music & entertainment life & people in east asiakepeng/eastasianculture/pdfs/3.pdf · •...
TRANSCRIPT
History & Musical Instruments
• Chinese History is very long!!
• Pre-dynastic: flutes, ocarinas, bronze bells, stone chimes
• Shang (16th-11th c. BC) and Zhou (11th-221 BC): Sophisticated stringed instruments
• Qin (221 BC-207 BC) and Han (206 BC – 220 AD): portable plucked instruments
• Wei (220 – 265) Jin (265 – 420) through Tang: double reeds, bowed fiddles.
• Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing: fiddle popularity
Court, Religious, Folk
• Music seen by Kongzi(Confucious) as ritual, vital to the regulation of the state: the material of the instruments expressed the material of the universe
• Foreign Influences (trade routes, captives, ethnic groups) on “folk” and “urban” entertainment
• Buddhist chant
• Don’t forget the 20th century!
Instruments
• The eight categories are: silk, bamboo, wood,
stone, metal, clay, gourd and hide.
• (Western instruments are: wind, brass,
percussion, strings)
Silk | Guqin (Zither)
• Seven strings, no frets, no bridges
• Associated with the literati (a man's instrument)
• Made from a special wood
• Called the koto in Japan
• Dates from the Warring States Period
• Joy of Gods and Men 神人畅 (http://youtube.com/watch?v=VO9S5pHxaA8)
Silk | plucked
• Guzheng (古箏) –
16-26 stringed zither with
movable bridges High Mountain and Flowing
Water
(http://youtube.com/watch?v=UBbUuvGl8kc)
• JAPAN: Koto(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhxl
QlZafvY )
• KOREA: Kayageum,
Kumongo
Silk | plucked
• Pipa (琵琶) - 4 or 5 stringed
pear-shaped lute“ Moonlight of Spring River” 春江花
月夜
(http://youtube.com/watch?v=Lykgg5phVJE)
• Sanxian (三弦) - A plucked
lute with body covered with
snakeskin and long fretless
neck
• JAPAN: Shamisen, Biwa
• Ruan (Chinese: 阮; Pinyin:
ruǎn) - Moon-shaped lute in five sizes:
• Liuqin (柳琴) - A small
plucked lute with a pear-shaped body and four strings
• Yueqin (月琴) - A plucked
lute with a wooden body, a short fretted neck, and four strings tuned in pairs
Silk | plucked
Silk | bowed
• Huqin (胡琴) - Family of vertical fiddles
• Erhu (二胡) - Two-stringed fiddle
• Zhonghu (中胡) - Two-stringed fiddle, lower pitch than erhu
• Gaohu (高胡) - Two-stringed
fiddle, higher pitch than erhu
• Banhu (板胡) - Two-stringed
fiddle with a coconut resonator and wooden face
• Jinghu (京胡) - Two-stringed
fiddle, very high pitched, used mainly for Peking Opera
Silk | struck
• Yangqin (揚琴) - Hammered dulcimer of varying
strings struck using two bamboo hammers (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4n4NuGaaOk)
Bamboo
• Dizi (笛子) - Transverse
bamboo flute with
buzzing membrane
• Xiao - End-blown flute
• Suona - A double reed
wind instrument with a
flaring metal bell; also
called haidi (海笛) (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i5_I
_adjqU)
Wood
• Muyu - A rounded woodblock carved in the shape of
a fish, struck with a wooden stick. Often used in
Buddhist chanting
Stone
• Bianqing (編磬 or 编磬) - A rack of stone tablets that
are hung by ropes from a wooden frame and struck
using a mallet
Metal
• Chuzeng Baizhong (楚曾百鐘) - 100 bronze bells
hung on a rack, struck using poles
• Bianzhong (編鐘) - 65 bronze bells hung on a rack,
struck using poles
Gourd
• Sheng - A free reed mouth organ consisting of varying number of bamboo pipes inserted into a gourd chamber with finger holes
• Japan: Sho
• Hulusi - A free reed wind instrument with three bamboo pipes which pass through a gourd wind chest; one pipe has finger holes and the other two are drone pipes; used primarily in Yunnan province
Hide (革)
• Dagu - Large drum
• Huagu - Flower drum
• Bangu - Small, high pitched drum used in
Beijing oper
Ensemble music• Silk and Bamboo
• Theatrical traditions
- Beijing Opera
- Noh
- Kabuki
- Pansori
• Orchestral and Modern- Korean Popular Singer | Rain- Taiwan | Jay-Chou- Japanese | Utada Hikaru
The Center of the World• Cities in China 城市 –walls and markets
• 754: 1,859 cities, 321 prefectures, and 1,538
counties
• The greatest: Chang'an, population of 2 million
• Walls: 18 feet high, enclosed an area of 30
square miles—more for security than to stop
an invasion
• Roads: Narrowest, 82 feet wide, those leading
to the gates—328 feet wide, imperial way =
492 feet
Religious Institutions
• 91 Buddhist monasteries in Chang'an (64 for
monks, 27 for nuns)
• 16 Daoist temples (10 for priests, 6 for
priestesses)
• 2 Nestorian Christian churches
• 4 Zoroastrian Shrines
• Some Buddhist monasteries were the size of
entire wards
Left: Large Goose Pagoda
Top: Small Goose Pagoda (149 feet)
These are the only structures to
survive from the Tang relatively intact
(One was said to rise to 330 feet)
The Pleasure Quarters
• Locale for high-class courtesans (many of
whom were from poor families)
• Girls were only let out on the 8, 18th, 28th days
of the month, to hear Buddhist lectures in a
nearby monastery
• Best courtesans were skilled in singing,
dancing. They supervised feasts, played games,
kept the party moving
Clothing
• Commoners: loose, baggy trousers, tunics,
sashes tied at the waist, bamboo hats
• Formal dress (men): Robes (think bathrobes),
silk, patterned, two layers, sash, large sleeves,
cloth cap/turban, boots
• Formal dress (women): Similar to the kimono
or the hanbok. Could be revealing (low cut), or
exposing the shoulders
Cont.• Jewelry:
• Men: element of formal court wear. Girdle
pendants, belt hooks, leather belts with jade
plaques
• Women: earrings, necklaces, bracelets, hairpins
the most important (personal decorations)
• Women plucked their eyebrows and colored
them back on, beauty marks were added as
well
Entertainment
• Entertainers: magicians, dancers, musicians
(troupes), acrobats
• Sports: polo, football (soccer), archery
• Early drama, puppetry, storytellers
• Games: Chinese chess, pitch pot,
• Parties: poetry, drinking, gambling
Lives of Men and Women
• The life cycle:
• Pre-natal: Mother should burn incense, read
poetry, sit properly and strum the guqin—
fetal teaching
• Woman went into seclusion a month before
birth
• Child (if well-to-do) could be nursed by wet-
nurses, or even raised by them
• Child was considered one year old at birth
(life starts at conception)
Examinations
• Tested for child prodigies
• 3 exams: Classical Masters, Advanced Scholars, Elevated Warriors
• Took place in spring—Classical Masters most prestigious
• Example: 740 test: 65 fill in questions for 8 classics, oral exam, 10 questions on interpretation, 3 essays on contemporary problems
A shirt covered with excerpts from the Classics and commentaries,possibly used for cheating in the exams
Marriage
• A social contract between families (power, wealth, or out of friendship)
• Arranged, love matches were rare
• Girl leaves her family and moves in with husband's family (patrilocal)
• Expected to serve her husband and more importantly, his parents as if they were her own
Justifications for Divorce
• The “Seven Dismissals” (even if the wife disagrees)
• 1) No children (sons) by the age of 49
• 2) Adultery (on her part)
• 3) Refusal to serve her in-laws
• 4) Talkativeness (exposing family affairs)
• 5) Jealousy
• 6) Theft (in-laws property)
• 7) Incurable disease
Three Ways She Can Stay
• The law offered certain protections:
• 1) If she had observed the 27 month mourning period for her husband's parents (filial)
• 2) He had gained wealth, rank, since she had married him
• 3) She had no family to return to
• If he divorced her and one of these applied, he was subject to 100 blows from the thick rod and forced to take her back
Song Taizu (Zhao Kuangyin)
The Song marked return to
Han Chinese rule in China—for
the first time in a major dynasty
since the Han itself.
Urbanization
• Shift to the cities: 10% of the population living in cities
• Kaifeng (capital): trade valued at 50% more than London in 1711 (not equalled in Europe until 18th century)
• Popular urban culture: street shows, dramas, increasing freedom of movement
• Cities as the center of cultural life—amusement quarters
The “Qingming Scroll” showing Kaifeng during the Song (attributed to Zhang Zeduan)--the entire painting is 5.25 meters long!
Footbinding• Origin traced to the Tang (Emperor's
concubine—dancer)
• Becomes popular during the Song—restricted to
upper classs. Why?
• How? Early forms not as severe as the Qing—but
ideal foot size was eventually 4 in. in length
• Bound by mother/grandmother at age 4-7—
extremely painful, could take up to 10 years
• Why? Sexual appeal, a symbol of class, and
later, a marker of civilization (vs. barbarians)
Within 20 years of Genghis Khan’s death, the Mongol Empire spanned much of Russia, China, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kuwait, Armenia,Korea (North and South), Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Iraq and Iran. It was the largest land empire in history.
The Qing (1644-1911)
• Conquered the Ming
• No change in landownership
• Kept civil service examination
• Kept the Ming Code (laws)
• Respect of Chinese customs
• Differences: Manchu clothes and the queue
The Manchus
• Northern group—claim shared cultural traits
with the Jurchen
• Banner system—way of organizing society (300
households form a company, 50 companies
form a banner
• Brutal conquest of the south—massacre in
Yangzhou
General Events
• Increase in population: from 60 million --> 150
million --> 300 million (end of the 18th century)
• Continued policy of autocratic rule, exams,
“Confucian rulers”--move to legitimacy—far
more successful than the Mongols
• Additions to the empire: Tibet (iffy), Xinjiang,
Taiwan (Zheng Chenggong/Koxinga—1681)