their homes between August 2008 and July2009. More than 50,000 o them were living in hid-den locations and over 50,000 in cease re areas(TBBC, 31 October 2009, p.50).

Con ict in Kayin/Karen State intensi ed in 2009as the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA)aligned with the SPDC (TBBC, 31 October 2009,p.3). In 2009, ghting between the DKBA and theKNU in Hpa-an/Paan District, and related humanrights abuses, orced over 6,000 civilians to leavetheir homes (TBBC, 31 October 2009, p.22).

Tens o thousands o mostly Karen civilians alsocrossed the border into Thailand to escape the

ghting and orced recruitment which the DKBAwas allegedly practising prior to trans ormation intoa Border Guard Force. Further attacks by the DKBAand SPDC on the KNU-controlled area along the Thailand-Myanmar border, which hosts many IDPs,were in December 2009 expected to cause urtherdisplacement (The Irrawaddy, 8 December 2009).

During 2009, more human rights abuses weredocumented in regions controlled by the DKBAthan any other cease re area, particularly in newlyseized areas o Kayin/Karen State. Following theKaren National Liberation Armys (KNLA) retreat

rom Hpa-an/Paan District in June 2009, IDPs inthe nearby Ler Per Her camp were subjected toextensive human rights abuses at the hands o

SPDC and DKBA soldiers (KHRG, 22 September2009, p.1).

In 2009, the SPDC and DKBA began plantinglandmines in abandoned villages and along the Thai-Myanmar border, especially around commu-nities suspected o supporting the KNLA, mak-ing it impossible or displaced villagers to leaveMyanmar or return home (KHRG, 22 September2009, p.2).

Mon StateBetween August 2008 and July 2009, 900 peoplewere newly displaced in Mon State, taking thetotal number o IDPs to 46,800, o whom 41,000were in cease re areas. In August 2009, the NewMon State Party (NMSP) re used to become aBorder Guard Force, and IDPs eared having to eeagain to avoid being accused o NMSP sympathies(TBBC, 31 October 2009, pp.24, 50).

Outside cease re areas, the Tatmadaw has re-portedly con scated land and tortured villagersbecause o their alleged support o the KNU. It hasalso been accused o orcibly recruiting civilians toguard the Kanbauk-Myaningkalay gas pipeline, re-cruiting them into militias and and making themact as in ormants. As a result, many people edinto cease re areas (TBBC, 31 October 2009, p.24;HURFOM, May 2009, p. 49).

Tanintharyi/Tenasserim DivisionIn Tanintharyi/Tenasserim Division in 2009 therewere 67,750 IDPs, o whom 1,100 were newlydisplaced between August 2008 and July 2009.56,500 IDPs lived in relocation sites. The SPDCcontinued to routinely use orced labour and tocon scate land. Since 2007, people had been

orced to cultivate jatropha plants or productiono bio uel. In early 2009, land was con scatedto build a railway rom Dawei/Tavoy to Mergui/Myeik. In addition, thousands o inhabitants o


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o ten red mortars be ore moving in to plunder,destroy homes and lay landmines. Remainingvillagers have o ten been shot on sight (NCGUB,

November 2009, pp. 882, 883; KHRG, November2008, p.121; FMR, April 2008, p.10).

In relocation sitesWhen ordered to move to relocation sites by the Tatmadaw, villagers are usually given a week orless to leave and remove belongings. Those thatstay longer have been shot on sight or killed bylandmines. On arrival at relocation sites, IDPs haveto pay to build their new homes. Many sites are

inappropriately located and lack sufcient arableland and water (NCGUB, November 2009, p. 880).

IDPs in relocation sites and in areas with a strong Tatmadaw presence are at greater risk o arbi-trary arrest, detention, torture, and recruitmentas porters or mine removers (TBBC, 31 October2009, p.32). IDPs are usually prohibited rom leav-ing relocation sites to work, go to markets, or visit

riends and amily. In many sites they have to builda enced perimeter which is guarded by soldiers. There is a ee or travel permits, usually valid orone day in daylight hours. In Buthidaung Townshipin northern Rakhine/Arakhan State, it was report-ed that SPDC personnel stopped Rohingya IDPs,con scated their travel permits and demandedbribes (NCGUB, November 2009, p. 881).

Conditions at relocation sites vary (HRW, 9 June2005). In some it is impossible make a living andstay healthy. Farming opportunities are usuallylimited. Nevertheless, IDPs may stay, as tryingto return home is even more dangerous (BurmaIssues, 15 March 2008, pp.77-78).

Within a ew years o their establishment, mostrelocation sites become depopulated, the au-thorities turning a blind eye as IDPs return homeor resettle elsewhere. Conditions in others havecome to resemble those in other rural settlementsas people have rebuilt communities, o ten inpartnership with community-based organisations

(CBOs) and local NGOs. Residents may pre er tostay in the new village and avoid uncertaintiesand threats o urther displacement i they return

or resettle elsewhere. Such sites may o er betterhealth, education, agricultural and trade opportu-nities than the remote villages people were orcedto vacate (RSC, February 2007, p.15).

Access to educationSome displaced children have attended make-shi t jungle schools, studying in the open withouttextbooks and stationery. Many o their teachersare not ormally trained or adequately compen-

sated. Many other children have had to abandontheir education altogether. Displaced children mayhave returned to their villages but been orced to

ee again a ter a ew months, thus disrupting theireducation again (HREIB, November 2008, pp.76-78).

At many relocation sites, the authorities havemade little e ort to build schools or encourageeducation o IDPs. Travel to schools in neighbour-ing villages is restricted in order to prevent vil-lagers evading military-imposed duties or eeing

rom the relocation site (KHRG, 30 April 2008, p.23).

Access to health care The health conditions o displaced and non-displaced populations are very poor in areas o eastern Myanmar, where malaria is endemic andthe most common cause o death. Malnutrition iswidespread, with more than 15 per cent o chil-dren showing evidence o at least mild malnutri-tion (ANU, 15 December 2008, p.211).

Health indicators in Papun District in Kayin/KarenState deteriorated in 2009, and a lack o health

acilities was compounded by chronic ood short-ages arising rom military restrictions on access to

armland (KHRG, 15 October 2009, p.4).

Surveys o IDPs in eastern Myanmars active con-ict zones have estimated maternal mortality at

between 1,000 and 1,200 per 100,000 live births,and in ant mortality and under- ve mortality as


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91 per 1,000 live births and 221 per 1,000 livebirths, respectively. A maternal health study inKayin/Karen State showed that in non-cease re

zones, IDPs were three times more likely to beanaemic and ood-de cient IDPs ten times morelikely. Those who reported having been displacedwere almost six times less likely to receive antena-tal care (PLoS Med, 23 December 2008).

In western Myanmar, IDPs in Rakhine/ArakanState have had insufcient ood and clothing, noschooling and almost no international contact orsupport (COHRE, 8 November 2007, p.58). IDPs

hiding in jungles in Chin State have experiencedhigh rates o malnutrition, dysentery, pneumoniaand malaria (FBR, November 2008).

National and internationalresponses to internal displacement

The government does not recognise either thatpeople have been internally displaced as a result

o armed con ict and human rights violationswithin its borders, or its responsibility to preventand mitigate displacement. It has restricted theaccess, especially in the eastern border zones, o UN agencies and other humanitarian actors (UNSpecial Rapporteur on the situation o HumanRights in Myanmar, 7 March 2008, p.16).

An unprecedented level o humanitarian accesswas opened in the a termath o Cyclone Nargis inMay 2008. This was largely due to the role playedby the Association o Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN) in convincing the government to cooper-ate with the international community (ODI-HPN,31 December 2008, p.5). The UN introduced toMyanmar the cluster approach to coordinateassistance to those displaced by the cyclone (UNOCHA, 9 May 2008).

Outside the Ayerarwady/Irrawaddy delta therehas been signi cantly less humanitarian ac-cess (ODI-HPN, 31 December 2008, p.4), limiting

the delivery o aid to vulnerable populations,particularly in con ict-a ected areas in Kayin/Karen and Kayah/Karenni States and Tanintharyi/

Tenasserim Division (ICG, 20 October 2008, p.29).Humanitarian agencies based inside Myanmarhave been able to reach more stable areas,including some IDP communities in government-controlled relocation sites and ethnic cease reareas, but this assistance has been limited, by notonly access restrictions but also by the act thatUS- and EU-imposed sanctions have led to verylow aid levels (FMR, April 2008, p.18; Bloomberg, 4May 2009).

Repeating earlier pleas, the international com-munity has called on the government to ensuretimely, sa e, ull and unhindered access to all partso Myanmar, including con ict and border areas,

or the United Nations, international humanitarianorganisations and their partners and to cooperate

ully with those actors to ensure that humanitar-ian assistance is delivered to all persons in needthroughout the country, including displacedpersons (UNGA, 19 November 2009, p. 5).

Myanmar-based international organisations andUN agencies have taken a long-term incrementalapproach, starting programmes adjacent to statecapitals and gradually moving into more remotelocations, although not into the most severelycon ict-a ected areas. Very ew o those that op-erate in government-controlled areas have imple-mented programmes that speci cally target IDPs.Since the late 1990s, some have partnered withlocal NGOs and CBOs to gain access to vulnerableand remote communities. These interventionshave generally ocused on supporting sel -helpinitiatives undertaken by extended amily andclan networks. Relie aid has usually consisted o

ood, medical supplies and community rehabilita-tion and development activities. Three separatechurch-based networks working with IDPs havedeveloped capacities to assess needs and monitorthe impact o assistance. Community leaders whohave been able to engage with local power-hold-


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ers have undertaken protection work to improveconditions or vulnerable communities (FMR, April2008, p.18).

Cross-border assistance has reached areas inac-cessible to agencies operating rom Yangon/Rangoon. Most comes rom Thailand, but also

rom Bangladesh, India and China. Most cross-bor-der groups based in Thailand work in Karen areas,while some also work in Mon and Karenni areas.Security issues and limited local capacity have ledto much less engagement in Shan State. Cross-border agencies provide aid which is impartially

distributed according to need but they are closelydependent on security and logistical supportprovided by armed opposition groups (FMR, April2008, p.18). Cross-border assistance is the primaryway to access IDP communities in unstable areasin the east. Food aid is provided or IDPs in campsclose to the border and cash trans ers or com-munities deeper inside the country. Support isalso given or health and education, while smalleramounts o assistance go towards protection o civilians and promotion o civil society. Despiteongoing con ict, in some communities it hasbeen possible to move beyond relie to develop-ment (FMR, April 2008, p.20).

In recent years, dialogue and trust betweenhumanitarian agencies assisting IDPs rom insideand outside Myanmar has increased. However,

there are ongoing in ormation-sharing and coor-dination challenges. Greater e orts are neededto overcome unding, political and logisticalconstraints acing agencies supporting IDPs, bothin Myanmar and rom abroad (FMR, April 2008,pp.20-21).

Note: This is a summary o IDMCs internal dis-placement pro le on Myanmar. The ull pro le

is available online here .
http://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/myanmarhttp://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/myanmar


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Sources:

Amnesty International (AI) , 5 June 2008, Crimesagainst humanity in eastern Myanmar

Bloomberg News , 4 May 2009, Myanmar LosesAid to Political Brownie Points: Chart o Day

Burma Issues (BI) , 15 March 2008, Living Ghosts:Spiralling repression o the Karenni population

Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions(COHRE), 8 November 2007, Displacement andDispossession: Forced Migration and Land Rights

in Burma

Chin Human Rights Organization (CHRO) , July2008, Food Scarcity and Hunger in Burmas ChinState

EarthRights International , September 2009, Total Impact: The Human Rights, Environmental,and Financial Impacts o Total and ChevronsYadana Gas Project in Military-Ruled Burma

(Myanmar)

EarthRights International , December 2009, Total Impact 2.0: A Response to the French OilCompany Total Regarding Its Yadana Natural GasPipeline in Military-Ruled Burma (Myanmar)

Forced Migration Review (FMR) , 22 April 2008,Under attack: a way o li e

Forced Migration Review (FMR) , 22 April 2008,Humanitarian aid to IDPs in Burma: activities anddebates

Forced Migration Review (FMR) , 22 April 2008,Responses to eastern Burmas chronic emergency

Forced Migration Review (FMR) , December2008, Achievements and limitations o theGuiding Principles in Burma

Free Burma Rangers , November 2008, Hungerand Malnutrition in Arakan and Chin States

Human Rights Education Institute o Burma(HREIB), November 2008, Forgotten Future:Children and Armed Con ict in Burma

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About the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre

The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, established in 1998 by the Norwegian Re ugee Council, isthe leading international body monitoring con ict-induced internal displacement worldwide.

Through its work, the Centre contributes to improving national and international capaci-ties to protectand assist the millions o people around the globe who have been displaced within their own country asa result o con icts or human rights violations.

At the request o the United Nations, the Geneva-based Centre runs an online database providing com-prehensive in ormation and analysis on internal displacement in some 50 countries.

Based on its monitoring and data collection activities, the Centre advocates or durable solutions to theplight o the internally displaced in line with international standards.

The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre also carries out training activities to en-hance the capacityo local actors to respond to the needs o internally displaced people.

In its work, the Centre cooperates with and provides support to local and national civil society initiatives.

For more in ormation, visit the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre website and the database atwww.internal-displacement.org .

Contact:Nina M. Birkeland Head o Monitoring and Advocacy Tel.: +41 (0)22 795 07 34Email: [email protected]

Anne-Kathrin Glatz Country Analyst Tel.: +41 (0)22 799 07 12Email: [email protected]

IDMC Chemin de Balexert 7-91219 Geneva, Switzerlandwww.internal-displacement.org Tel: +41 22 799 0700Fax: +41 22 799 0701
mailto:nina.birkeland%40nrc.ch?subject=mailto:ak.glatz%40nrc.ch?subject=mailto:ak.glatz%40nrc.ch?subject=mailto:nina.birkeland%40nrc.ch?subject=