special thanks to: ms. susan m. pojer horace greeley hs chappaqua, ny special thanks to: ms. susan...
TRANSCRIPT
Special thanks to:
Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Special thanks to:
Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Key QuestionsKey Questions
1. How do webring the Southback into the
Union?
2. How do we rebuild the
South after itsdestruction
during the war?
3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipated
black freedmen?
4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe process of
Reconstruction?
Periods of ReconstructionWar Time
ReconstructionPresidential
ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction
Lincoln’s anticipation of the end of the
War
Johnson’s plans to rebuild the nation
Led by the “Radical
Republicans”
The Reconstruction Amendments 13th: Ended slavery14th: Made freed slaves citizens; required states to provide equal protection under law to all citizens15th: Provided freed slaves the right to vote
13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Known as the “Bureau of
Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands”.
Many former northern abolitionists moved to the South and risked their lives to help southern freedmen.
They were called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.
Locations of Freedmen’s
Bureaus
The Freedmen’s Bureaus provided multiple services for families and newly freed slaves.
A Freedmen’s Bureau school
A Freedmen’s Bureau school
Note the variety of ages.
A Freedman’s Bureau school as seen in Harper’s Weekly
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes“Plenty to eat and nothing
to do.”
A poster created in the South• Who were the likely
viewers?• What was the likely
purpose of the artist/author?
Published in a Northern magazine• Who were the
likely readers?• What was the
likely purpose of the author?
Sharecropping
Cycle of Poverty Sharecropper given
a segment of land
Buys tools, clothing, etc., on
credit – about 60% interest
Plants the crop
Harvests crop and gives landowner
the required share
Sell any remaining crops
If any money left: pay off debts
Where?
Changes in Community
Plantation before C.W.
Plantation after C.W.
What changes do you notice? How did these changes affect black communities?
14th Amendment14th Amendment
Ratified in July, 1868.* Provided a constitutional guarantee of the rights and
security of freed people.
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!
Section. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the
State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
What are the 4 main protections
granted by the 14th Amendment?
Black CodesBlack Codes Prez Johnson required states re-
entering the Union to accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.
S. states responded by passing laws known as Black Codes
Purpose:
* Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.
* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.
* Allow South to re-assert itself
Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].
Periods of ReconstructionWar Time
ReconstructionPresidential
ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction
Lincoln’s anticipation of the end of the
War
Johnson’s plans to rebuild the nation
Led by the “Radical
Republicans”
Think about the primary
goal of ending slavery.
(13th Amend)
Johnson’s ties to the South had him
putting many Confederates/elite planters back into
power
Think about the Radical Republican Congress trying to
bring more blacks into political equality (as a reaction to Johnson)
15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
[FORESHADOW: Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!]
Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.
Blacks were politically unprepared.
Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867 BUT, since voting laws are STATE laws...
Many S. states created laws to prevent blacks from voting
The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.
New black voters elected black
representatives to the U.S. and state Congresses
Hiram Revels: First African American elected to U.S. Senate (Mississippi)Joseph Rainey: First African American elected to the House of Reps (SC)Other states that elected blacks to the House of Reps:AL, FL, GA, LA, NC, VAAll were Republicans!
Black Senate & House Delegates
Black Senate & House Delegates
African Americans in CongressLast AA elected to Congress during
Reconstruction: George Henry White of NC; elected 1896 and re-elected in 1898 – his term ended in 1901
No other AA was elected to Congress again until 1928 (House of Reps)
And to the Senate: 1967TOTAL # of African Americans to EVER
serve in the Senate: 6 (2 during Reconstruction and 4 in the modern era)
Total elected to the House of Reps: 117
Black & White Political ParticipationBlack & White Political Participation
The Failure of Federal Enforcement
The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871: to
allow Federal Gov’t to interfere if blacks were denied voting rights
Targeted the KKK BUT: Rise of the
“Bourbons” (white conservs who seized control
Redeemers (prewarDemocrats and Union Whigs).
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
Redemption:The End of
Reconstruction
1. Growing Southern opposition to Reconstruction
WHY?– Desire to limit black political involvement & economic
independence– Restoration of pre-War gov’ts to end rule of
Northern-imposed military & Repub. control– “Redemption” of former (antebellum) gov’tsHOW?– Rise of vigilante groups like the KKK, White League,
Red Shirts, etc.– Violence and intimidation reduced black voting to
almost nothing
2. Revival of Ex-ConfederatesHOW?
– Amnesty Act – law that let all but 500 Confederate leaders back into public life
– Resurgence of the Democratic Party – controlled exclusively by white Southerners
– Allowed “Home Rule”: no more political influence from the North
3. Freedmen’s Bureau EndsBasic needs of freedpersons no longer provided
forEnd of involvement from sympathetic Northern
whites
4. Supreme Court Decisions
WHAT?• Did not support civil and political rights granted
to blacksU.S. v Cruikshank (1875): 14th Amend did NOT
give federal gov’t power to punish individuals who oppressed blacks
US v Reese (1876): 15th Amend did NOT guarantee right to vote, just listed grounds upon which voting could not be denied
5. Decline of Northern InterestWHY?• Political Scandals
– U.S. Grant’s presidency marked by serious scandals & corruption that reduced his credibility and took focus away from Reconstruction
• Economic Crisis in the North– Panic of 1873: N. worried about own problems
millions jobless, mass bankruptcies• Desire for Reconciliation
– People wanted peace and reunited nation
6. Election of 1876• New president (Rutherford B. Hayes) no
longer concerned by Reconstruction• Those who lost: Samuel Tilden (won popular
vote but not electoral vote)• African Americans: Redeemed Southern
governments would enforce white supremacy and all newly granted rights/protections would be ignored
Colored Rule
in the South?
Colored Rule
in the South?
Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South
Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South
President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan
* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)
* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.
* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.
* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.
* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.
President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan
1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR
* “loyal assemblies”
* They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters
to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).
Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.
Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.
SenatorBenjamin
Wade(R-OH)
CongressmanHenry
W. Davis(R-MD)