I. Introduction

Fungi are living organisms that are distantly related to plants, and more

closely related to animals, but rather different from either of those groups. Their

cells resemble like plants and animals cells. They are heterotrophic and

osmotrophic. They mostly develop very diffuse bodies made up of a spreading

network of very narrow, tubular, branching filaments called hyphae. These

filaments exude enzymes, and absorb food, at their growing tips. Although these

filaments are very narrow, they are collectively very long, and can explore and

exploit food substrates very efficiently. Fungi usually reproduce by means of

spores, which develop on, and are released by, a range of unique structures

such as mushrooms, cup fungi, and many other kinds of microscopically small

fruiting bodies (Kendrick, 2002).

Fungi can be macro or microorganisms. Macrofungi are those fungi that

form large fructifications visible without the aid of a microscope and they are

defined here to include Ascomycota and Basidiomycota with large, easily

observed spore bearing structures (Hawksworth, 1991).Although by definition

visible to the naked eye, are, like all fungi, they are microorganisms. They

interact and compete in all manner with other microorganisms and predators or

browsers (Redhead, 1997).

Most conspicuous and familiar macrofungi are those colorful fruiting

bodies that are found in the wooded patches, ground soil and also in plants

called “mushrooms”.

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Mushroom is the sporulating or fruiting body of a fungus in the Division

Basidiomycetes, a large and diverse group of about 16,000 species, sometimes

known as club fungi. Mushrooms have many fascinating properties, in addition to

the extreme toxicity of some species. Mushrooms can sometimes grow extremely

rapidly—in some cases, masses of mushrooms can seemingly appear overnight,

under suitable environmental conditions, and usually following a heavy rainfall.

Mushrooms may also have unusual shapes and growth patterns, for example,

the concentric circles or "fairy rings" that some species develop in open places,

such as fields and meadows. These and other interesting qualities were not

easily explainable by naturalists in earlier times. As a result, mushrooms have

acquired a supernatural reputation in some cultures, and are commonly

associated with cold, dank, dangerous, or evil contexts (Net Industries, 2011)

The objective of this study is to provide added information to the

community and to the whole mycological world on the mushroom diversity in

Manresa, College of Agriculture Complex, Masterson Avenue, Cagayan de Oro

City.

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II. Objectives

General Objectives:

To assess the species diversity of mushrooms in Manresa, College of

Agriculture Complex, Masterson Avenue, Cagayan de Oro City.

Specific Objectives:

1. To identify all the collected specimens of mushrooms in Manresa

2. To determine the relative abundance, diversity index and coefficient of

dispersion of mushrooms in the study area

3. To record the substrate type where each mushroom grow

4. To determine the association between the substrate type and groupings

of the mushrooms

5. To construct a dichotomous field key

III. Significance of the Study

Since there are few researchers who conduct macrofungal studies or even

the whole of fungi “Fungi, “stand out”, as they represent a group of organisms

where most countries in Asia and other regions lack taxonomists to carry out the

roles of the Convention of Biological Diversity” (Hyde, 2003), there is a need for

further documentation of mushroom species.

The challenge then of this study is to provide added general information and

update on the standing biodiversity data of macrofungal species not just to

contribute in the world’s database of biodiversity but most importantly to the

Philippine biological world.

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The records, information and results of this study will serve as additional

information on the mushroom species in Manresa, College of Agriculture

Complex along Masterson Avenue, Cagayan de Oro City.

IV. Limitations of the Study

Cultured mushrooms in the study area will not be included as they will not

be in the natural habitat. Although they play a very important role in the growth of

mushrooms, measurement of environmental factors such as temperature,

humidity, evaporation potential, substrate moisture content, light, pH and gas

concentrations (Przybylowicz & Donoghue, 1990) will not be employed.

The collection and documentation of mushrooms specimens will not

include those mushrooms which will not be accessible even if they may be

visible. Molecular analysis to identify collected specimens will not be employed;

therefore identification of possible subspecies may not be attained.

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V. Literature Review

Hawksworth (1991) estimated that there are about 1 500 000 fungi

species throughout the world, with basis from the extrapolation from Britain to the

entire globe. Hawksworth added that Britain is among the most intensively

investigated areas on Earth for plants and fungi, pointing out that almost all the

flowering plants are known numbering to about 2000 species. Although the fungi

of Britain are definitely not fully known, with new ones that are still being

described, about 12 000 species have already been recorded. This gives a ratio

of about 6 fungi to each plant species. Furthermore, Hawksworth suggested that

since there appeared to be about 250 000 species of flowering plants in the

world, there are probably six times as many fungi that leads to the total number

of fungal species of 1 500 000. Even if this figure is an over- estimate, and with

only half- a- million fungi, we still have described only 20% of the total and a

huge task lies before us.

In the study in Nepal, Rana and Giri (2006) conducted a study on

“Mushroom diversity in the Sagarmatha National Park and its buffer zone area”

and recorded a total of 150 mushroom species belonging to 37 families and 65

genera collected from Lukla (2480m above sl) to Panboche (4000m above sl).

The largest family recorded were Boletaceae and Russulaceae having 18

species followed by Tricholomataceae (16 sps.), Polyporaceae (9 sps.). Most of

the collected mushrooms species were found on soil. The appearance,

occurrence and dominance were found to be controlled by different factors such

as altitude, vegetation, temperature, humidity. The diversity of mushroom were

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found the highest (84 spp.) at an altitudinal range of 3500- 4000m above msl

followed by 2500- 3000m above msl (52 spp.) and 3000- 3500m above msl (14

spp.).

Another study done by Mueller et. al (2006) on global diversity and

distribution of macrofungi, 21,679 macrofungal species were compiled. Half of

the total species were from North America and Western Europe; other studies

were conducted in tropical America, Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, South

America, Antarctica, Africa Australasia, Hawaii and some countries from Asia

such as China and Japan. The percentage of unique names for each region

ranged from 37% for temperate Asia to 72% for Australia and Asia. Aside from

the known species, 35,000 macrofungal species from other contributing authors

were labeled unknown. This would give a total of 56,679 macrofungi species. In

addition, as a starting point for generating a global estimate of macrofungal

diversity, compiled list of names of macrofungi for North America and Europe

assumed to give a true and nearly complete indication of species diversity for the

two regions. Comparing from these two figures, 10,000 for North America and

6,827 for Europe, to documented plant species diversity data, 20,000 for North

America and 125, 000 for Europe. Thus, these two data give macrofungal

species ratio of 2:1. Extrapolating this ratio of two species of flowering plants to

each macrofungal species using the reported plant species diversity data for

each region, these gives a very high diversity estimate for macrofungi;85,000-

110,000 depending on the employed degree of endemism.

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As many as 615 taxa of macrofungi representing two phyla were recorded

in the study “Macrofungi of wooded patches in the agricultural landscape” in

Poland. Most of these 528 or 86%, belonged to the subdivision Basidiomycota,

represented by 3 classes, 14 orders and 52 families. Species of the order

Agaricales constituted 63.5% of all recorded species. The phylum Ascomycota,

87 species or 14%, was represented by 5 classes, 7 orders and 18 families.

Richest in recorded species were the orders Pezizales (35 spp) and Helotiales

(34 spp). In this study, the total area that is covered by the park is 223 squares (I

km2 each) of the ATPOL grid with 58 squares lie on the border of the park. Fungi

data were gathered in 5 squares only about 33.6% of the total area. The number

of recorded species per square meter ranged between 1 and 213. Moreover,

‘most species (399 or 64%) were recorded in only 1-3 squares’ and being

regarded as rare or very rare species but ‘‘among them, 213 species are

unknown from a single square’’. Some of the species observed were Gymnopus

dryophilus (28), Mycena sanguinolenta (25), Xerocomus chrysenteron (24),

Mycena galericulata(23), Gymnopus peronatus (21), Marasmius oreades(20) and

Mycena leptocephala (20) (Kujawa, 2009).

Macrofungal studies have been a worldwide mycological activity but in the

Philippine setting, very few have been done, much more, published .Abella et al

(2007) reported wild edible macroscopic fungi from Mt. Nagpale, Abucay. This

study was conducted in collaboration with the Aetas living in the area. The

expedition also aimed to collect, identify, and rescue the mycelia of these wild

edible species with potential commercial value. The Aetas identified six edible

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macrofungi that are normally found in the wild: kuwat kawayan (Schizophyllum

commune), kuwat susong biik (Coprinus sp.), kuwat maya (Mycena sp.), kuwat

punso (Termitomyces sp.), kuwat are (Volvariella volvacea), and kuwat balugbug

dagis (Auricularia polytricha). Another macrofungus collected during the

expedition with high economic value due to its reputed medicinal properties was

Ganoderma lucidum. However, the Aetas only use this macrofungus as an

ornament and not as food.

North East of Bataan lies the province of Nueva Ecija. An assessment on

macrofungi was done in Puncan, Carranglan, Nueva Ecija. There were seven

species found during the dry season on April 5, 2008. Names of the species and

their taxa are as follows: Auricularia fuscosuccinea belongs to Oder Tulasnellales

or Tremellales (jelly Fungi) from Family Auriculariaceae: Gloeoporous dichrous

(fr) Bres, Coltricia perennis (Fr) Murr, Trametes versicolor and Phellinus pini form

Order Poluporales: Family Polyporaceae: Hobenbuebelia petaloides from Family

Tricholomataceae and Cantharellus minor Pk from Family Cantharellaceae both

of Order Agaricales (Sibounnavong et al., 2008).

Macrofungi inhabit organic rich substrates. To find out which habitat

harbors the most macrofungal species, Gaditano et al (2011) surveyed Barugo,

Leyte. In the monthly study of macrofungal species from November 2010 to

January 2011 and their associated habitats, the coconut plantation was found to

be the most species rich habitat with a total number of 51 species, 31 species

were recorded from the open grassland and 21 species from the mangrove area

(out of 89 species). Coconut plantation has a species richness index value of 8

15.44 which is the highest among the sites, this indicates that the habitat has the

most number of macro fungi followed by the open grassland with 12 and

Mangrove with 7, in evenness count. All study sites have poor equitability in the

apportionment of individuals among species. The Shannon Index of species

diversity value of 2.988 was the highest among the macrofungi from three

habitats; this was in the coconut plantation. This was followed by the macrofungi

from open grassland with H=2.772 and H=2.082 for the macrofungi in the

mangrove area. With all species found, Roridomyces roridus is most dominant

(Gaditano et al., 2011).

There were also unpublished studies conducted by several researchers

based in the Mindanao area.

Comparatively large numbers or species were identified in Initao National

Park, Initao, Misamis Oriental. Two separate studies made by Patindol

(Unpublished) and Mapandi (Unpublished) reported 29 species of

Baisidomycetes, and 40 species of Baisidomycetes and Ascomycetes,

respectively. Lactarus fragilis was the most abundant species found in the area.

Polyporus species were widely distributed throughout the area composed of four

species, Polyporus sulphureus, P. versiclor, P. arcularis and P. elegans.

In a similar study conducted in Bukidnon particularly Manolo Fortich on the

“species diversity of macrofungi by Adobo (Unpublished), 33 species were

identified. An average Shannon- Weiner index (H) of the three areas selected

was calculated to be 2.21. There were 27 species in subdivision Basidiomycetes,

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2 species in class Ascomycetes, 3 species in class Phragmobasidiomycetes and

1 species in class Myxomycota. The most abundant species were Dacrymces

sp., Lentinus sp., and Pleurotus sp.

Assessment of the macrofungal species in Impalutao Natural Monument,

Impasug-ong, Bukidnon was conducted during months of August to December

2002 (Macadato, unpublished). Plotless Method was used in collecting samples

of macrofungal species. There were a total of 34 macrofungal species collected

from Impalutao Natural Monument thirty- three of which belonged to Class

Basidiomycetes and only one species belonged to Class Ascomycetes, which

was Xylaria sp.. The top three most abundant species were Agaricus sp. 1 with a

relative abundance value of 11.43% followed by Ganoderma resiniceum with

10.48% and Boletus sp. ranks third with 7.619%. Marasmius sp, Ceratiomyxa sp,

Polyporus versicolor, Polyporus elegans, Polyporus sp. 3, Polyporus sp. 4,

Fomes sp. 3, Fomes sp. 6, Ganoderma sp. 1, Ganoderma sp. 3, were the least

abundant species. The Shannon- Weiner Index value of 3.19 reveals that

macrofungi are highly diverse in Impalutao Natural Monument. Most of the

macrofungal species were found to thrive in dead, fallen logs, branches and trigs,

while few were found to colonize living trees, leaf litter, ground soil and in soil.

Polypolarys sp. comes out to be the most abundant species, with the

Cinchona forest having a Shannon-Weiner diversity index of 2.83 in the study

conducted by Mosqueda (Unpublished) in Lantapan, Bukidnon. All the identified

macrofungi were saprobes in which 97% were associated with tree tissues and

the remaining 3% on decaying matter.10

A similar study by Dinsag (Unpublished) in Guilang- guilang,

ManoloFortich, Bukidnon reported 40 species in 18 families. Polyporaceae sp.

was the most abundant species and Phellinus ignarius was the only parasitic

species found in the area. A Shannon- Weiner index value of 3.32 was

calculated.

Three month sampling period generated 76 species of mushrooms from

the vicinity of Macahambus Adventure Park (Boyles, unpublished). These

mushrooms belong to 25 families of Kingdom Eumycota (of fungi). Most of the

mushrooms found in the area belong to the family Tricholomataceae with 21

species, and Polyporaceae with 9 species. The most abundant species was

Schisophyllum commune followed by a species in family Ramariaceae, Trametes

hirsute, Pycnoporus sp., and Mycena sp. 4. All of these have more than 100

fruiting bodies, with Schizophyllum commune having the most with 418 fruiting

bodies. Four species, namely Auricularia polytricha, Aleura aurantia, Trametes

hirsute and Schizophyllum commune were common as they were always found

during the entire sampling period.

But despite the number and existing data of macrofungal diversity, we

cannot deny the fact that there are only few active mycologists in Asia and some

mycologists all throughout the world are declining “because of other

commitments, retirement of the mycology population without replacement and of

more importance, being placed on other disciplines such as biotechnology

(Hyde,2003). However, this does not mean that the condition of mycologists and

fungi database would retain as is because associations of fungal diversity 11

organizations pave their way in developing and implementing effective ways to

move forward from its present predicament.

VI. Work Plan

A. Study Area

Manresa farm is 5 kilometers away from the center of the city. It is situated

along the Masterson Avenue (Figure 1) and covers an area of about 63.4

hectares. Manresa was developed to be a laboratory or experimental station for

the students of Xavier University College of Agriculture. The main crops are

sweet corn, corn, cucumber, string beans, eggplant, bottle gourd and lady’s

finger.

Plate 1 shows the entrance of Manresa farm. The starting point was

established from the left side of the entrance. Plate 2 shows the walkways inside

the study area. Plate 3 shows some of the sampled sites; it includes woody areas

and grasslands in the highland area, slope areas and valley part of Manresa.

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Coordinates 8°27'38"N   124°37'34"E Philippine Map

Aerial view of Cagayan de Oro City

Figure 1. Map of Manresa, College of Agriculture Complex, Masterson Avenue, Cagayan de Oro City

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14

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B. Duration of the Study

Table 1 Schedule of Activities

Activity June July Aug Sept Oct

Research Topic

Literature Review

Reconnaissance

Research Proposal

Proposal Defense

1st Sampling

2nd Sampling

Identification and Preservation

Progress Report

C. Methodology

The methodology in the field of this study was derived from the protocol

created by Mueller et al. 2004 on the topic entitled “Recommended Protocols for

Sampling Macrofungi” and “Approaches to Sampling Macrofungi”

Sample collection was done for 3 consecutive days, to cover as much

area of the 63.4 hectares

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In the Field

Plot less method was employed in the sampling of mushroom species.

Plot less method is a sampling method in which it has no dimension and does

not need to be established unlike any transect or quadrat method. The

advantages of this method are sample plot need not be established, time saving

and less subjective error associated in the sample plot boundaries (Fidelibus and

Mac Aller, 1993).

Collection of the Specimens

As soon as the fruiting bodies were spotted, photo documentation was

done then representative samples were taken. Specimens were slowly dug by a

bolo or knife to prevent from destroying the whole specimen. The specimens

were then wrapped in individual brown paper, placed in a sealable container and

labeled appropriately.

Identification of the Specimens

Collected representative samples were identified with the use of a

taxonomic key by Petersen, Gaba and LӕssΦe in Mycological Identification Site

(Mycokey), Mushrooms and Fungi by Jackman (2007), Great Encyclopedia of

Mushrooms by Konemann (1999) and Illustrated Philippine Fungi by Quimio

(1988). Other samples were identified through spore printing since there are

mushroom specimens that are actually alike and can only be identified through

their spores (Jackman, 2007). In spore printing, sterilized scalpel was used in

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cutting the cap from the stem of a mushroom at the highest possible point (Figure

2). The cap was placed on a white paper facing down so as not to expose the

spores to the outside air and covered with a glass. After a maximum of 24 hours

or as the spores have fallen down, the glass was removed and placed the printed

paper using a pair of tweezers in a sealable plastic bag (Mushroom-

Appreciation.com, 2008).

Step 1 Step 2Cut the cap from the stem Face down the cap to a white paper

Step 3 Step 4Cover with a glass Remove the cap with a tweezers

Step 5 Step 6Place inside a sealable plastic bag

Figure 2. Process in Spore Printing

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Preservations of the Specimens

After collecting and identifying the specimens, air drying technique

followed. Mushrooms were wiped off with a damp cloth rather than washing

directly with water. Samples were set aside and kept in an area with low level

heat and away from direct heat from the sun. Mushrooms were preserved in

broken dry condition and stored in airtight containers in a cool, dark place

(Mushroom-Appreciation.com). The label for each specimen includes the

following information;

Common Name:

Scientific Name:

Date of Collection:

Place of Collection:

Collected By:

Data Analyses

1. Species Diversity Index- provide important information about rarity and

commonness of species in a community.

sH = ∑ - pi ( ln pi) i=1

Where: H = the Shannon diversity index

pi = fraction of the entire population made up of species i

S = numbers of species encountered

∑ = sum from species 1 to species S

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2. Relative Abundance- proportional representation of a species in a community

or sample of a community.

Relative Abundance = No. of individual species X 100Total no. of individuals

3. Coefficient of Dispersion- arrangement of organisms within an area, it may be

random, uniform or clumped

CD= Variance/Mean

Where;

CD>1 Clumped distribution

CD<1 Uniform distribution

CD=1 Random distribution

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VII Partial Results and Discussion

During the three consecutive days of sampling, there were about 30

species of mushrooms that were identified, 28 species belonging to Division

Basidiomycota and 2 species to Division Ascomycota. There were a total of 779

individuals collected and a total of 11 families were counted. The family of

Polyporaceae consisting of 10 species had the most number of species counted,

followed by Tricholomataceae (5 species), Ganodermataceae (3 species),

Pleurotaceae ,Coprinaceae and Russulaceae with 2 species; Auriculariaceae,

Bolbitaceae, Bondarzewiaceae, Pluteaceae, and Xylariaceae having the least

with 1 species identified (Table 2). The 3 most abundant species were Lentinus

squarrosus (43.39%), Russula sp.2 (26.32%) and Pleurotus dryinus with 5.39%

(Figure 3).

Furthermore, Table 2 shows the different mushrooms identified. In family

Auriculariaceae, 5 individuals were collected for Auricularia polytricha; family

Bolbitaceae, 3 individuals were collected for Panaelous cyanescens; family

Bondarzewiaceae, 1 individual was collected for Bondarzewia sp.; family

Coprinaceae, 5 individuals were collected for the species Coprinus cinereus(1)

and Coprinus comatus(4); family Ganodermataceae, 10 individuals were

collected for the species of Ganoderma applanatum (3), Ganoderma australe(3)

and Ganoderma lucidum(4); family Pleurotaceae, 43 collected individuals for the

species of Pleurotus dryinus (42) and Pleurotus sp. (1); family Pluteaceae, 2

collected individuals for Volvariella volvaceae; family Polyporaceae, a total of 413

individuals were counted for the following species; Laetiporus sp. (1), Lentinus

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Table 2 List and Number of Individual Species

Family Species# of

individuals Type of SubstrateAuriculariaceae Auricularia polytricha 5 Tree logs

Bolbitaceae Panaelous cyanescens 3 WasteBondarzewiaceae Bondarzewia sp. 1 Soil

CoprinaceaeCoprinus cinereus 1 Dead logsCoprinus comatus 4 Dead logs

GanodermataceaeGanoderma applanatum 3 Coconut TreeGanoderma australe 3 Coconut TreeGanoderma lucidum 4 Tree logs

MarasmiaceaeCollybia sp. 1 22 SoilCollybia sp. 2 205 Soil

PleurotaceaePleurotus dryinus 42 Tree logsPleurotus sp. 1 1 Soil

Pluteaceae Volvariella volvacea 2 Banana Tree

Polyporaceae

Laetiporus sp. 1 Dead logsLentinus squarrosus 338 Dead logsLenzites sp. 36 Tree logsPolyporus elegans 2 Tree logsPolyporus sp. 4 Tree logsPycnoporus sanguineus 5 Dead logsTrametes gibbosa 6 Tree logsTrametes versicolor 16 Dead logsTrametes sp.1 3 Dead logsTrametes sp.2 2 Tree logs

Tricholomataceae

Clitocybe costata 3 Fallen logsClitocybe fragrans 32 Tree logsClitocybe sp. 1 5 Tree logsClitocybe sp. 2 20 SoilClitocybe sp. 3 5 Tree logs

Xylariaceae

Daldinia concentrica 4 Dead logsUnidentified species 1 Tree logs

Total 779

squarrosus (338), Lenzites sp. (36), Polyporus elegans (2), Polyporus sp. (4),

Pycnoporus sanguineus (5), Trametes gibbosa (6), Trametes versicolor (16), 22

Trametes sp. 1 (3) and Trametes sp. 2 (2); family Russulaceae, a total of 227

individuals were counted and the species are Russula sp. 1(22) and Russula sp.

2(205); family Tricholomataceae with 65 counted individuals and the species are

Clitocybe costata (3), Clitocybe fragrans (32), Clitocybe sp. 1(5), Clitocybe sp. 2

(20) and Clitocybe sp. 3 (5); and lastly, family Xylariaceae with 5 individuals

collected and the species are Daldinia concentrica (4) and 1 unidentified species.

Figure 3 shows that over a period of 3 days sampling, the species

Lentinus squarrosus came out to be the most abundant species with a relative

abundance of 43.39 compared to the other species that were found and counted.

This species was found only in a single site. The second most abundant species

was Russula sp. with a relative abundance of 26. 32. The third most abundant

species was Pleurotus dryinus with a relative abundance of 5.39. The latter

species were present on the entire sampling period. Lenzites sp. Trametes

versicolor, Russula sp. 1, Clitocybe fragrans and Clitocybe sp. are from 2-4%.

Other species are in the range of 0.12-0.64%.

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Auricularia polytrichaPanaelous cyanescensBondarzewia sp.Coprinus cinereusCoprinus comatusGanoderma applanatumGanoderma australeGanoderma lucidumCollybia sp. 1Collybia sp. 2Pleurotus dryinusPleurotus sp. 1Volvariella volvaceaLaetiporus sp.Lentinus squarrosusLenzites sp.Polyporus elegansPolyporus sp.Pycnoporus sanguineusTrametes gibbosaTrametes versicolorTrametes sp.1Trametes sp.2Clitocybe costataClitocybe fragransClitocybe sp. 1Clitocybe sp. 2Clitocybe sp. 3Daldinia concentricaUnidentified species

Figure 3 Percentage Relative Abundance of Mushrooms in Manresa, College of Agriculture Complex

The calculated diversity index was H=1.19. The calculated value means

that the area is diverse. This may be due to the reason that the sampling area is

a protected, undisturbed and away from any pollution. According to the 24

hypotheses, “Really intense disturbances reduce diversity. Long undisturbed

areas also tend to have low diversity because competitively dominant life-forms

usurp all resources available. Intermediate levels of disturbance, however, often

facilitate diversity (Net Industries, 2011).

The sampling area is characterized by patchy resources which means an

“area of habitat that differs from its surroundings with sufficient resources to allow

a population to persists”(Smith and Smith, 2004) that resulted to a clumped

distribution with a CD=221. There is a minimal distance between mushroom

species. Some species of the same like Lentinus squarrosus can be found in one

area clumped together, other individuals can be found on indefinite location and

others constituting different species form in a cluster.

In terms of the substrate type, tree logs constitute 40% of the most

preferable substrate where mushrooms grow. 27% of them preferred dead

stems, 16% on soil and 17% on other substrate type like the fallen logs, animal

waste, banana tree, and coconut tree (Figure 4).

25

tree logs40%

soil17%

dead stems27%

others17%

Substrate Type

Figure 4 Preferable Substrate Type (%) of Mushrooms

The most commonly found mushroom in the whole area is the Russula sp.

Workers in Manresa usually picked this mushrooms because of its edible

characteristic. They use this as viand. Other commonly found species are the

Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus dryinus. However, Lentinus squarrosus is

found only in one site.

26

VIII Time Table for Completion of Project

Gantt chart shows the list of activities and dates of accomplished from the

very first requirement of the research until the last. Gantt chart is a best tool in

monitoring the progress of a project.

As illustrated in the figure, the progress of the research is almost halfway

through the whole research paper and the whole process from Research topic to

Progress report took 99 days to be completed.

Research Topic

Literature Review

Reconnaissance

Proposal Paper

Proposal Defense

1st-3rd Sampling

Identification and Preservation

Progress Report

6/22/2011 7/12/2011 8/1/2011 8/21/2011 9/10/2011 9/30/2011

Figure 5 Gantt chart of the Accomplished Activities

27

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Akata, I., H. Servi and B. Cetin. 2010. Macrofungal diversity of Bolu Abant Nature Park (Turkey). Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 9(24), pp.

3622- 3628

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China Papers. 2010. Macrofungal Diversity of Jingyuetan National Forestry Park. Available from http://mt.chinapapers.com/l/?p=131963.

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