Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Edited by: Renee PayneEdited by: Renee Payne

Alabama School for the Deaf Talladega, ALAlabama School for the Deaf Talladega, AL

Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Edited by: Renee PayneEdited by: Renee Payne

Alabama School for the Deaf Talladega, ALAlabama School for the Deaf Talladega, AL

Key QuestionsKey Questions

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

ReconstructionReconstruction• Time form Time form 1865-18771865-1877 when the United when the United

States started to States started to rebuildrebuild after the Civil War after the Civil War

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) also called “The 10% Plan”

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan

Lincoln’s plan upset the Republicans in Congress

They were called the Radical Republicans

They responded to Lincoln’s 10% Plan with the Wade-Davis Bill

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the number

of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ) to the Constitution.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

PocketVeto

PocketVeto

Was vetoed by Lincoln

Radical Republicans were upset

They warned Lincoln to leave Reconstruction to Congress.

Lincoln’s AssassinationLincoln’s Assassination• In April 1865, President Lincoln was In April 1865, President Lincoln was

assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.

• Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson became the 17 became the 17thth President of the United States.President of the United States.

• His plan for Reconstruction was called His plan for Reconstruction was called Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction..

President Andrew Johnson

President Andrew Johnson Agreed with Lincoln’s

plan.

Wanted to punish the wealthy landowners in the south.

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions refusing slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Major Reconstruction Major Reconstruction LegislationLegislation

• Freedman’s Bureau Acts of 1865Freedman’s Bureau Acts of 1865

• Civil Rights Acts of 1866Civil Rights Acts of 1866

• Reconstruction Act of 1867Reconstruction Act of 1867

• Enforcement Act of 1870Enforcement Act of 1870

• Civil Rights Act of 1875Civil Rights Act of 1875

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Established by

Congress

Northerners called moved south to help with food, clothes, schools, and other services

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Southerners who became Republicans were called “scalawags”

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and

nothing to do.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Civil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866 Passed to help forbid black codes

Black Codes:

Couldn’t carry weapons

Couldn’t serve on a jury

Couldn’t testify against whites

Couldn’t marry whites

Couldn’t start a business

Couldn’t travel without permits

Black CodesBlack CodesPurpose:

* Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.

* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.

Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President February, 1866 President

vetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Angered Radical and Moderate Republicans.

They worked together AND

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

The 1866 Bi-ElectionThe 1866 Bi-Election

Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

An issue of Radical Reconstruction.

Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.

Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.

Radical Plan for Readmission

Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were

subject to military supervision.

Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 14th and 15th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

14th Amendment – Civil Rights

14th Amendment – Civil RightsRatified in July, 1868.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

* Enshrine the national debt while rejecting that of the Confederacy.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Military Reconstruction Act

* Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.

* Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

*Tennessee was excused because they had been readmitted into the union and ratified the 14th amendment

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Command of the Army Act

* The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.

Tenure of Office Act

* The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.

Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government, like Edwin Stanton – Secretary of War.

A question of the constitutionality of this law because it made Exec Branch answer to the Legislative Branch.

Edwin Stanton

President Johnson’s Impeachment

President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

Johnson the Martyr / Samson

Johnson the Martyr / SamsonIf my blood is to be shed If my blood is to be shed

because I vindicate the because I vindicate the Union and the preservation Union and the preservation of this government in its of this government in its original purity and original purity and character, let it be shed; character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union be let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the lay me upon it, and the blood that now warms and blood that now warms and animates my existence animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union.libation to the Union. (February 1866) (February 1866)

Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant

• Democrats knew they couldn’t win with Democrats knew they couldn’t win with Johnson, so they nominated Johnson, so they nominated U.S. GrantU.S. Grant as as their candidate.their candidate.

• To help ensure there would not be limits To help ensure there would not be limits on black suffrage, the Radical Republicans on black suffrage, the Radical Republicans introduced the introduced the 1515thth Amendment. Amendment.

15th Amendment – Voting Rights

15th Amendment – Voting Rights Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

Reconstruction Reconstruction Part 2Part 2

The 1868 Republican Ticket

Grant and Colfax

The 1868 Republican Ticket

Grant and Colfax

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

Seymour and Blair

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

Seymour and Blair

1868 Presidential Election

1868 Presidential Election

President Ulysses S. GrantPresident Ulysses S. Grant

Grant Administration Scandals

Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of

unprecedented growth and corruption.

* Credit Mobilier

Scandal.

* Whiskey Ring.

* Tweed Ring

Grant Administration Scandals

Grant Administration Scandals Credit Mobilier Scandal – Involved the

Union Pacific Railroad.

Whiskey Ring – Involved whiskey distillers paying only part of the taxes they owed government

Tweed Ring – Involved William “Boss” Tweed who stole millions of dollars from New York City through fraudulent contracts.

Credit Mobilier ScandalCredit Mobilier Scandal Stockholders w/Union

Pacific Railroad, formed a company “Credit Mobilier.”

The Credit Mobilier company sold supplies to the government to use for the railroad, but they sold them at a higher price.

The Whiskey RingThe Whiskey Ring The IRS tried to steal

money from the government by allowing distillers of whiskey (makers) to pay only part of the taxes they owed.

In exchange, the IRS agents would be bribed (paid off).

The Tweed Ring in NYC

The Tweed Ring in NYC

William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall (the Democratic Club of NY) He and his “ring” of associates controlled contracts for goods and services in the city. Through the contracts they overcharged for services or made up false receipts, stealing millions of dollars from the city and citizens.

Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]

Who Stole the People’s Money?

Who Stole the People’s Money?

The Election of 1872 - Grant vs. GreeleyThe Election of 1872 - Grant vs. Greeley

Rumors of corruption during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans.

Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate.

Greeley attacked as afool and a crank.

Greeley died on November 29, 1872!

1872 Presidential Election

1872 Presidential Election

Popular Vote for President: 1872

Popular Vote for President: 1872

Presidential Election Results - 1872

Presidential Election Results - 1872

Even with all the scandals that happened during his first election, Ulysses S. Grant became the President again in 1872.

Grant had won his 2nd term in office.

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

The Panic of 1873The Panic of 1873 A depression hit in 1873

People took advantage of business opportunities in the south by borrowing money from the bank

Many lost money and could not repay the debt

Banks went broke and closed

The series of financial failures started the Panic of 1873 with more than 3million workers jobless!

Currency DisputeCurrency Dispute During the Civil War the

government issued “greenbacks” Paper money that was not backed by an equal value in gold.

Many wanted to go back to the pre-war system of “hard money” or gold.

Specie-Resumption Act – passed in 1875 to put the country back on the gold standard.

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

The court offered a narrow definition of the 14th Amendment. It distinguished between national and state

citizenship.

It gave the states primary authority over citizens’ rights. Therefore, the courts weakened civil rights

enforcement!

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments Bradwell vs. Illinois (1873) Myra Bradwell, a female attorney,

had been denied the right to practice law in Illinois. She argued that in the 14th Amendment, it said

that the state had reduced her “privileges and immunities” as a citizen which was unconstitutional.

The Supreme Court rejected her claim, alluding to women’s traditional role in the home. Therefore, she should NOT be practicing law!

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments U. S. vs. Reese, et. al. (1876) The Court restricted congressional power

to enforce the KKK Act.

The court ruled that the STATE alone could give voting rights to individuals. The 15th Amendment did NOT guarantee a

citizen’s right to vote, but just listed certain impermissible grounds to deny suffrage. Therefore, a path lay open for Southern states to

disenfranchise blacks for supposedly non-racial reasons [like lack of education, lack of property, etc.]

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments U. S. vs. Cruickshank (1876) LA white supremacists accused of

attacking a meeting of Blacks & were convicted under the 1870 Enforcement Acts. The Court held that the 14th Amendment

extended the federal power to protect civil rights ONLY in cases involving discrimination by STATES. Therefore, discrimination by individuals or groups

were NOT covered.

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments

Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th

Amendments Civil Rights Cases (1883)

The Court declared the 1875 Civil Rights Act unconstitutional. The Court held that the 14th Amendment gave

Congress the power to outlaw discriminations by the states, but NOT by private individuals.

Black people must no longer “be the special favorites of the laws.” Therefore, this marked the end of federal attempts to

protect African American rights until well into the 20c!

Reconstruction Reconstruction

Part 3Part 3

PoliticsPolitics

At the end of Reconstruction, Southern At the end of Reconstruction, Southern DemocratsDemocrats gained control of the gained control of the government.government.

People in the South tended to vote for People in the South tended to vote for Democrats so often that they called the area Democrats so often that they called the area the the Solid SouthSolid South

African Americans were still not allowed to African Americans were still not allowed to vote because when the troops left no one vote because when the troops left no one protectedprotected these rights these rights

EconomyEconomy

• After the Civil War, the South was in After the Civil War, the South was in ruinruin

• Farms were Farms were destroyeddestroyed, family members , family members had died, animals were killed, homes were had died, animals were killed, homes were vacantvacant

• There were few There were few jobsjobs

• The newly freed slaves turned to the job The newly freed slaves turned to the job they knew, they knew, farmingfarming. .

40 Acres and a Mule40 Acres and a Mule

• For some freed slaves, General Sherman For some freed slaves, General Sherman had promised those who fought with him had promised those who fought with him 40 40 acres of land and the use of an army acres of land and the use of an army mulemule at the end of the war at the end of the war

• They were given this land in They were given this land in GeorgiaGeorgia and and South CarolinaSouth Carolina

• Many of them, however, had none of the Many of them, however, had none of the toolstools they needed, so a new system was they needed, so a new system was developed.developed.

SharecroppingSharecropping

Sharecropping is a system where landowners divide their land and give each worker (freed slaves or poor whites) a few acres, seed and tools. When crops are ready, the worker shares ½ the crop with the landowner as rent for the year.

SharecroppingSharecropping

Tenant FarmingTenant Farming

Tenant farming is a system where tenants pay a landowner cash to rent land for farming.

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Industry in the SouthIndustry in the South• The south had The south had resourcesresources and and workersworkers, but they , but they

did not have the money needed to start did not have the money needed to start businesses or the transportation to get the businesses or the transportation to get the products to market.products to market.

• With help from the Democrats, the south With help from the Democrats, the south improved improved transportationtransportation and they developed and they developed textile mills and industrytextile mills and industry

Industrialization in the SouthIndustrialization in the South

• Iron, Steel and Coal (centered in Iron, Steel and Coal (centered in BirminghamBirmingham, AL) , AL)

• Tobacco Processing (centered in Tobacco Processing (centered in North North Carolina)Carolina)

• Cotton Processing (now the industry came Cotton Processing (now the industry came to the to the SouthSouth instead of shipping the cotton instead of shipping the cotton to Europe)to Europe)

New FreedomsNew Freedoms• After the Civil War, newly freed slaves had After the Civil War, newly freed slaves had

many many rightsrights– They could They could marrymarry within their race and they did so within their race and they did so

in large numbersin large numbers– They could form their own They could form their own churcheschurches – They could develop their own They could develop their own schoolsschools – even – even

universitiesuniversities– FamiliesFamilies who had been separated through slavery, who had been separated through slavery,

searched for each othersearched for each other– They took a leadership role in They took a leadership role in politicspolitics with voting, with voting,

organized conventions, and served in congressorganized conventions, and served in congress– Many of the black codes were Many of the black codes were repealedrepealed

Black & White Political Participation

Black & White Political Participation

The Balance of Power in Congress

The Balance of Power in Congress

State White Citizens Freedmen

SC 291,000 411,000

MS 353,000 436,000

LA 357,000 350,000

GA 591,000 465,000

AL 596,000 437,000

VA 719,000 533,000

NC 631,000 331,000

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Black Senate & House Delegates

Black Senate & House Delegates

Colored Rule

in the South?

Colored Rule

in the South?

Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.

Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.

The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

Anti-Black ViolenceAnti-Black Violence

• Many who had lost their money and power Many who had lost their money and power were were angryangry and took it out on the newly and took it out on the newly freed African Americans.freed African Americans.

• They They did not did not want the North to influence the want the North to influence the SouthSouth

• Secret Secret resistanceresistance societies began to form societies began to form against the African Americansagainst the African Americans

• The best known was the The best known was the Ku Klux Klan Ku Klux Klan (KKK)(KKK)

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The Failure of Federal Enforcement

The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 &

1871 [also known as the KKK Act] passed to stop KKK violence..

The acts helped slow KKK activity

BUT

Individual acts continued.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875

Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

Waving the Bloody Shirt!Waving the Bloody Shirt!

Republican “Southern Strategy”

Northern Support WanesNorthern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption.

Panic of 1873 [6-yeardepression].

Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.

Key monetary issues:

* should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.

* should war bonds be paid back in specie orgreenbacks.

1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets

“Regional Balance?”“Regional Balance?”

1876 Presidential Election

1876 Presidential Election

The Political Crisis of 1877

The Political Crisis of 1877

“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?

Hayes PrevailsHayes Prevails

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!

A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877