muscular system functions body movement maintenance of posture production of body heat communication...
TRANSCRIPT
Muscular System Functions
• Body movement
• Maintenance of posture
• Production of body heat
• Communication
• Constriction of organs and vessels
• Heart beat
Muscle Tissue Types Skeletal
Attached to bones Striated, Voluntary and involuntary (reflexes)
Smooth Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eye,
glands, skin Not striated, involuntary
Cardiac Heart Striations, involuntary, intercalated disks
Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of blood vessels, tubular organs such as the stomach and uterus. It has the ability to stretch and maintain tension for long periods of time. It is not under voluntary control and each cell exists as a discreet independent unit that is innervated by a single nerve ending. The myofilaments are loosely organized and attached to dense bodies.
Skeletal Muscles
BicepsTriceps
Biceps-Triceps Muscles Represent an Antagonistic Pair.One contracts while it’s antagonist relaxes.
Structure of Skeletal Muscle:Connective Tissue Covering Epimysium (upon, outside)
Surrounds entire muscle Perimysium (around)
Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers Fascicles (bundle)
Endomysium (within) Surrounds individual muscle fibers
Muscle cell (myofiber) Structure
Sarcolemma Muscle cell membrane
Myofibrils – contractile protein
strands– Striations due to
presence of sarcomeres
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS1. THIN FILAMENT- Has 3 parts;
i) ACTIN PROTEIN (i.e. the main molecule of this filament). FUNCTION: Binds to myosin head of thick filament.
ii) TROPONIN FUNCTION: Regulatory function by binding to Ca 2+
iii) TROPOMYOSIN FUNCTION: Has a regulatory function by blocking/unblockingthe binding site of actin to the myosin head
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS
1. THICK FILAMENT– made of myosin protein- has 2 main parts i) MYOSIN HEAD - forms cross-bridge with actin.ii) MYOSIN TAIL – forms the shaft of thick bands.
Calcium ?
• Click for video
Sliding Filament Model I:
• Actin myofilaments sliding over myosin to shorten sarcomeres Actin and myosin do not change length Shortening sarcomeres responsible for
skeletal muscle contraction
• During relaxation, sarcomeres lengthen
Motor Unit Single motor neuron & muscle fibers it
innervates Eye muscles – 1:1 muscle/nerve ratio Hamstrings – 300:1 muscle/nerve ratio
The Neuromuscular Junction Site where motor neuron meets the muscle
fibre Separated by gap called the neuromuscular cleft
Motor end plate Pocket formed around motor neuron by
sarcolemma Acetylcholine is released from the motor
neuron Causes an end-plate potential (EPP)
Depolarisation of muscle fibre
Neuromuscular Junction
• Click for a Video
Rigor Mortis• Rigor mortis is one of the recognizable signs of death (Latin mors, mortis) that is caused by a chemical
change in the muscles after death, causing the limbs of the corpse to become stiff (Latin rigor) and difficult to move or manipulate.[1]
• After death, respiration in organisms ceases to occur, depleting the corpse of oxygen used in the making of ATP. ATP is no longer provided to operate the SERCA pumps in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which pump calcium ions into the terminal cisternae.[1] This causes calcium ions to diffuse from the area of higher concentration (in the terminal cisternae and extracellular fluid) to an area of lower concentration (in the sarcomere), binding with troponin and allowing for crossbridging to occur between myosin and actin proteins. [2]
• Unlike normal muscle contractions, the body is unable to complete the cycle and release the coupling between the myosin and actin, creating a perpetual state of muscular contraction, until the breakdown of muscle tissue by digestive enzymes during decomposition.
Rigor Mortis
• Respiration ceases and Oxygen used in making ATP is depleted.
• ATP is no longer provided to operate the pumps in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which pump calcium ions.
• Unlike normal muscle contractions, the body is unable to complete the cycle and release the crossbridges between the myosin and actin, creating a perpetual state of contraction until the breakdown of muscle during decomposition.
Muscle Function All or none law – fibre contracts
completely or not at all Muscle strength gradation
Multiple motor unit summation – more motor units per unit of time
Wave summation – vary frequency of contraction of individual motor units
Animation Links!!• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter10/
animation__action_potentials_and_muscle_contraction.html
• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter10/animation__sarcomere_contraction.html
• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter10/animation__breakdown_of_atp_and_cross-bridge_movement_during_muscle_contraction.html
• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter10/animation__function_of_the_neuromuscular_junction__quiz_1_.html