ms. buffalino 10apmshistorybuff.com/10h/ap review/0key/cristina.pdf10ap this review packet was...

10AP

This review packet was created by Ms. Buffalino in order to prepare students for the AP World Examination on May 16, 2019. Students are to use their AP Barron’s Review Book, Prentice Hall Review Book, 9th and 10th

grade Weekly Assignment Books, and Traditions and Encounters textbook/website while filling out this review

packet. Throughout the packet Ms. Buffalino has referenced page numbers and the recommended reference

source(s) for additional assistance! Students are to use their 9th grade review materials as well. The first half

of this packet was completed last year. This packet will also serve as review for the Regents Examination on

June 3, 2019.

Student’s Name (Printed): ______________________________________________

S

Geography Review

Ms. Buffalino

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 2

Category Russia India England China Japan Latin

America

Important Geographic Features

Lack or

warm water

ports

Ural Mountains

Straight of Dardanelles

Himalayas Mountains

Limited Cultural Diffusion

Subcontinent

Monsoons

Lack of natural

resources

Isolation

Monsoons

Ethnocentric

Lack of

natural resources

Island

Mountainous

Andes Mountains

Diverse

Rainforest

Impact of Features Socially

Limited

cultural

diffusion Isolated

Island

Lack of natural

resources

Limited

cultural diffusion

Isolated Diverse

Impact of Features Politically

Limited

cultural diffusion

After, they

gained access to Baltic and Black Sea

Isolated Strong Navy Limited

cultural

diffusion

Isolated

Vulnerable to

invasion

Difference

ideas and voices were

heard

Impact of Features Economically

No access to

warm water

ports

Prevented

Russia from

trading year

round Large size

prevented

prosperous

economy

from

developing

Monsoons affected agriculture by revolving harvest between the

wet and dry monsoons Fertile farmland results in agriculture economy

Island location

helps increase

trade but limits fertile farmland England to

become an industrial

nation

Rely heavily

on farming due to fertile soil in the east;

majority of population are peasants & farmers Large size prevented prosperous

economy from developing

Limited farming due to little fertile

soil Rely heavily

on fish as

food due to

the island

location

Diverse

landforms

lead to

prosperity in certain areas Deforestation

increases

amount of

farming lands

AP World Regions

These are referenced for the MC and Essay Questions.

Barron’s, Unit 1


Technological and Environmental Transformations

10,000BCE to 600 BCE

What was the Paleolithic Era and why is it significant?

The Paleolithic Era was era before the Neolithic Revolution, where many of the people were

nomadic hunters-and-gatherers.

What is the significance of hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrating

from their origins in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia and the Americas?


Hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrating from their origins in East Africa to

Eurasia, Australia and the Americas is significant because it shows that their culture is being

spread throughout the world.

What was the Neolithic Revolution and why is it significant?

The Neolithic Revolution was one of the greatest turning points in history. During the Neolithic

Revolution, permanent settlements, the domestication of plants and animals, and advanced

tools became better known. This is significant because it changed and shaped the people’s lives

to be more advanced than it once was.

Prentice Hall, page 3

Define: Pastoralism and give an example of where it was used:

Pastoralism is when people raise and domesticate livestock. This concept is first brought up

during the Neolithic Revolution and used throughout the river vPrentice Hall, pages 4-8 alley

civilizations throughout

Barron’s, Unit 2 history.

Traditions and Encounters, Chapters 2-3

Ancient Civilizations Chart

Civilizations Geography Religion Government Contributions

Neolithic

Revolution

How did agricultural

advancements impact society?

Permanent s ettlements ( civilizations) were created

as the nomads started to

settle down close to each other and became farmers .

The domestication

of plants and

animals

Advancements in

society, such as the

polished t ools


Egypt

Africa (Middle East) -North Africa Nile River -flows north -

delta deposits

fertile land from

silt deposits -

irrigation -used for trade & travel

*cultural

diffusion Deserts

Polytheistic God of the Nile *Osiris Chief god (Sun God) -Amon- Re

*Pharaoh is

decedent of sun god Pyramids &

mummification

of pharaohs

Pharaoh -god/ king *dynasty (blood line) Patriarchal

Rosetta Stone -helped to decipher

hieroglyphics Papyrus Science and Medicine -mummification Calendar Artistic (poetry) Monuments Temples Architecture

Mesopotamia (Sumer)

Located between Tigris and Euphrates River -

AKA “the land

between the two rivers” Modern Day Iraq, Iran & Syria No natural barriers for protection Good farmland City- states

Polytheistic Ziggurats -step like

pyramid

structures

dedicated to a god/ goddess -center of

education,

religion, government and trade Chief/ priest

semi divine

Theocracy City- states are

selfgoverning region,

decentralized form of gov’t Patriarchal

Produced the earliest written records First unified law code Invented the wheel,

calendar, clock and

plows Cuneiform “wedge-

shaped writing” Irrigation Algebra, Geometry, Astronomy

Indus River

Valley

(Harappa and

Mohenjo-Daro)

Modern Day India/ Pakistan Subcontinent Monsoons Indus & Ganges Rivers

Polytheistic Patriarchal Strong central

government. Mohenjo- Daro and

Harrappa were laid

out in a grid pattern

-each city was dominated by a citadel

Plumbing Wells Cotton -weave/grow Uniform systems of

weights and

measurements -based on #0 Sanskrit Pictogrph

China

Huang He (Yellow River, China’s Sorrow) Loess

Dynasty Daoism/ Taoism -Ying/Yang

Dynasty -ruling family *mandate of Heaven -dynastic cycle

Pictograph -tens of thousands of

characters Caligraphy


-yellow silt deposits Yangtze Isolation -Middle Kingdom *ethnocentrism Monsoons

-Spirit of Nature Confucianism -Code of Conduct

Shang- first dynasty

-Xia believed to be the first Dynasties until 1900s Patriarchal

Oracle Bones -inscribed questions with heat and cracks Zhou literature Ice Cream, silk, pasta

Terms and Concepts Answer/Description

1. What is a nomad? A nomad is a person, usually in tribes,

who don’t have permanent settlements. They migrate based on their needs and

the availability of supplies in their area

2. Define irrigation: Irrigation is a manmade way to transport

water from a body of water to the civilizations in need of water

3. Define: social stratification Social stratification is the concept of organizing the people in a civilization

4.

What role did women play in ancient

civilizations?

Women were confined in their houses

because the Neolithic Revolution created a Patriarchal Society. During the Stone Age,

the women were able to contribute to the gathering of foods because the women

would gather berries as the men hunted. As the Neolithic Revolution came about,

people believed that only men were capable of going all the work in the fields

and the women were only capable of house work.

5.

How did agriculture and pastoralism transform human society (social

structure/technology)?

Agriculture and pastoralism transformed

human society because instead of relying

on animals to hunt for food, people were able to grow crops and create new

technologies to facilitate agriculture.

6.

How did improvements in agricultural production, trade and

transportation impact metallurgy?

Improvements in agricultural production,

trade and transportation impacted metallurgy because as time progressed,

the people created more advanced tools out of newly found metallurgy.


7. Define: Compound bows and give an example of where they were used.

Compound bows were multifunctional bows that were brought by the Aryans.

8. Define: Iron weapons and give an example of where they were used.

Iron weapons are weapons that were made out of iron, first brought by the Aryans

9. Define: Chariot and give an example

of where they were used.

Chariots were drawn by horses into battle,

first used by the Aryans.

10. Define: Quipu and include where it

was used.

Quipu was a system of recordkeeping used

by the Andeans, by tying knots into strings.

11. What is the significance of the Vedic religion during this periodization?

Vedism was considered the most influential over the long term. They were the first to

use the caste system, which paved a way to Hinduism.

12. What is the significance of Zoroastrianism during this

periodization?

Zoroastrianism is significant during this periodization, due to the fact that some

historians believe that Zoroastrianism was the first monotheistic faith. They believed

that Ahura Mazda was the “wise lord” and creator of the world.

13. What is the significance of Hebrew monotheism during this

periodization?

Hebrew monotheism is significant during this periodization because it was the first

of the three Abrahamic monotheistic faiths to arise.

14. Why was China known as the “Middle

Kingdom?”

China was known as the Middle Kingdom

because of its ethnocentricity and isolation from the rest of the world. They believed

that they were the most civilized and advanced country in the world because of

their lack of communication with the rest of the world

15. What is a dynasty? What was the

mandate of heaven?

A dynasty is a family or group of rulers that

govern a nation and the Mandate of Heaven

was the god given right to rule in

China.

Trade expanded locally to regional and transregional:


Describe illustrative forms of literature such as:

1. The Epic of Gilgamesh:

The Epic of Gilgamesh is a cycle of stories in which Gilgamesh is the main figure.

Stories include Gilgamesh and his friend, Enkidu’s adventures in seeking fame by

completing various, dangerous tasks.

2. The Rig Veda:

The Rig Veda was the most important collection of the Vedas.

3. The Book of the dead:

The Egyptian Book of the Dead was the principal religious text in Egypt. The book

concerned life after death after the rise of mummification.

Explain the significance of the trade that occurred between:

Egypt and Nubia

The Nile River was a great impact on trade to Nubia. This river was used for trading and traveling. This was

one of the first sea trading experiences.

Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley

These river valleys used both maritime trade and land trade.


Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies 600

BCE – 600 CE

Prentice Hall, pages 21-27

Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters

Belief Systems (not organized by periodization)

Belief System

Place of Origin and/or

Place Worshiped

Founder, Beliefs and Sacred

Text

Animism

China

Founder: No single founder Belief: Everything in nature has a

spirit,

ancestor worship

Sacred Text: No, oral story

telling

Shintoism

Japan around 500 BCE

Worship at a Torri

Founder: No specific founder Belief: kami- everything in nature

has a spirit,

ancestor worship

Sacred Text: - Kokiji, or Record of Ancient Matters and Nikong,

or Chronicles of Japan


Taoism

China around 550 BCE

Worship at temples

Founder: Lao Tzu Belief: to be laid back,

against violence,

harmony with nature

Sacred Text: Tao Te Ching

Hinduism

India around 1500 BCE

Worship in temples

Founder: Aryan Tribes

Belief: Ahimsa- non-

violence, dharma/ karma,

women were evil, caste

system, reincarnation of the

soul

ultimate goal- moksha

Sacred Text: Vedas, Upanishads,

Bhagavad & Gita

Buddhism

Northern India around 550 BCE but more

commonly practiced in China

Worship mainly in the home, but temples

are available for worship

Founder: Siddhartha Guatama

Belief: Non- violence, Four Noble Truths- suffering

can lead to enlightenment,

Eightfold Path- ending human

desire for enlightenment,

Women are equal to men

Ultimate goal- nirvana Rejects all Hindu gods and caste

system

Sacred Text: Tripitaka


Judaism

Israel (3500 to 1200 BC)

Worship in synagogues

Founder: Abraham (Moses)

Belief: maintain good morals, Be good to others, 10 Commandments Old Testaments Religiously Tolerant

Sacred Text: the Torah and Talmud

Christianity

Israel (Judea) around 30 CE

Worship in a church

Founder: Jesus

Beliefs: Jesus is the Messiah sent

by God to bring salvation, Love others,

Respect others, Do good deeds with faith

Sacred Text: the Bible (Old

Testament, New Testament)

(came from Judaism)

Islam

Arabian Peninsula around 622 CE

Founder: Muhammad

Belief: submission of god,

Believed that they are judged in

afterlife based on life on earth, Religiously tolerant, Believe they should give to those

in need Five Pillars of Islam- basic teachings by Muhammad

Sacred Text: Qu’ran


Confucianism

China around 500 BCE

Founder: Confucius

Belief: strict patriarchal society, 5 Relationships,

religiously tolerant,

everyone must receive an

education, respect elders or superiors must

be order and rules for a society

*More of a Way of Life*

Sacred Text: Analects

Zoroastrianism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

Ancient Persia, modern day Iran around

500 BCE

Worship in fire temples

Founder: Zoroaster

Belief: all evil must be eradicated Fire is sacred and helps purify, Ahura Mazda- “the wise lord”

Angra Mainyu- conjurer of wrath

and evil Hold positive views and aspects,

Morality should be maintained Helping one another

Sacred Text: Gathas/ Avestas


Sikhism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

India around 1500 CE

Worship in temples (Gurdwara)

Founder: Guru Narak Dev

Belief: reincarnation,

generous to less

fortunate, karma,

reincarnation, all humans

are equal, God has two natures- material

and spiritual, Salvation consists of breaking the

cycle of death and rebirth

Religiously tolerant

Sacred Text: Adi Granth, Guru

ranth

Baha’i

T& E

Chapers 7-12

Iran (Persia) around 1863

Place of worship: temples

Founder: Baha’u’llah Belief: peace, unity, equality, All

humans are members of the

same race and that no one should

be judged by any basis (gender

equality), Against injustice

Ahimsa

Sacred Text: Kitbi I Aqdas

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Legalism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

China

Founder: Qin Dynasty

Belief: form of communism, very strict laws, keep

people in order by promoting law codes and justice

*More of a Way of Life*

Sacred Text: Book of Lord

Shang, Han Fei Tzu

Jainism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

India around 500 BCE

Place of worship: Jain temples

Founder:

Belief: don’t hate others, have

good karma/ dharma, ultimate

well-being, nonviolence

Sacred Text: Agamas

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EMPIRE GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION/SIGNIFICANCE

Assyrians

Mesopotamia (Tigris River)

Advanced in architecture, agriculture and trade along the Tigris River

Also part of the Bronze Age

Babylonians

Persia

Believed to have the first written law code, The Code of Hammurabi, and the first record of the westernized alphabet.

They also created the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the first re-curb bow.

The conquests of the Assyrians, Babylonians and Roman empires contributed to the

growth of Jewish diasporic communities around the Mediterranean and Middle East.

The Parthinians were able to defeat ancient

Greece when they tried to conquer their empire. The picked up on cultures during this time and

were big on the arts and architecture.

This empire was very advanced in education and

cultures. This empire influenced the future beliefs, customs and writing of the Islam

religion.

Parthian

Sassanid

Achaemenid

Describe the

significance of the Persian

empires:

This was th e first Persian Empire & was founded by Cyrus. The

Achaemenids greatly expanded their empire & were able to conquer Egypt. They expand ed and reached parts of

Asia, Africa & Europe.


Prentice Hall, 9-17 Greece

Athens Sparta

Socrates Plato Aristotle

Socratic Method of

questioning as a learning

tool.

Wrote The Republic Favored a strong,

controlling government

Developed ideas on

government Favored the one strong and

wise rule as best form.

Considered to be first

western philosopher

Society has three classes: Philosophers, Soldiers,

and Workers

Human Reason was the

key to learning

Terms and Concepts for Greece & Rome Answer/Description

Limited democracy,

Laws made by assembly

Only male citizens in assembly

Trade with other city - states

Education for boys

Women were inferior

Common language

Shared heroes

Olympic Games

Same gods and religious beliefs

Monarchy with 2

Kings

Military society

No trade and travel

Military training for boys

Girls trained to be

mothers of soldiers

Women obey men

Women own property


1. Define a direct democracy:

When the citizens vote directly on a decision; created by Pericles, leader of Athens

2. Define a republic:

A system of government where the leader is elected by its citizens

3. Define patricians and plebeians: Patricians: people in the upper class who owned land in Rome Plebeians: lowerclassmen who don’t own land, commoners

4. Who was Pericles?

Athenian leader who created a direct democracy and started the “Golden Age”

5. What was the Peloponnesian War?

A war fought between Sparta and Athens from 431 BCE- 404 BCE, resulting in Sparta’s victory and Athens’s

weakening.

6. What was the Delian League?

Greek city-states that grouped together to protect themselves against the Persians.

Rome

Hellenistic culture was established by Alexander the Great and it was culture, ideas and

customs from classical Greece. Some of these ideas included a democratic government,

arts and architecture.

What was the Pax Romana? When did it occur? Where did occur?

Who was the leader that began it?

What was Hellenistic culture? Who established it? What

were the accomplishments?

How did I, Julius Caesar pave the way for the Roman Empire?

Julius Caesar paved the way for the Roman Empire by expanding the

empire, establishing many reforms and overall creating a vast and more efficient empire. By making himself the dictator of Rome, he paved the

way into imperialism

I am considered to be

the first Roman Emperor. Who am

I?

Augustus (Octavian) Caesar


The Pax Romana ( Roman peace) was the 200- year peace period that began with

Augustus. It began in Rome and was from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D.

Accomplishments During the

Pax Romana

Prentice Hall, 15 - 17

Roman Roads

Greek - style statues Aqueducts

Arts and

Architecture

Law System

Frequent Trade


Why was Rome considered to be an administrative institution or centralized form of

government?

Rome was considered to be a centralized form of government because of its unifying

government. Rome had a very flat terrain, enabling the citizens to be united under one

rule.

What did the fall of the Roman Empire pave the way for?

The fall of the Roman Empire paved the way for the Byzantine

Empire and Catholic Church.

Barron’s, page 92

Who was Shi Huangdhi?

What lead to the fall of the Roman

Empire?


Romans used too much slave labor

Farmers left land and middle class

disappeared

Government became too strict so people

stopped supporting it; many officials were

corrupt as well

Foreign invasions - Roman army lacked

training and discipline Romans were forced to hire foreign soldiers to defend

borders

High taxes

Overexpansion of

the empire


Shu Huangdhi was the first emperor of

China and unified China under his rule.

He accomplished many things, such as the

Building of the Great Wall of China and the

Building of the Teracotta soldiers.

What dynasty is he from?

Han Dynasty

Compare and contrast the rise and fall of the Han and Roman Empires:

What is the significance of the Silk Road?

The Silk Road was significant because it was one of the largest land and maritime trade

routes in history, stretching from the Mediterranean to China (controlled by China). Many

goods, ideas and religions were traded among this trade route, causing cultural diffusion.

Who was Han Wudi and why is he significant?

Han Wudi was another emperor during the Han dynasty who greatly expanded the empire and

defeated one of China’s major threats at the time- the Huns.



City Modern Country Location

Significance

1. Persepolis

Iran One of the two capitals of Persia, built by Darius in the Mesopotamian style to impress citizens with his power

2. Chang’an

China Capital of the Han dynasty where the people set up an efficient bureaucracy, postal service, and tax- collecting system. They built roads, defensive fortifications (enlarging the Great Wall), and canals to link the country’s major rivers.

3. Pataliputra

India Capital of the Mauryan Empire, from which Chandragupta Maurya ruled from. A bureaucracy was set up there as well as a strong democracy.

4. Carthage

North Africa Port founded by the Phoenicians. Governed by a Senate and two judges, elected from a merchant aristocracy that was not restricted by birth.

5. Alexandria

Egypt Where the Great Library was located and became one of the ancient world’s greatest centers of trade, learning and culture

6. Constantinople

Turkey City of Byzantine Empire. It became the most important political and military center of the eastern Roman empire, and soon became the dominant economic and commercial center in the eastern Mediterranean basin. The city changed its name to Istanbul in 1453 under the Ottoman Turks

7. Teotihuacan

(Teotihuacan)

Mexico City One of the world’s largest cities at the time. Ruled by an oligarchy and they practiced human sacrifice and built temples to the sun and moon, as well as to the god Quetzalcoatl, a bird-serpent worshipped by other Mesoamericans

Geographic Study (This means study this )

The number of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where

previously there had been competing states.

Define and give an example where this was evident during 600CE - 600 BCE periodization.

Deforestation Desertification Soil Erosion Silted Rivers

The Romans cut down trees in order

to make room for their growing

population

people ( in the Middle East) farm ed on a

plot of land too often and it becomes a

desert and not arable

land.

a part of land has little vegetation and so the soil becomes

loose and wind easily blows the soil away

( Han Dynasty )

rivers produce silt

deposits and it makes the land full

of nutrients and very arable ( Tigris and

Euphrates River)


Key States/Empires Approximate Location

Southwest Asia: Persian Empires

(Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid)

Persia = Iran today

East Asia: Qin and Han Empires

South Asia: Maurya and Gupta

MesoAmerica: Teotihuacan (Tenochtitlan), Maya citystates

Andean South America: Moche

Civilization from 100-700 CE

Tra ditions and Encounters, Various Chapters

Briefly, yet thoroughly respond to the following:

1. Define: Corvée


Unpaid labor that was owned by the vassals under feudalism

Describe the relationship between Han China and the Xiongu:

Han China and the Xiongu had a very militaristic relationship. The Xiongu were nomadic tribes

(Huns tribes) who invaded Han China.

2. Describe the relationship between the Guptas and the White Huns:

The White Huns were nomadic people from central Asia who occupied Bactria during the 4th

century and the Gupta Empire was located in India. The White Huns weaken the Gupta Empire by

invading various empires and eventually attacked the Gupta Empire.

3. Define: paterfamilias

Roman term for the “father of the family,” a theoretical implication that gave the male head of

the family almost unlimited authority.

4. How did the emergence of yokes, saddles and stirrups alter world history?

The emergence of yokes, saddles and stirrups altered world history in that it increased trade

and led to advancements in trade.

5. How did the domestication of horses, oxen, camels and llamas alter world history?

The domestication of horses, oxen, camels and llamas altered world history in that it also

increased trade. These animals increased the goods that were able to be traded and facilitated

trade, especially on the Silk Road. Llamas were big in assisting trade in Mesoamerica

6. How did the inventions of the dhow and lateen sails alter maritime/world history?

The invention of the dhow and lateen sails altered maritime/ world history in that that invention

allowed Muslims to trade over revived silk roads. The Umayyad and Abbasid rulers maintained

the roads for military and administrators, which merchants took advantage of. The dhow and

lateen sails contributed to maritime trade.

7. Define: qanat system

Underground system that led to agricultural production

Barron’s,

Traditions and Encounters

Various Chapters

600BC – 600 CE


Climate and Geographic Location:

Typical goods traded:

Ethnicity of people involved:

Significance of trade route:

Eurasian Silk Roads

Overland from western China to

the Mediterranean

Warm in desert areas, colder

northward

From the west to east: horses,

alfalfa, grapes, melons, walnuts

From east to west: silk, peaches,

apricots, spices, pottery, paper

Chinese, Indians,

Parthians, central Asians,

Romans

Primary agents of trade- central Asian nomads

Was one of the most farreaching of the contacts between

classical civilizations and other

societies

TransSaharan Caravan Routes

Points in western Africa south of the

Sahara to the Mediterranean;

Cario most important

destination

Camel caravans

Salt from Sahara to points south &

west Gold from W.

Africa Wheat & olives

from Italy Roman

manufactured goods to W. Africa

Western Africans, people

of the Mediterranean

Berbers most important agent

of trade

One of the most significant developments in the trade across the Sahara was the use of

the camel and the development of the

camel saddle.

Indian Ocean Trade

By water from Canton in China to

Southeast Asia to India to eastern

Africa and the Middle East

Warm, monsoons

Chinese pottery, Indian spices and ivory from India

and Africa

Pigments, pearls, bananas and other

tropical fruits

Chinese, Indians, Malays, Persians, Arans,

people on

Africa’s east coast

The Indian Ocean trade network, which included the South China Sea,

involved mariners from China, Malaysia,

Southeast Asia, and Persia

Mediterranean Trade

Mediterranean Sea, Europe, and

Mediterranean Islands, Northern Africa, Asia Minor

Cool Temperature

Wheat, furs, glass, fish, olives, tin,

timber, oil, grapes, silk, pottery,

jewels, bronze, spices, and

animals

Greek, African, Asian, Romans,

Phoenicians, Spanish, Russians, Egyptian

The Mediterranean Trade connected the European countries

through trade and travel, created advanced

navigation in the Mediterranean between the islands, increased

trade links and allowed for long distance trade

and travel

Regional and Transregional Interactions

600 CE – 1450 CE Barron’s,



Various Chapters

Chose two of the following trade cities and explain the significance of the city during this

periodization: Novgorod, Timbuktu, Swahili City-States, Hangzhou, Calcut, Bagdad,

Melada, Venice, Tenochtitlan, Cahokia

City #1 Novgoorod

City #2 Calcut

The acquisition of the prosperous trading city of Novgoorod was the most important

addition to Ivan the Great’s possessions.

Novgoorod was an autonomous city-state in Russia that governed its affairs through

a town council. With the aid of

Novgoorod’s wealth, Ivan the Great was

able to build a strong centralized

government modeled on the Byzantine Empire.

Calicut was an southern Indian city. On

May 20th, 1498, Vasco de Gama’s fleet

anchored at Calicut. Upon its arrival, local

authorities in Calicut dispatched a pair of

Tunisian merchants who spoke Spanish

and Italian to serve as translators for the

newly arrived party. The markets of

Calicut offered not only pepper, ginger,

cinnamon and spices, but also rubies, emeralds, gold jewelry and fine cotton

textiles.

Give an example of a civilization that used paper money: Han Dynasty

Explain how this process helped facilitate commercial infrastructure:

The Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) was an ancient civilization that used paper money. The

government issued paper money in order to expand and improve trade throughout the dynasty.

Trade was facilitated because the goods were able to be traded in a less complex manner. It

helped facilitate commercial infrastructure because nearly everyone in the Han Dynasty were

unified by using the paper money.

Prentice Hall, 44-47


BYZANTINE EMPIRE

The Byzantine Empire is the eastern half of the Roman Empire that lasted until about

1453.

What was Justinian’s

Code and who was

Justinian? Justinian’s Code was a code of laws created by Justinian.

His code included Roman laws, legal writings and even

a s tudent handbook. Justinian was a great

Byzantine emperor, who ruled a vast empire with a

centralized government and a codified set of laws.

Orthodox Christian

Church

The Orthodox Christian

Church, also known as

the Eastern Orthodox

Church, was the

Christi an Church of the

Byzantine empire.

Great Schism

The permanent split

between the Orthodox

Christian Church in the

East and the Roman

Catholic Church in the

west in 1054

Cyrillic Alphabet

Given to the Russians by the Byzantines, two of the Byzantine missionaries

adapted the Greek alphabet in order to translate the

Bible into Slavic languages.

Orthodox Christianity

Orthodox Christianity was

brought to Russia by Byzantine missionaries. The

close church - state relationship in the

Byzantine empire also b ecame a model for

Russian government and religion

Autocratic Government

Byzantine tradition that the

Russians adapted to and made it to be their norm. Autocratic rulers in Russia

were known as czars.

Effect On

Russia

Byzantine Empire

Roman Empire

arron’s, B


Various Chapters


Caliphates Geographic

Location

Time Frame Significance

Umayyad caliphate

Middle East

(Modern day

Syria)

661-750

Stressed that Arab

ethnicity was stressed

over adherence to Islam, inferior status of

converts, respect for “People of the Book”,

Jews and Christians had

to pay taxes, and that the ruling family live

luxuriously (which

angered the

population).

The general population

overthrew this caliphate

and most of the Umayyads were killed in

this takeover

Abbasid caliphate

Present-day Iraq

750-1258

Granted equal status to

converts, stressed many educational

aspects of life, architecture and trade

from the western Mediterranean to China.

The Sufis were mystics

of Islam who promoted

missionary work. This caliphate succeeded the Umayyads. The Seljuk Turks weakened the Abbasid caliph and

Mongol invaders

eventually came into

the empire.

Delhi Sultanates

Northern

India

Capital was at Delhi

1206-1526

The Delhi Sultanates

conquered most of the Hindu kingdom by the

13th century and

brought Muslims to India. The Hindus & the Muslims were separated

& violence sparked

because of this. There were also more Muslim converts because Islam

was more appealing to

women than Hinduism.

Barron’s, pages 149 -150 China


Sui Dynasty Accomplishments

3. creation of the

Grand Canal, which

1. reunified China linked the

Yellow

and Yangzi rivers

2. expanded borders in a burst of military conquest

Tang and Song Dynast ies

What were three accomplishments that occurred during the Tang and Song dynasties?

Tang dynasty revived the civil service

system

Tang dynasty distributed land to peasants

through a system of land reform

Song and Tang dynasty expanded foreign trade and to

facilitate trade, the government issued the first paper

money


Barron’s,

Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters


Geographic Location/

Environmental Adaptation

Significance and notable

accomplishments:

Scandinavian Vikings

Eastern Europe to the Mediterranean lands

(Scandinavia, Denmark and Sweden)

Vikings had to adapt to their

surroundings and learn to become expert sailors. They

carefully coordinated their ships’ movements and timed

their attacks to take advantage of the tides

In 885, a Viking force

consisting of at least 700 ships

sailed up the Seine River and besieged Paris, and in 994, an

armada of about 100 ships sprinted up the Thames River

and raided London. Some

Vikings ventured into the Mediterranean, where they

plundered sites in the Balearic

Islands, Sicily and southern Italy. Other Vikings made their

way to Constantinople, which they raided at least three times

during the 9th and 10th

centuries. The Vikings also

created the first Russian state.

Berbers

North Africa

Because of all the extreme

temperatures that the Berbers

traveled to, they became

desert nomads

The Berbers converted to Islam

as cotton, sugar and citrus spread throughout the dar al- Islam. They also built Islamic

empires northwestern Africa

and parts of Spain

Bantu

Central West Africa

The Bantu were skilled farmers

because the area that they

were migrating to had fertile soil

The Bantu established

permanent settlements and

spread the use of iron. Iron metallurgy was spread and as

was Swahili.

The following groups developed diasporic communities:

Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean

Chinese merchants in Southeast Asia


• Sogdian merchants throughout Central Asia

• Jews in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin and along the Silk Road

What is a diasporic community? Explain.

A diasporic community is a widely dispersed city where boundaries, geographical features and social

distances separate it and the populations that occupy in these communities. Foreign traders are able to live in port

cities and begin to grow crops and make their own goods because of their separation from others.


Explain: Dar-al-Islam

Dar-al-Islam refers to a larger society that were under Islamic rule. Muslims were able to

be unified throughout the world because of the Dar-al-Islam.

What are the characteristics that make up a “Golden Age?

By definition, a golden age is a time of peace, prosperity and intellectual achievements.

List 5 achievements that came out of the Golden Age of Islam:

Five achievements that came out of the Golden Age of Islam were the very detailed maps

created by Muslim cartographers, architecture of minarets and mosques, Islamic

literature, trade from the western Mediterranean to China, and the difficult tests that

doctors had to take before becoming a doctor.

How were the Muslim scholars influenced by Greek and Indian mathematics?

Muslim scholars were influenced by Greek and Indian mathematics through the use of

the Indian system of numbers (zero), in order to preserve Greco-Roman culture.


III. The Middle Ages


What years are considered the “Middle Ages”?

476 CE (fall of Roman Empire) – 1500s (Renaissance)

Feudalism Manoralism

How were manors

self sufficient?

Manors were self sufficient in that

everything that each

manor needed was able to be achieved

from the

manor alone. The

serfs

were bound to

their land

for continuous labor. Each manor often

included one or more villages and the land

surrounding them.

Each group in society had a place with specific

rights

and responsibilities.

What was chivalry?

Chivalry was the knight’s

Catholic Church

The Catholic Church was a

unifying force in a time

of political

instability after the fall

of the Roman Empire.

How did the Church

assert authority over

rulers? The Church asserted authority over

rulers by filling the void of the

How did feudalism operate? Feudalism was the economic concept that the vassals and lords exchange protection for loyalty. The serfs were bound to the land and one was born into their social class. This pyramid was very ridged and lacked social mobility.

code of dignity that states

that if they were to be

captured in battle, they

would kill themselves than expose information to the

enemy.

POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL


Roman empire. The Church Prentice Hall, 60-63 was the largest

landowner in Europe and had significant economic power. The Church

also had their own set of laws, called canon laws, and expressed their power over leaders by

excommunicating people who questioned the church, even rulers.

THE CRUSADES

Causes

1. Seljuk Turks invaded the

1. Byzantine Empire during the

1050s

2. 1095 Pope Urban II urged

people 2. to fight

in return for a guaranteed

spot in heaven 3.

3. chance to travel sparked

excitement 4.

4. nobles hoped to gain

wealth and land 5.

5. serfs hoped to end feudal

oppression

Effects

interest in traveling because they wanted

to learn about other cultures popes became more

powerful and church became corrupt

paves the way for absolutism

trade increased between the Middle East

and Europe religious tension grew

Why are the Crusades considered a successful failure? Explain.

The Crusades were considered a successful failure from the Christian perspective. It was a failure because the Muslims gained control of the holy land, Jerusalem, but it was a

success because trade increased between the Middle East and Europe.

During what years were the Crusades fought? 1095-1291

ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

AFRICA


Prentice Hall, 48-53 Barron’s, Unit 3

Section 7

DIFFERENCES

SHIITES

Majority of the Muslim population, 90% of

Muslims being Sunni Muslims

The Sunnis believed that the caliph

should be chosen by Muslim leaders. They did not view the caliph as a

religious authority

Accepted the Umayyad Caliphate as the

actual line of successors

Minority of the Muslim population, only 10% of Muslims being Shiite Muslim

Shiites believed that only the

descendants of Muhammad should be his

successors Believed that the descendants of the

prophet were divinely inspired

They considered the Umayyad to be

supers of the power.

Muslim armies carried Islam into North Africa in

the mid- to late 600s. Muslim

invaders initially fought African

forces, but the Muslims & North Africans eventually joined forces to conquer Spain. Islam continued

to spread to parts of

North & West Africa.

SUNNIS

ISLAM SPREAD TO

ASIA EUROPE

Islam was more prominent in Southern and Western parts of

Europe. Muslim forces attacked Spain in the

s, 700 when Europe was weak during the Middle

Ages, the Mu slims gained control of

Sicily.

After Muslims took control of northern

India in the 1200s, Islam was carried

into Southeast Asia, mainly through trade.



Geography

Religion

Cultural Diffusion

Describe Japan’s geography: Describe Japan’s

geography:Japan is made up of a c mountainous islands in the Pacific Ocean off the coa Asia; these islands are part of the Ring of Fire, a gro around the Pacific Ocean that are vulnerable to earth volcanoes. Impact of geography on the people: Japan’s geograp Impact of geography on the people:people due to

the fact that since Japan is m ountainou difficult to

farm. Most of the population lived in narr

hain of st of mainland up of islands quakes and hy

impacted the

s, its land was

ow river

Shintoism

• Uniquely Japanese religion that stresses love of nature

• Shrines are located in places of natural beauty

List two ways in which Japan was influenced by Korea or China 1. Around 500, the Koreans brought the Chinese system of writing to

the Japanese. The Koreans also brought Buddhism to China. 2. During feudal times, a Chinese sect called Zen Buddhism spread

throughout Japan and they valued peace, simple living, nature and beauty.

Japan was also influenced by Confucianism. Japanese courts adopted Chinese

customs as well, such as tea drinking and tea ceremonies. The Japanese also

built their monasteries to resemble Chinese monasteries.

Japanese

Feudalism



Pages 107 -111

Define Bushido

Bushido, or “the way of the warrior,” was the strict code of conduct followed by the Samurai in the Feudal Japanese system. The bushido was how the samurai promised loyalty to the daimyo (like the vassals in European feudalism). The samurai promised to be loyal, brace and honorable, and a samurai who betrayed the code of bushido was expected to commit trial suicide, called seppuku.

How did the Tokugawa Shogunate isolate Japan from the outside world?

The Tokugawa Shogunate isolated Japan from the outside world in

1638, by barring all western merchants and prohibiting Japanese from

traveling abroad.

What was Heian Japan?

Heian Japan was the golden age of Japan (794-1185), where Chinese influence on

Japan was prominent, especially in Japanese customs, writings and literature.

Compare and Contrast

European Feudalism Japanese Feudalism



Barron’s Unit 3, Section 9

Who were and what is the significance of salaried samurai? Explain.

The samurai were professional warriors and provincial lords of Japanese feudalism. They relied on the samurai both to enforce their authority and in their own territories.

Genghis Khan conquered the largest land empire ever in the history of the world in

one life time. The Mongols conquered areas of China, Persia and parts of

Europe. His armies were made up of skilled horsemen and bowmen.

Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis started the Yuan Dynasty in China.

- Pyramid consists of: nobles, knights, vassals, merchants,

farmers, craftsmen, peasants, serfs

- Vassals and Kings exchange

protection for loyalty.

- Catholic Church was at the head of the pyramid

- Code of Chivalry helped to increase

the social status and rights on women.

- Women were

considered delicate

- Pyramid consisted of: emperor, shogun,

diamayos, sa murai, ronin, peasants, artisans and

merchants.

- Shintoism isn't as powerful as

the Catholic Church.

- Bushido was the Code of Loyalty for

the Knights

- Women were considered to be

strong and tough to

give birth to

powerful Knights

- Provided a

code of conduct for warriors.

- The shoguns and vassals

truly held the power in both types of Feudalism.

- Serfs were part of the lower

class and were bound to the

land and couldn't leave the manor

- The Samurais

and Knights consisted of the warrior class

and were forced

to fight in wars


Who was Genghis Khan? Ultimate leader of the Mongol Empire and he was also able

conquered parts of Eurasia and made the conquered areas to

unify the tribes in 1206 with himself as leader. He

pay tribute, captured Beijing, gained control of Iran and began to attack Russia

Who was Kublai Khan? Leader of the Mongols during the Pax Mongolia (1200s-1300s). The military strengthened during

this time, with the concept of unparalleled horsemanship, and the creation of the shortbow,

catapult, gunpowder, cannon, flaming arrows and

battering rams.

Approximate dates (of empire) : 1206-1335

The famous Chinese explorer Zheng He traveled to Southeast Asia, along the coast of India, around the Arabian Peninsula and to the port cities of East

Africa. After his explorations the Chinese decided that no other civilization was as superior as theirs. They decided to isolate themselves and limit foreign contact with other.

Be able to explain the significance of the following people, places or concepts:

1. Hanseatic League:

well developed trade network in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea

2. Grand Canal:

Mongol’s lasting effect upon Russia

The Mongols invasion of Russia was the only successful winter invasion. Russia was so cold, that many people who tried to c onquer Russia failed. Hitler and Napoleon also lose battles in

the future to Russia because of the cold.

The Mongols called the area that they conquered the Golden Horde. Since Russia

was so vast and isolated, the Orthodox Church was also strengthened.


series of artificial waterways that ultimately reached from Hangzhou in the south to the imperial

capital of Chan’an in the west to a terminus near modern Beijing in the north

3. Marco Polo:

said to have served as an administrator in the city of Yangzhou

4. Ibn Battuta:

A Moroccan traveler who visited Kilwa, China, Persia, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor and Spain. He

wrote a book about his journeys that he made after completing his exploration. He was

considered the “Marco Polo” of Islam.

5. Xuanzang:

(712-755) Tang Chinese Emperor who extended China’s rule to parts in Central Asia,

Mongolia, Manchuria, Tibet and the Pacific coast.

6. Neoconfucianism:

philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought;

most important of the early Neo-Confucianists was the Chinese thinker Zhu Xi (1130-1200)

7. Toltecs:

(800-1000 CE), Mesoamerican civilization that had no true political structure. They worshiped

Quetzalcoatl.

8. The significance of bananas in Africa:

The bananas entered Africa via sea- lanes across the Indian Ocean and it spread by Malay

seafarers. The bananas provided a nutritious supplement to Bantu diet and enabled the Bantu

to expand into heavily forested regions. It increased the supply of food available to the Bantu,

enriched their diet and enabled them to expand more rapidly than before.

9. The significance of the spread of cotton, sugar and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the

Mediterranean basin:

The spread of cotton, sugar and citrus was significant throughout the Dar al-Islam and the

Mediterranean basin. The spread of these crops signified cross cultural interaction and cultural

diffusion along the Mediterranean Sea. Agricultural techniques were enhanced and the variety

of diets increased as well.

10. Tributary system:

When conquered/ neighboring nations had to pay a tax in order to avoid punishment

11. How did the “Little Ice Age” contribute to urbanization?


The “Little Ice Age” was when the temperatures were much cooler than in the era from 1000 to

1300 CE. With markedly cooler temperatures ad shorter growing seasons, agricultural

production declined in many lads, leading to famine and even starvation. Norse settlers

gradually abandoned the colonies they had occupied in Greenland since the 10th century.

12. Explain the following technological innovations: champa, chinampa, horse collar, waru waru

agriculture

The Champa Rice is a quick maturing crop that is drought resistant. It allows two harvests of

sixty days each in one growing season. It originally came from Vietnam and was later sent over

to China. It was sent as a gift from the Champa state during the Song Dynasty. Chinampa

were agricultural gardens used by Aztecs in which fertile muck from lake bottoms was dredged

and built up into small plots. Crops were harvested up to seven crops per year, a lot more than

usual. This innovation made Mexica agricultural production more efficient because more crops

were able to be produced at once and cultivate crops during the dry seasons, using the lake

that surrounded the island. Use of the horse collar sped development of transportation and

trade and greatly increased use of the horse as a draft animal. Waru waru agriculture was a

farming technique used by the Ancient Incans of Mesoamerica that included flat terrains & the

Andes Mountains. Potatoes & quinoa were grown using this method.

13. Ethiopian Christianity:

Ethiopian Christianity was a religion that retained basic Christian ideals, besides the fact that

Ethiopian Christians believed in evil spirits & that amulets or charms could protect them from.

14. Oligarchy:

Government in which the aristocrats have complete, total control.

15. Holy Roman Empire:

The Holy Roman Empire was a Christian Empire that located in western and central parts of

Europe, founded in the 900s. It was formed during the Protestant Reformation and retained

many basic ideals from the classical Roman Empire.

The Bubonic Plague spread everywhere, because of trading and exploration.


Population Losses Economic Decline Social and Political

Change

Confusion and

Disorder

When the plague first began to

spread in China in the early 1300s,

about 35 million

Chinese died. At its

peak, the plague

killed about 7000

people a day in

Cairo. By the time the peak of the

plague ended, one third of the

European

population had died

The plague devastated many

economies because of the dramatic

population decline.

In Europe, farm and

industrial

production declined.

The people who survived demanded

higher wages and

prices rose. When landowners and

merchants took

action to stop this wage increase,

peasants revolted

Economic changes

had social results, as the strictly

defined levels of

society had been in

place before began to break down.

Feudalism declined as peasant revolts

weakened the

power of landowners and the

decline of feudalism led to the growth of

new political

systems. In Europe, monarchs gained

power and began to build more powerful

nations.

The plague threw society into

disorder. Some

people questioned

their faith and the

Church, turning to

magic and

witchcraft to save

themselves. Others

blamed local Jews, whom they said

poisoned the wells.

As a result,

thousands of Jews

were murdered.

Why is the rat the animal chosen to represent the Black Death?

The rat was the animal chosen to represent the Black Death due to the

fact that this plague was spread by fleas that lived on the rats.

B

L

A

C

K

P

L

A

G

U

E

EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE



List two factors that led to the Commercial Revolution

Global Interactions 1450 - 1750

The Renaissance:

What is a guild?

1

2

COMMERICIAL

REVOLUTION

LED

TO

Rise of towns

List three

new

businesses

. Partnership and Joint 1

Stock Companies

2 . Banking

3 . Insurance

B arron’s,Unit 4


Expansion of trade

Growth of cities

Organizations that were set up to establish good business

practices. They regulated prices based on supply and

demand (evolution of capitalism), required

businesses to obtain licenses, women were allowed to join

guilds (but they weren’t equal), and apprent ices worked in the shops for

education.


A Rebirth of Greek and Roman ideals that focused on Human ability,

potential, and achievement

During what years did the Renaissance occur? 1450-1750

Define: Humanism

Concept that fueled the Renaissance which emphasized human nature rather than religious nature. People started to question the church and government, through the spirit of inquiry. People also

started to realize that they have a say on their own destiny and how they can control it.

List Three

Artists

One work for

each

List Three

Writers

One work for

each

1. Leonardo da Vinci

Mona Lisa

1. Francesco Petrarch

Sonnets to Laura

2. Raphael

Paintings of the Madonna

2. Niccolo Machiavelli

The Prince

3. Sofonisba Anguissola

The Artist’s Sisters

Playing Cards 3. Castiglione

Book of the Cortier

Who invented the printing press? Johannes Gutenberg

What are three effects of the printing press? The printing press allowed mass production of

literature, the spread and maintenance of ideas, and the fact that ideas were harder to get rid of once they

have been printed and distributed all around the area. Because of the production of the Bible, people were

able to read the Bible for themselves, which made them realize that the church has been teaching them

false information from the Bible. It also increased literacy because people were reading more often

The Protestant Reformation and the

Counter Reformation

CAUSES OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

I wrote that the end

justifies the means.

Who am I?


Long Term 1. Strong Monarchs

2. Renaissance/ humanism

3. corruption of the Church

Short Term 1. 95 Theses

2. Gutenberg’s Printing Press

3. nepotism/ simony/ indulgences

4. translation of the Bible

5. other reformers (Henry VIII)

1. Martin Luther 2. John Calvin

EFFECTS OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Long Term 1. Society of Jesus

2. Inquisition became stronger

3. Religious wars broke out in Europe

for more than 100 years and there was a loss of religious unity in Western Europe.

Short Term

1. Thirty Year War

2. Council of Trent

3. Counter Reformation

4. Holy Roman emperor weakened

5. Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican and other Protestant churches were founded

What was the Counter Reformation? What was its purpose?

The Counter Reformation was in response against the Protestant Reformation and it was the period where

Jesuits tried to bring converts back to the Catholic Church and strengthen the church.

When did the Reformation occur: 1450

When did the Counter Reformation occur: 1545


The Protestant Reformation had many leaders. Two of the most important were:


West African Kingdoms (note this chart is includes multiple periodizations)

Ghana (800-1000) Mali (1200-1450) Songhai (1450 – 1600)

Controls trade in gold and

salt across West Africa.

Women work in business

and government.

King has Muslim advisors.

Mali conquers kingdom of

Ghana.

Mansa Musa becomes great

emperor.

Mali controls gold trade

routes.

Timbuktu becomes a great

trading city and center of

learning.

Songhai grows into largest

West African state.

Controls important trade

routes.

Emperor sets up Muslim

dynasty.

Who was Mansa Musa and what were the major effects of his rule?

Mansa Musa was a Muslim emperor of the African Kingdom, Mali. Because of Mansa Musa, African

kingdoms adopted Muslim ideas, its written language, coins and business methods.


LATIN AMERICA (Mesoamerica)

My Hajji is one of

the most famous in

history.


OLMECS MAYAS AZTECS INCAS

WHERE FOUND

AND WHEN? (note this chart is includes multiple periodizations)

Around the Coast of Gulf of

Mexico, near the

modern Mexican city of Veracruz

Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador

Aztec empire

stretched from

the Gulf of

Mexico to the Pacific Ocean

Around the

Andes Mts. and

extended down

the Pacific coast

POLITICAL STRUCTURE

(gov’t)

-Authoritarian

by nature -

colossal statues

and heads of

rulers -many

laborers worked

on behalf of

Olmec elites

-Tikal = most

important Maya

political center

between the

fourth and ninth

centuries -C.E.

–small city- kingdoms –

Maya kings

often had

names like Curl

Snout, Smoking Frog, or Jaguar

-Aztec leaders

used military to

expand and

create the

Aztec empire -

Ruled by a

single emperor,

chosen by a

council of

nobles & priests

-Next was the

noble class,

judges,

governors, and

priests

-Led by an

emperor -

Emperor had

absolute power

and owned

everything -

Emperor = chief religious

leader a claimed

divine status as

son of the sun -

Strong central

government at Cuzco -Power was with

nobles,

chieftain, and

officials

ROLE OF

RELIGION

-Priests -Shamans -

Olmec ball

games and ritual

sacrifices

for gods

-sacrificial rituals

for gods -

bloodletting

rituals -priests -Popol Vuh -

god created

people out of

maize and

water -god maintains

agriculture cycle -Maya Ball Game

-priests -rituals for gods

-huge pyramid in

Tenochtitlan to

honor chief

deity, sun god -

sacrificial victims

usually captured enemy

soldiers

-polytheistic -

worshipped

many gods related to forces

of nature &

guardian spirits in home -chief deity=sun

god -priests did

rituals, festivals,

sports, and

games

ACHIEVEMENTS

-calendar -large

ceremonial

centers,

temples,

pyramids, and

statuses -writing system -Olmec ball

games

-large pyramids,

temples, and

statuses -

astronomy,

mathematics,

and science -

concept of zero

-modern-day

calendar -

writing system

-accurate

calendar -

established

schools & kept

historical events

-advanced

medicine and

medical practice -great

architecture -

new way of

growing crop

-system of

roads (more than 12,000 m. long)

-improved

former

agriculture

techniques -

quipus =

communication

through strings -medicine



CHINA

1. Why did China choose to isolate themselves from trade in 1433?

China isolated themselves from trade in 1433 because of the border threats

upon Yongle’s death. China stopped exploring and lost its chance at world

power (major turning point).

How did geography contribute to Chinese isolation? Geography contributed

to Chinese isolation because of its mountainous terrain. The mountains not

only acted as a barrier from foreign invaders, but it also isolated China

from the rest of the world.

L ist the many ways China had influenced the following areas

KOREA WESTERN

EUROPE JAPAN SOUTHEAST

ASIA

-Celadon (similar to porcelain) -Buddhism -Confucian ideas -Chinese art and

writing styles -

Chinese civil service

system -printing

-exquisite silks -production of guns and gunpowder -guns -other weaponry

-Chinese ideas and technology -Buddhism -Influence on Chinese paintings and artistic techniques. -Zen Buddhism -Chinese culture -

literature, art & theatre

-Buddhism -China conquered Vietnam and ruled it for 1,000 years -utilized the Confucian civil

service system -established

a bureaucracy

Prentice Hall 116-118

CHINA IMPACTS THE

WEST AND ASIA


THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

Capital City: Istanbul

Religion: Muslim

Successful because of: Suleiman the Magnificent and the fact that he was a great codifier of laws. He was also a great military leader and expanded the Ottoman Empire.

Absolute Ruler SULEIMAN:

List two accomplishments:

1 . Strengthened the government 2 . Improved the system of justice in his empire.

How did the Ottomans treat different ethnic and religious groups? How did cultural diversity and nationalism impact the

Ottoman Empire? The Ottomans were religiously tolerant to different ethnic and religious groups, but the Ottomans required the different religious groups to pay a tax. Cultural diversity and nationalism impacted the Ott oman Empire due to European influence

How did Europe contribute to Ottoman decline?

Europe contributed to the Ottoman

decline due to the rising power of European nations. In 1571, Spain and its Italian allies defeated an

Ottoman fleet at Lepanto.

THE OTTOMAN

EMPIRE

YEARS

: 1299 - 1922

Define: j anissary

An elite force in the Ottoman military who was Christian and

forced to convert to Islam and received advanced training.

Define: devshrime

Ottoman requirement that the Christians in the Balkans provide

young boys to be slaves of the sultan

Barron’s, Chapter 15



Barron’s, Unit 4

What were the reasons for European exploration?

Three advancements

1. Compass and other

navigational instruments

2. Gunpowder weaponry

3. Advanced rudders and

system of sails

How they were useful for exploration

1. The compass and other navigational instruments were useful

for exploration because the European sailors were then able

to venture farther from shore without getting lost 2. Gunpowder weaponry were useful for exploration in the

sense that Europeans invented the huge gunships that let

them carry massive firepower to every part of the globe. 3. Advanced rudders and system of sails were useful for

exploration in that ships could sail faster, carry larger food

supply and cover greater distances. The stern rudders and

advanced systems of sails and rigging allowed ships to travel

in almost any direction the captain wanted to go, even if the

wind was not favorable

EXPLORERS

Vasco de Gama Christopher Columbus

Ferdinand Magellan

In 1498, Vasco da

Gama became the first European to reach India

by sea, and the profit from his voyage equaled sixty times the

original investment.

Christopher

Columbus’s voyage was

sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.

He wanted to sail west to reach

China and India,

and when he landed, he was

convinced that he

had found the Indies. The Spanish and Portuguese

realized quickly that what he had found wer e lands

completely unknown to them.

Ferdinand Magellan led an expedition

that tied together all of Spain’s and Portugal’s previous efforts. Magellan hoped to cross both oceans; his ships left

Europe in 1519, traversed the Atlantic, rounded South America and made their way through the Pacific, returning to

Europe in 1 522


Conquistadors: Who did he conquer? Reasons for Success?

HERNANDO CORTES

Hernando Cortes waged an effective

and brutal campaign against the

Aztecs. The Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, became Mexico City,

headquarters of what the Spanish

called New Spain.

The reason for his success was the

fact that the Aztecs looked at him as

a holy-figure and supported his

actions. When he invaded, he

carried the smallpox disease and

killed many of the Aztecs. He

brought powerful weapons when

conquering the Aztecs that they

weren't familiar with.

FRANCISCO PIZARRO

Francisco Pizarro destroyed the

mighty Incan Empire When he attacked the Incas, he had

brought heavy artillery that was

foreign to the natives. When

attacking them, he carried many

diseases that the natives weren't

immune to which killed most of

them off.

How did the colonization of the Americas lead to the spread of smallpox, the measles and

influenza? Explain.

The colonization of the Americans led to the spread of smallpox, the measles and influenza by

the continuous conquering and bringing about different bacteria from different parts of the

world, especially from Spain. When the Spanish conquered the New World, they brought

disease with them, but the natives were not immune to the disease, making them very sick. The

disease was never treated because the not advanced medical education, so it spread to a wider

population.


Barron’s 219 -221

Land Empires Geographic Location How did the Manchu treat

the Chinese? Significance/Impact


Manchus Manchuria, northeastern part of

China. During 1620 and 1630s, the Manchu army launched

smallscale invasions into China.

After their seizure of Beijing in

1644, the Manchus moved to

extend their authority

throughout China. During the

1630s and 1640s, many Chinese

generals deserted the Ming

dynasty because of its

corruption and inefficiency.

The Qin Dynasty began

increasing trade with

various European nations.

They ended there

ethnocentric beliefs. They

disapproved many foreign

imports and banned

Christianity. They kept

practices, such as the civil

service system.

Mughals The Mughal Empire was

located in north India,

replacing the fall of the Delhi Sultanate

How did the Ottoman treat

of other religious/ethnic

groups? The Ottoman empire was relatively religiously tolerant to

those of other religious and

ethnic groups. Non- Muslims

were not forced to convert to

Islam, but they had to pay a tax

to practice their own religion.

They also didn’t have equal

rights and were not permitted to

fight in the military.

The Mughal Empire was

established after the

destruction of the Delhi

Sultanate and survived into

the mid-1700s. Muslim was

spread throughout this

empire and trade increased

as well. The Taj Mahal was

built during the reign of the Mughal Empire

During the period of 1450-1750 explain how there was competition over trade routes:

1) Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean

The Omani controlled a lot of trade in the Indian Ocean because of their central location and they helped other

natives to expel European attempts to control the trade; they expelled the Portuguese in 1650. The Europeans

became anxious because of the Oman’s prosperity, as shown in the British treaty with Oman in 1799.

2) Piracy in the Caribbean

After the mid 16th century, when Spanish explorers located exceptionally rich sources of silver in Mexico and

Peru the Caribbean became a sleepy backwater of the Spanish empire. English pirates lurked in Caribbean

waters hoping to intercept imperial fleets carrying American silver to Spain, but the region was not a center of

production.



Europeans born in Spain

European descent, born in the colonies

A mix of European and Native American or

African



How does the hierarchy reflect Eurocentrism?

This hierarchy reflects eurocentrism by showing that the Europeans were the top

two social classes on this hierarchy. Both the Peninsulares and the Creoles were

Europeans, showing that they had the most power in this society. The

lowerclassmen Europeans, Native Americans and Africans were at the bottom of the

pyramid, showing that they were inferior.

Define: coerced labor a system where the workers were forced to work based

on threats, pressure, or intimidation.

Define: encomienda and hacienda system Encomienda: system that gave Spanish settlers (encomenderos) the right to compel

the indigenous peoples of the Americas to work in the miens or fields Hacienda system: Spanish colonizers were given control of land instead of laborers

How did the Spanish adapt the Inca mit’a system? Explain. Spanish administrators relied mostly on voluntary labor, but they also adapted the

Inca practice of requisitioning draft labor, known as the mita system, to recruit

workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not

accept.

THE SLAVE TRADE

Peninsulares :


Prentice Hall, 125

Causes: What did the

Europeans need? Effects: List two negatives of the slave trade

. 1 Wars in Africa which

weakened the government

2 . Small African societies disappeared

Which country was the last in the Americas to abolish slavery and in what year?

Brazil (1888)

The Europeans nee ded cheap laborers to harvest their crops

when they were ready to

harvest.


Goods from the Americas (be specific) Goods from Europe (be specific)

Maize, potato, sweet potato, beans, peanut, squash,

pumpkin, tomato, chili pepper, avocado, pineapple,

cocoa, tobacco and quinine (medicine

Wheat, sugar, banana, rice, grape (wine), dandelion,

horse, pig, cattle, goat, sheep, chicken, smallpox,

measles, typhus

Define MERCANTILISM:

Mercantilism is an economic concept that involves building up national wealth by exporting more goods than

the nation imported.

WHAT IS SENT TO THE PARENT COUNTRY?

Colonies sent the parent country raw materials

WHAT IS SENT TO THE COLONY?

The colonies are sent manufactured goods, for them to use and trade.

Prentice Hall, 126-130, 146, 152-154


When was the Age of Absolutism?

1500s-1600s

Monarch Country Facts

Akbar the Great

1542-1605 India

United all of northern India and Afghanistan under Mughal rule. He

ensured absolute control by setting up a paid bureaucracy. He stopped

rewarding service with land grants to break up the aristocracy. He brought

Hindu chiefs into this administration but limited their power. The Mughal

Empire peaked under Akbar the Great because he ruled strictly and crushed opposition. He also promoted trade,

religious tolerance and European technology (printing and gunpowder). He announced Sikhism to be the state

religion and encouraged scholarship

and the arts.

Charles V

151-1556 Spain

Spain became the most powerful nation

in Europe because of Charles V, but he

also faced many military threats that forced him to give up his empire. He

was the emperor of the Holy Roman

Empire and the king of Spain.

Philip II

1580- Spain

Upon Charles V’s retirement, he divided the Spanish empire and gave

Spain, the Spanish Netherlands and the American colonies to his son, Philip II.

Philip II expanded the kingdom and

eventually created an empire which spread throughout the globe. Philip II was a strong Catholic, so he ordered

his army to launch the Spanish Armada

against Protestant England, but the fleet was eventually destroyed. Philip

II believed he had the divine right,

which was the god given right to rule.

Louis XIII France

Louis XIII strengthened the

government of France and trained his

army to become the strongest army

throughout Europe. He was the son of

The Age of Absolutism


King Henry IV and became the minister-cardinal of France. Louis XIII

listened to the Huguenots and the Nobles, and allows for them to gain

more rights, only if they were to obey

and bow down to him or else they

would defeated.

Louis XIV “The Sun King”

1643-1715 France

Louis XIV believed that he had the divine right and referred to himself as the Sun King. He revoked the Edict of

Nantes, taking away the religious tolerance of the French Protestants. The maintenance of the Palace of

Versailles and the involvement of wars (to become the supreme power in

Europe) left France in major debt once

he died. He created a centralized

bureaucracy.

Louis XVI France

Louis XVI was the king that ruled

during the start of the French Revolution. He inherited the throne

through the Bourbon family line. He married Marie Antoinette and was

beheaded with her by the guillotine. He

added on to the debt in France and continued to decrease the economy in

France. Louis XVI created causes of the

revolt by the people.

Peter the Great

1682-1725 (Age of Exploration) Russia

Peter the Great gained access to the Baltic Sea, which granted Russia with warm water ports and access to trade. He westernized Russia and put the

Orthodox Church under state control,

due to the Great Schism. The Holy Synad was established by Peter the

Great because he wanted everyone to

have the same ideals in order to decrease rebellion. He recruited men

from low ranking societies and rewarded them with grants of land. The potato was also brought to Russia and this shows cross cultural interaction because the potato was native to the Americas. He modernized the army,

and since it cost a lot of money, he also raised taxes. The beard tax was also initiated, which forced men to either

cut of their beards or pay a tax in effort

to unify everyone. He promoted education and raised the status of

women- they were able to attend public

affairs. Peter the Great also moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg,

and since St. Petersburg was on a

swamp, many people died from

Malaria. Russia was nicknamed the “Window to the West.”


Catherine the Great

1762- 1796 Russia

Catherine the Great was considered an Enlightened Despot, which was a

monarch who incorporated Enlightened ideals into their rule, and a golden age was brought about under her rule. He built hospitals, encouraged small pox

vaccinations, promoted the education of women and extended religious

tolerance. The promotion of the education of women and the extension of religious tolerance were enacted due

to her Enlightenment ideals. She did little to grant basic civil rights to the

majority of the Russian people and carried out few social reforms. Like

Peter the Great, she gained access to the

Black Sea, which granted Russia with

warm water ports and access to trade as

well.

Henry VIII

1509-1547

England

Henry VIII of England created the Church of England (also known as the Anglican Church) to increase his own

power over the Pope. Henry VIII had six wives and when he wished to

divorce his first wife, Catherine of Argon, the pope declined his wish, thus

creating the Church of England.

Elizabeth I England

Elizabeth I was part of the Tudor family line and was the daughter of

King Henry VIII. The golden age that occurred during her reign was named

the “Elizabethan Age,” which was a time expressing the arts and literature. She was a Virgin Queen, which means

she had no kids. Eventually, she defeated the Spanish Armada, which

made the English navy the strongest in

the world.

Suleiman the Magnificent

1520-1566 Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Suleiman the Magnificent was the emperor of the Ottoman Empire. He was a great codifier of laws for the

diverse empire and oversaw a golden age. His conquest of Persia inspired an arts movement, especially in building and decorating mosques and libraries. He expanded his empire, conquering

Tunisia and Algeria. He reorganized the

laws, aligned them with the Islamic

Shari’a and reinforced them with strict

decrees.

1) What is the significance of the Glorious Revolution in England:

The Glorious Revolution in England was the nonviolent overthrow of James II. The Parliament overthrew James II in

fear of the return of the Catholic dominance.


Prentice Hall, 2)

Define Limited Monarchy:

129-130

A limited monarchy was a form of government in which a legislative body limits the monarch’s powers.

3) What was the Magna Carta?

The Magna Carta was a document that was signed by King John of England in 1215. It limited the power of the king.

4) List 5 elements of the English Bill of Rights:

The king must work regularly with Parliament

The king must give the House of Commons financial control

Abolished cruel or unusual punishment

Affirmed habeas corpus, meaning that no person could be held in jail without first being charged

with a crime

Abolished excessive fines

Prentice Hall, 139 -143

1) How did the Renaissance spark the Scientific Revolution?

When was it?

The same spirit of inquiry that fueled the Renaissance, led scientists to 1750-1914 question

traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe.

2) Scientists and their accomplishments:

Copernicus: created the heliocentric model, but the church had a problem with this matter

because it contradicted the church’s belief of the geocentric model. Galileo: proved Copernicus’s theory of the heliocentric model through his invention of the

telescope. Galileo was able to see craters on the moon and the rings of Saturn through his

telescope Newton: comes up with the term “gravity,” and created Newton’s Law of Motion and the

predictability of gravity with like objects

3) How did the Scientific Revolution change the way Europeans looked at the world?

The Scientific Revolution changed the way Europeans looked at the world through questioning the universe. The

Renaissance paved the way for people to question things, and the universe was another thing that people

questioned and looked at from a different perspective.


When was it? Prentice Hall, 142-145

700s

How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment?

The Scientific Revolution led to the Enlightenment because scholars believed that by applying the scientific

method of investigation and observation, they can solve problems in society.

Enlightenment Thinker Beliefs

John Locke

Believed that all people possess natural rights. These

rights include the right to live, liberty and property.

People form governments to protect their rights. If a

government does not protect these rights, the people

have the right to overthrow it.

Montesquieu

Believed that the power of the government should be

separated into three branches: legislative, executive

and judicial. The separation of power, and checks and

balances would prevent one branch from becoming too

powerful.

Voltaire

Believed in free speech. He used his sharp wit to

criticize the French government and the Catholic

Church for their failure to permit religious toleration

and intellectual freedom.

Rousseau

Believed that people are naturally good but can be

corrupted by the evils of society. In order to create a

perfect society, people choose to give up their own

interests for the common good. He believed in the will

of the majority, which he called the general will. He

believed that the majority should always work for the

common good.

What are natural Rights? Natural rights are rights that

everyone is born with such as freedom of speech, freedom or

religion and the right to live. Others consist of life, liberty and

property.


Traditions and Encounters, Barron’s Various Chapters


1. Astrolabe:

simplified version of an instrument used by Greek and Persian astronomers to determine latitude by measuring

the angle of the sun or the pole star above the horizon

2. Caravels:

small, highly maneuverable sailing ship used mostly by Spanish and Portuguese traders and explorers

during the 1400's and 1500's.

3. Define a syncretic religion:

the fusion of diverse religious beliefs and

practices.

4. Cults of saints in Latin America (example of a syncretic religion):

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

5. Vodun in the Caribbean (example of a syncretic religion):

Most Africans and African-Americans did not practice European Christianity, but Vodou made considerable

room for African interests and traditions. Because they developed mostly in plantation societies under

conditions of slavery, these syncretic religions usually did not create an institutional structure or establish a

hierarchy of priests and other church officials. Yet, they became exceedingly popular among states.

6. Maize (Americas):

Maize was traded to Europe, Africa and Asia through the Columbian Exchange. It also permitted Chinese

farmers to take advantage of soils that previously had gone uncultivated.

7. Okra (African slaves):

__________________________________________________________________

8. Cervantes:

(1547-1616), ranks as the outstanding writer in Spanish literature. His masterpiece, Don Quixote, is a novel

about a middle-aged country landowner who imagines himself a knight in armor and goes into the world to

battle injustice. Don Quixote ranks among the great works in literature and has been a major influence on the

development of the novel.

9. Sundiata:

Founded the Mali Empire in West Africa in 1235 and ruled it until about

1260. Sundiata transformed Kangaba—a small kingdom of the Malinke people—into the core of the Mali

Empire. It grew to be one of the largest and wealthiest of Africa's ancient empires.


10. Kabuki:

one of the most popular forms of drama in Japan. It includes music, dance, mime, exaggerated acting, and

spectacular costumes and lavish scenery. Kabuki traditionally is performed only by men, who play the roles of

female characters as well as males.

11. Chattel slavery:

enslaved person who is owned forever and whose children and children's children are automatically enslaved.

Chattel slaves are individuals treated as complete property, to be bought and sold. Chattel slavery was supported

and made legal by European governments and monarchs. This type of enslavement was practiced in European

colonies, from the sixteenth century onwards.

12. Indentured servitude:

An example of coerced labor in which laborers who had little future in Europe often were willing to sell a

portion of their working lives in exchange for passage across the Atlantic and a new start in life.

13. Zamindars (Mughal Empire)

Certain type of landowner in India. The significance of a zamindar's position varied in different parts of India. It

could mean outright ownership. More often, it meant that the professed owner of the land was more of a tax

collector. The owner's rights depended upon payment to the central government a percentage of the tax the

zamindar collected from the peasants who lived on the land.

14. Europeans and Divine Right:

belief that monarchs get their right to rule directly from God, rather than from the consent or wish of their

subjects.

15. Civil service examinations (China):

The Song rulers firmly established a system of civil service examinations that had begun during the Han period.

They thus completed the shift of social and political power from aristocratic families to officials selected on the

basis of talent. The Manchus abolished the Confucian civil service examinations, established modern schools,

and sent students abroad to study.

16. Innovations in arts: miniature paintings in the Middle East and South Asia, wood-block prints in

Japan:

Miniature painting was particularly highly developed among the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughal Empires.

Wood- block prints were type of Japanese illustration printed on paper from carved blocks of wood. The most

famous Japanese prints were produced from the 1600's to the late 1800's. They are noted for their brilliant

designs, bold colors, and technical quality.

17. Thirty Years War:

(1618-1648) massive continental conflict that culminated from religious wars. The war opened after the Holy

Roman emperor attempted to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic church, and the main


battleground was the emperor’s territory in Germany. The motives that prompted states to enter the war were

sometimes political or economic, but religious differences complicated the other issues and made them more

difficult to resolve. This war was the most destructive European conflict before the 20th century. The

destructiveness of this war raised questions about the viability of Europe as a region of strong, independent,

well-armed, and intensely competitive states.

18. Ottoman-Safavid conflict:

Conflict between the Ottomans and the Safavids that was based on territorial and religious differences. Both

great empires sought to control vast territories in present-day Iraq, along the Caspian and their mutual borders.

As Sunni Muslims, the Ottoman Empire also disagreed with the Shi’ite Safavids over basic religious tenets and

practices.

19. Post-conquest codices in Mesoamerica:

The natives accepted the Spaniard’s Latin alphabet and created many works written in it after the Spanish

conquest of Mexico. This is because the natives had a long tradition of writing before the Europeans came.

Industrialization and Global Integration 1750 to 1900

What were the causes of the French Revolution?

o o o o o

Political

Absolute monarchy (Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette)

Estates general had not

been called in 175 years

Lack of representation of

the 3rd Estate in the estates

general and the

government

Lack of natural rights No written constitution Enlightenment ideals Ideas of natural rights American Revolution Spirit of Inquiry

Separation of Power Consent of the governed

Social

3rd estate was viewed

as the “lower class” 1st

and 2nd estates had

special rights and

privileges

Unrest within the majority

of the population

Economic

3rd estate held the tax

burden

1st and 2nd estate held

wealth and land

(minority of population)

King = absolute ruler

“Hands- on economy”


When did the French Revolution occur: 1789-1799

Describe the various stages of the French Revolution?

1791- National Assembly disbanded and the Legislative Assembly is formed

1792- a radical republic is established, as is the National Convention

1793- Reign of Terror (guillotine); Jacobins (Robespiere), Girondists,

Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette beheaded

1795- the Directory: created a 2 branch form of gov’t; very

unorganized & difficult for decisions to be made

1799- the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

Explain and describe the Napoleonic Code:

The Napoleonic Code was a code used by Napoleon Bonaparte and it contained some democratic elements,

even though he was an emperor. His code granted political and legal equality for all adult men, but restricted

individual freedom, especially speech and press.

What is the significance of the French Revolution?

The French Revolution is significant because it brought about great change in society and politics. It ended the

reign of the monarchs and introduced democratic ideals to France. The middle class was also strengthened.

What is the significance of the Congress of Vienna and who was Metternich?

The Congress of Vienna was a series of meetings held in late 1814 and early 1815 to settle the issue arising

from almost 25 years of war between France and the rest of Europe. The congress decided how Europe would

be ruled after the imminent defeat of the Napoleon Bonaparte; the European monarchs sought to turn back the

clock to 1789 and restore Europe’s Old Regime. Metternich (1773-1859) was an Austrian minister of foreign

affairs who opposed democracy and nationalism (which was a difficult task because of Enlightenment ideals).

He also proposed principles of compensation and legitimacy.

The Seven Years War (French and

Indian War)


Causes Facts Effects Impact

Globally

• Commercial rivalries and political

differences

• Prussia and Austria

fought each other for

control of Germany

• In Europe, the Seven Years' War resulted

from the desire of

Maria Theresa, ruler of Austria, to recover

possession of the province of Silesia

from Frederick the Great, king of Prussia.

• (1756-1763)

• Global conflict in that

it took place in

Europe, India, the Caribbean and North

America- and involved Asian and indigenous American people as

well as European

• Led the foundation

for 150 years of British

imperial hegemony in

the world

• Victory place Britain

in a position to dominate world trade

for the foreseeable future and paved the

way for the establishment of the

British empire in the

19th century.

• France gave up

almost all its lands in

North America to

Britain, and also gave

up its empire in India.

• Europe: war pitted Britain and Prussia against

France, Austria and

Russia.

• India: British and

French forces each

allied with

local rulers and engaged in a contest for hegemony

in the indian Ocean

• Caribbean: Spanish forces joined with the

French in an effort to limit British expansion in the

western hemisphere.

• North America: merged

with a conflict already

underway known as the French and Indian War

(1754-1763); British and French armies made

separate alliances with indigenous peoples in an

effort to outmaneuver

each other

~~~~Latin America~~~~

Prentice Hall,191-192


List two revolutions that inspired

those in Latin America:

1. American Revolution

2. French Revolution

Who was Toussaint L’Ouverture

and why is he significant?

Toussaint L’Ouverture was the son

of slaves who taught himself how to

read and write. He is significant because he led the first slave revolt

in Haiti in the Haitian Revolution. He organized a strong, disciplined

army.

Who was Simon Bolivar and why

is he significant?

Simon Bolivar was nicknamed the

“Great Liberator” after liberating

Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.

He was also the President of

Bolivia.

Person/Concept Country Significance

When people realize they share a common ancestry, heritage,

language and culture; nationalism acts like a magnet.

Prentice Hall , 157 - 162 , 201 - 206


Ataturk

(1881-1938) Turkey

Founder and first president of Republic of Turkey. He was also a

wartime hero and then leader of the Turks, known for his reforms and pushing out Europeans from

their land, gave women more rights and believed that religion in

the government prevented modernization, he abolished the

sultanate and created secular

learning institutions

Zionism Palestine

a political movement that holds that the Jewish people constitute a

nation and have the right to their

homeland.

Bismarck

1862 Prussia

Chancellor of Prussia who united

the German states into one empire. He declared that the great

problems of his time must be settled by "blood and iron" instead

of by speeches and resolutions.

Garibaldi

1807-1882 Italy

Considered to be the “sword” or

Italian nationalism Sought to create a republic

but accepted Cavour’s ideas

‘Red Shirts’

Mazzini

1805-1872 Italy

Considered to be “the soul” of

Italian nationalism Duty to the nation, God, and

family

‘Young Italy

Cavour

1810-1861 Italy

“The brain” in his role as a skilled

diplomat during Italian unification Sought to create a constitutional

monarchy

Gandhi

1869-1948 (South Africa and) India

one of the most remarkable & charismatic leaders of the 20th

century. Got involved in

organizing the local Indian

community against a racial segregation that made Indians 2nd

class citizens, in South Africa


Nehru India

the son of Motilal Nehru, was India's first prime minister and

dominated Indian affairs. He worked to establish a democracy and to improve living standards.

He favored a state-controlled

economy. He gained international

recognition for opposing alliances

with the great powers and for promoting neutralism. He favored admitting Communist China to the

United Nations until Chinese

forces attacked the Indian border in

1962.

Martin Luther King United States

He was the main leader of the civil

rights movement in the United States during the 1950's and 1960's. He had a magnificent

speaking ability, which enabled

him to effectively express the demands of African Americans for

social justice. King's eloquent

pleas won the support of millions of people—blacks and whites—

and made him internationally

famous. He led marches and demonstrations and, despite the

violence visited on him and his followers, won major civil rights

battles. He won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for leading nonviolent

civil rights demonstrations.

Jinnah

1876-1948

India

an eloquent and brilliant lawyer who headed the Muslim League,

and warned that a unified India

represented nothing less than a threat to the Muslim faith and its

Indian community

Indian National Congress

India

Greatest and most influential

association dedicated to the struggle against British rule,

founded in 1885. This

organization, which enlisted the support of many prominent Hindus

and Muslims, at first stressed collaboration with the British to bring self-rule to India, but after

the Great War, the congress

pursued that goal in opposition to the British


Muslim League

India

established in 1906 with the encouragement of the British

government, added a new current into the movement for national

liberation

India/Pakistan Conflict

India // Pakistan

An ongoing religious dispute

between the Muslims of Pakistan

and the Hindus of India that caused

India to be split up into two

countries.

Passive Resistance/Civil

Disobedience

India

Gandhi's philosophies that stated

that the best way to win independence from the British was

to remain disobedient, but not

violent. This worked and led to

India's independence.

Indira Gandhi

1917-1984

India

The first woman prime minister of India. Two of Gandhi’s security guards, who were members of the Sikh religious

group, assassinated her. Many Sikhs

were angry after Gandhi’s government

attacked Sikh militants occupying a

sacred Sikh temple. The militants

wanted a separate Sikh state.


What was the agricultural revolution? Barron’s 259-262

Change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of

food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology

such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers.

What were the effects of the agricultural revolution?

The result of the agricultural revolution is that there was a population

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explosion due to the higher availability of food. Also, the Enclosure Movement was established, which was the

consolidation of many small farms into one farm, leaving many people jobless and homeless.

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin and why?

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain because they had an abundance of natural resources needed for

industrialization, such as iron ore and coal. Britain also had access to many navigable rivers and natural harbors

which provided for the easy movement of goods both within the country and overseas. Britain also had a vast

overseas empire that provided them with a strong economy. They had the capital needed to build railroads,

factories and mines. They also used steam power, which ended up being the power source of the Industrial

Revolution

What were three causes of the Industrial Revolution?

1. Agrarian Revolution

2. Enclosure Movement

3. Improving Machinery

Effects of the Industrial Revolution:

1) Laissez Faire government

2) Rise of Big Businesses

3) New Technology/ Machinery

4) Urbanization

5) Changing Social Role


What is conservatism? Believes in traditional values, institutions, &

ideas. G enerally distrustful of change, risk, & reform. Seek to conserve existing

framework of standards & beliefs.

What is

Marxism?

Ideas created by Karl Marx, author of the

Communist Manifesto. Promoted a more

radical theory, “scientific socialism”

What is Utopian

Socialism? Utopians sought to

create self - sufficient communities, where all

property and work would be shared, thus,

fighting would end

What is Social

Darwinism?

Social Darwinism is the idea that humans

had evolved over millions of years.

What is liberalism?

believes in freedom,

equality, & opportunity. I nvolves

an openness to change & a desire to seek new solutions to

problems.

New

p hilosophies

and ideas Prentice Hall, 153

Barron’s 263, 269

DEFINE ANARCHY

country that has no government


IMPERIALISM

Racial superiority, Social Darwinism, conviction

that white Westerners had a duty to teach &

modernize the darker - skinned people of Africa

& Asia

Scientific and technological

aptitude - better maps, medical advances, etc.

Rapid population

growth

Military superiority

Economics

Industrialization ) (

What were the

causes of

imperialism?

Explain.


Barron’s 267 - 273 301 , - 304

Define: transoceanic empires a system of political domination and

economic exploitation by an ‘imperial’ nation of a ‘colonial’ area,” prior to the 19 th century, the process of imperialism was thought of as a beneficial system for

all of the countries and colonies involved. The Roman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the British Empire, and their colonies and spheres of influence, are all examples of this on etime belief.


Mathew

Commodore Perry was an American commander who requested Japan to open its economy to foreign

trade.

What was the Meiji Restoration?

The Meiji Restoration was a radical alteration of Japanese politics, economics and social organization. A modern

army and navy was organized, a system of public education was created, industrial development was promoted,

and modern systems of transportation and communication were built. Japan began to expand its influence; Japan

won wars against China in 1895 and Russia in 1905. In 1910, Japan made Korea a colony. After forming an

alliance with Britain in 1902, Japan gained international recognition as an equal of the Western powers.

COUNTRY WHAT SHOULD I KNOW?

JAPANESE

IMPERIALISM

SINO - JAPANESE WAR

Explain it: conflict between China and Japan over control of Korea.

Significance: The war weakened China and opened the country to greater foreign influence. It also sowed the seed of the Russo - Japanese War

Outcome: Japan’s occupation of Taiwan and Korea

RUSSO - JAPANESE WAR

Explain it: Competition over influences in Manchuria caused great tension. Significance: marked the first time in the modern era that a non - Western nation had defeated a European power in a full - scale military conflict Outcome: Southern Sakhalin Island to Japan and forced Russia to remove its troops from Manchuria. Russia had to give Lüshun and Dalian to Japan and also leave Korea for the Japanese. But Russia kept control of the Chinese Eastern Railway .

Who was Mathew Commodore Perry?

japan

Prentice Hall,

170 - 172


INDIA What European country controlled India? Britain Explain what led to the Sepoy Mutiny? The Sepoy Mutiny began when

the British introduced the new Enfield rifle, which used cartridges

Prentice Hall, 160-161 Barron’s, 270

greased in a tallow containing beef and pork fat. Religious beliefs of the

sepoys forbade them to bite open the cartridges. The Hindu sepoys

could not eat beef. Sepoys who were Muslims (followers of Islam)

could not eat pork. The rebellion broke out in the military base at

Meerut after British officers imprisoned 85 sepoys for refusing to use

the cartridges What were the effects? The East India Company was abolished in favor

of the direct rule of India by the British government. The financial crisis

caused by the mutiny led to a reorganization of the Indian administration’s finances on a modern basis. The Indian army was also

extensively reorganized.

AFRICA

Barron’s, 272-273

How did the Berlin Conference illustrate Eurocentrism? The Berlin

Conference illustrated Eurocentrism in that the lines on the map

showing the boundary lines of Africa reflected European desires and

had little relation to the traditional territorial boundaries of African

tribes or ethnic groups (none of whom were invited to take part). What

was the Boer War? Who fought? The Boer War (1899-1902) was a

war fighting for African territory between the British and Boers in

South Africa. Although the British had a larger, better- equipped army,

the Boers were skilled guerrilla soldiers and excellent sharpshooters,

fighting on their home territory.

What was the result of Zulu resistance? All of southern Africa would be

controlled by the British

CHINA

Barron’s, 271

Who was selling opium to the Chinese? British merchants were selling

opium to the Chinese. What was the Opium War? (1839-1842) sparked by an outrage over the

opium trade, between China and Britain. British commercial agents

pressed their government into a military retaliation designed to reopen

the opium trade. This war made plain the military power differentials

between Europe and China. How did the Europeans benefit from the Treaty of Nanjing? Europeans

benefited from the Treaty of Nanjing in that the treaty opened four new

ports, including Shanghai, to the British and allowed them to keep the

island of Hong Kong. China was also forced to make reparations

(payments for damages). What is a Sphere of Influence? A Sphere of Influence is the claim by a

state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory.

Why did the Boxers lose? Their weaponry was inferior to the

technologically advanced European powers. Who was Sun Yixian? Sun Yixian was a Chinese statesman and

revolutionary leader, fought to establish a republic of China. He is

generally called the Father of the Revolution. Sun was too idealistic to

be an effective political leader. But his Three People's Principles

(nationalism, democracy, and socialism) became the guiding principles

of the Chinese republic, which was esta blished in 1912. Class Notes


New Nations

New Nation Significance

The Cherokee Nation

US President Andrew Jackson ordered the “removal” of Cherokee men, women and

children in order to make room for immigrants & settlers. The Cherokee people

have been identified as one of the most socially & culturally advanced of the Native Americans. They re-established themselves in their new home with

communities, churches, schools, newspapers and businesses. They adopted a new constitution in September of 1839 and in 1844, the Cherokee Advocate, printed in

both Cherokee and English, became the first newspaper in Indian Territory and the

first-ever published in a Native American language.

Siam

Siam was able to keep its freedom, which was an accomplishment no other Southeast Asian state could match. They were able to keep their freedom in return

for all the territory Siam gave the French and British. Though, they were much

smaller in size in compared to other countries. They lost much of their land to the

French and British.

Hawai’i

The arrival of the United States enabled the people to have a religion to follow

upon their arrival; in the wake of the kapu system being destroyed, the Hawaiians were without a religion. Interaction with Japan, China and Philippines allowed

Hawaii to become a melting pot of world cultures, faiths and customs. But,

conflicts between royalty and the outsiders grew. U.S businessmen convinced the

military that they were still U.S. citizens, and should be protected from the Hawaiian government, and when the businessmen seized control of the islands and

took power away from Liliuokalani, the military felt obligated to protect the Americas. Populations decreased by as much as 80% as well, after the arrival of

British Captain James Hook, by influenza, typhoid fever, and measles.

Zulu Kingdom

Military pride and strength amongst the Zulus and a rise in nationalism occurred. The growth of militaristic pride and nationalism showed signs of modernization.

The people had pride for their nation and determination that they were going to win

the Anglo- Zulu War. Dutch interaction also weakened even more after the arrival

of the Voortrekkers. The leader at the time, Dingane, was killed and a shrewd

politician, Mpande, was succeeded by his son (and Shaka’s nephew) Cetshwayo.

Nationalism

New Nation Significance

Filipino nationalism

The term “Filipino” was a nationalistic term in itself. The Filipinos were the

ilustrados (Spanish- educated children), whose demands were disregarded by both the colonial government and the Catholic Church; they demanded the separation of

church and state, the expulsion of Spanish friars who dominated rural areas and the

introduction of native clergy. A rebellion broke out in 1896 in Manila and Filipino leaders were killed, giving Phillipine nationalism a martyr. The Filipinos were the

first people in Asia who successfully fought their colonial power and created a modern nation-state

Liberian nationalism

Liberia was the only African state to remain independent- it was a small republic in

west Africa populated by freed slaves that was effectively a dependency of the United States. The persistence of European colonization led to the development of

African nationalism and the birth of embryonic nationalist movements.



1. Guano:

Was available in abundance at many small Pacific islands

2. Limited liability corporation:

a corporation in which the loss that an owner (shareholder) of a business firm may incur is

limited to the amount of capital invested by him in the business and does not extend to his

personal assets

3. Gold standard:

the use of gold as the standard of value for the money of a country. A country is on the gold

standard when it will redeem any of its money in gold and when it agrees to buy and sell gold

at a fixed price. Advantages of following the gold standard are that it checks inflation, restrains

government spending, and stabilizes currency exchange rates among countries that use it.

The disadvantages are that it prevents necessary adjustments in domestic currency supplies

and international exchange rates.

4. “Open Door Policy:

Statement of principles initiated by the United States (1899, 1900) for the protection of equal

privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and

administrative integrity

5. Copper mines in Mexico:

The El Boleo mine in Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur quickly became not only Mexico's

largest copper mine but also the region's most important port and Baja California's largest

industrial center. The mining company there was also the first major industrial venture of

French capitalists outside of France or that country's colonial possessions. The government

under Porfirio Diaz attempted to develop their national economy, settle and secure their

borderlands. As part of this process thousands of Mexican peasants became miners, local

economic, social, and political relationships were established and Mexico became a player in

the global copper economy.

6. Coal and diamond mines in South Africa:

The discovery of diamonds (and gold) brought an economic revolution to South Africa after

1870. The basis of the economy changed from agriculture to mining. Investment in mines and

services, as well as profits generated by the mines, pumped more money into the economy.

This money made possible the development of a modern transport and communication

network. Coal mining was established to supply fuel for the railways. Investors built factories to

provide clothing for mine workers and equipment for the mines. Diamonds made the region

more strategically and commercially important to the United Kingdom. To strengthen its

authority over the region, the United Kingdom took advantage of a financial crisis afflicting the

SAR and annexed the republic in 1877.

7. United Fruit Company: owned 160,000 acres of and in the Caribbean by 1913, and already by

1918 U.S. consumers bought fully 90% of Nicaragua’s bananas

8. HSBC:


bank holding company based in London that originated as the Hongkong and Shanghai

Banking Corporation, Ltd., in 1865, with offices in Hong Kong, Shanghai, and London. It was

established at a time of growing trade between China, India, and Europe. Before the close of

the 19th century, the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation had become a leading

banker for governments, including those of Hong Kong and China, in addition to many British

government interests.

9. Muhammad Ali and the development of cotton in Egypt:

Muhammad introduced cotton to Egypt which promised high cash returns and also constructed

a modern industrial system to process Egypt’s raw materials.

10. Suffrage other than the USA for women:

Suffrage after World War I was the biggest accomplishment women had achieved in that

decade. European women worked their husbands’ jobs on the home front while they were off

at war. When they returned, they demanded more rights and won. Sweden however, had

suffrage for women in 1718. The United Kingdom and Germany had women suffrage in 1918,

Portugal and Spain in the 1930s, and France in 1945.

11. Dutch colonization in Indonesia:

Many Southeast Asian islands fell under Dutch rule in the seventeenth century, and they

tightened and extended their control throughout the Dutch East Indies, which makes up

modern day Indonesia. The Dutch used their cash crops such as sugar, tea, coffee, and

tobacco.

12. British colonization in India:

The British government preempted the East India Company and imposed direct imperial rule in

India. In 1858, Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901) assigned responsibility for Indian policy to the

newly established office of secretary of state for India. A viceroy represented British vice

staffed almost exclusively by the English. Indians served in low-level bureaucratic positions,

but British officials formulated all domestic and foreign policy in India. Under both the East

India Company and direct colonial administration, British rule transformed India. As they

extended their authority to all parts of India and Ceylon, British officials cleared forests,

restructured landholdings and encouraged the cultivation of crops such as tea, coffee, and

opium, that were especially valuable trade items. They built extensive railroad and telegraph

networks that tightened links between India and the lager global economy. They also

constructed new canals, harbors, and irrigation systems to support commerce and agriculture.

British colonial authorities made little effort to promote Christianity, but they established

English-style schools for the children of Indian elites, whom they sought as supporters of their

rule. They also suppressed Indian customs that conflicted with European law of values

13. British influence in West Africa:

The Gold Coast was a British colony on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa that became the

independent nation of Ghana in 1957.

14. Belgium influence in the Congo:

In the 1970s, King Leopold II of Belgium (r. 1865-1909) employed Henry Morton Stanley to

help develop commercial ventures and establish a colony called the Congo Free State in the

basin of the Congo River. To forestall competition from Belgium’s much larger and more

powerful European neighbors, Leopold announced that the Congo region would be a free-

trade zone accessible to merchants and businesspeople from all European lands. In fact,


however, he carved out a personal colony and filled it with lucrative rubber plantations run by

forced labor. Working conditions in the Congo Free State were so brutal, taxes so high, and

abuses so many that humanitarians protested Leopold’s colonial regime. In 1908, the Belgian

government took control of the colony, known thereafter as Belgian Congo

15. British influence in Australia and New Zealand:

European mariners reconnoitered Australia and made occasional landfalls from the early 16th

century, but only after the Pacific voyages of Captain James Cook did Europeans travel to the

southern continent in large numbers. In 1788, a British fleet with about one thousand settlers,

most of them convicted criminals, arrived at Sydney harbor and established the colony of New

South Wales. The migrants supported themselves mostly by herding sheep. Lured opportunity,

voluntary migrants outnumbered convicts the 1830s, and the discovery of gold in 1851 brought

a surge in migration to Australia. European settlers established communities also in New

Zealand. European migration rocked the societies of Australia and New Zealand. Diseases

such as smallpox and measles devastated indigenous peoples at the same time that European

migrants flooded into their lands. The aboriginal population of Australia fell from about 650,000

in 1800 to 90,000 in 1900, whereas the European population rose from a few thousand to 3.75

million during the same period. Similarly, the population of indigenous Maori in New Zealand

fell from about 200,000 in 1800 to 45,000 a century later, while European numbers climbed to

750,000

16. French influence in Algeria:

France was determined to keep its control over Algeria at all costs. French settlers demanded

to the government in Paris to defend their cause in North Africa. By the end of WWII there was

a growing nationalistic movement in Algeria that wanted to be freed from France. This set off

the Algerian revolt in May 1945 which was a peaceful demonstration. French colonial police

however fired shots and the problem turned into the Algerian war of liberation in 1954. By 1962

Algeria had gained independence and hundreds of thousands of Algerians had died.

17. Bolivar’s Jamaican Letter:

written by Bolivar that stated that the bonds between Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula

had been severed

18. Maroon Societies:

Escaped slaves in the Central American area formed maroon societies where they gathered

materials from the slave plantations they would attack.

19. Marathas and the Mughal Sultans:

The Marathas were Hindu warriors of western India. They revolted and seriously weakened the

Mughal empire.

20. The Indian Revolt of 1857:

revolt with Indian troops who served the British; the most prominent effort to resist British

colonial authority in India, but it was only one among thousands of insurrections organized by

discontented Indian subjects between the mid-19th and mid -20th centuries. As a result, the

British government took permanent control of the territory from the East India Company.


21. The Taiping Rebellion:

rebellion to overthrow the government of the Qing Dynasty, led by the Taiping (religious

group). The Qing finally defeated them in 1864, but the rebellion cost millions of lives and

seriously weakened the Qing’s hold on power.

22. The Ghost Dance:

a religious movement among American Indians of the Western United States in the late 1800's.

It offered the Indians hope of spiritual renewal and a return to their old way of living. The

religion promised that dead Indian ancestors and game animals would come back to life.

23. The Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement:

practiced in Africa where the prophecy said that if cattle were slaughtered and crops were

destroyed that the whites would go away and bring back ancient Xhosa chiefs. Many people

starved to death or sought refuge across the river to the Cape colony.

24. The Tanzimat movement:

drew considerable inspiration from Enlightenment thought and the constitutional foundations of

western European states. They attacked Ottoman law with the aim of making it acceptable to

Europeans so they could have the capitulations lifted and recover Ottoman sovereignty. A

commercial code was promulgated, as were decrees designed to safeguard the rights of

subjects

25. The Self-Strengthening Movement:

Chinese attempt (1860-1895) to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial

technology

26. Chinese Exclusion Act:

a series of actions and acts approved by the United States government, restricted and

prohibited Chinese from entering the United States

27. White Australia Policy:

Restricted South Asian Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and South Pacific Islanders from

entering Australia (these immigrants came to Australia to find jobs) through nearly impossible

dictation tests

28. Enclave of the Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America and North America:

Enclaves were small communities of a common ethnicity in a country that is foreign to them. In

North American the enclaves attracted tourists, in the Caribbean the Chinese were exported

there in order to work on sugar plantations and later on after abolition they established

restaurants and laundries.

Accelerating Global Change and Realignments 1900 to

Present Prentice Hall, 190-194


What were the causes of WWI?

M A N I A

Militarism is the idea of

focusing on building up

the economy in order to prepare for war; military power

was seen as a symbol of national prestige. In

the years leading up to World War I, most of

the countries increased

the amount of money spent on weapons. This

increased the chance of

war because it gave the

countries the tools to fight back if necessary.

This heightened

tensions and competition between

the alliances.

The alliance

systems created

agreements among nations

to aid each other if one of the countries

were to be

attacked. Through the

alliance system, World War I

involved more

countries than

any other war before, whether it be directly or

indirectly

Nationalism is the

sense of extreme

pride in one’s nation, and it also a

long- term cause of

World War I. Nationalism directly

impacted the Austro- Hungarian Empire in

that it physically broke up the empire

into smaller countries, and the

smaller countries

remained united.

France’s loss of Alsace and Lorraine

by Germany also

brought about

French nationalism,

in order to regain

that territory

Imperialism was also a long- term cause of

World War I, especially

through the Scramble of Africa. The Scramble of

Africa was the race to

expand European colonial

influence in Africa. Imperialism is the policy or action by which one

country forcefully gains

and keeps control of

another country or

territory. Imperialism contributed to WWI in

that tensions and competition increased for

land and money. The British especially were

concerned over German

growth and competition

over colonies.

The spark that

ignited World War I was the

assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. He

and his wife were assassinated by

the Serb

nationalist Gavrilo Princip,

and World War I began a month

later, when Austria declared

war against

Serbia.

Who was involved?

CENTRAL POWERS

Germany, Austro- Hungary, Ottoman Empire Italy

moved alliances

ALLIED POWERS

Great Britain, France and Russia Later Italy

1. Why were the Balkans known as the Powder Keg?

The Balkans were known as the Powder Keg because many wars started there

2. What technology was used?

German U-Boats allowed Germany to fight through unrestricted submarine warfare, which gave Germany the

element of surprise in their attacks. The airplane and the tank was used for the first time, as Great Britain

introduces it to progress the war on the western front from the stalemate, because of trench warfare.


3. Describe trench warfare:

The strategy of trench warfare was war fought in trenches. The soldiers would eat, sleep and fight amongst the

rats who infested the trenches, eating at the dead flesh of the soldiers. The stretch of land between the trenches

of the opposing sides was considered “No Man’s Land.”

4. Why was WWI a stalemate?

World War I was a stalemate because the war was fought through trench warfare.

5. What were the effects of WWI?

The war ended in an armistice in 1918, which is the agreement to stop fighting. The Treaty of Versailles was

signed in 1919 to end the war and it emphasized Germany’s punishment. Italy was not given the land they were

originally promised for switching alliances during World War I, which negatively affected their economy. War

veterans could not find jobs, trade was slow and taxes were high. In Europe, women gained suffrage, which was

the biggest accomplishment for women in that decade.

6. How was Germany treated?

Germany was stripped of their Kaiser- ruler- and democracy was forced on them. The Germans did not know

how to operate under a democratic rule, and failed. The Weimar Republic (1919-1933) was a German assembly

met in Weimar to approve a new constitution, and the people resented it because of the chaos it brought. Hitler

soon came to power and promised to fix Germany’s problems.

7. What is the significance of the Treaty of Versailles and the War Guilt clause?

The Treaty of Versailles emphasized Germany’s punishment. Article 231 specifically stated that the war- guilt

clause laid chief blame for World War I on Germany.

8. How did WWI pave the way for WWII?

Hitler took control in Germany after they were declining from World War I, and he promised to defy the Treaty

of Versailles and restore Germany power.

9. Define: firebombing

a country attacks another country by flying over their land with planes an drops bombs onto the ground

relentlessly.

How did the breakdown of the empire impact the Balkan region?


The Balkan Crisis (1876-1878) nearly destroyed the Ottoman Empire: when Romania, Bulgaria,

Serbia, and Montenegro revolved against the Ottomans, Russia went to war on their behalf, beat the

Turks and imposed a harsh treaty.

How did the breakdown of the Ottoman Empire wave the way for British influence in

Egypt?

In 1789, France sent Napoleon to capture Egypt and the Suez isthmus. He easily defeated Egyptian

and Turkish armies temporarily deposing the Mamluks who ruled Egypt on the Ottomans’ behalf.

Although the English restored the regime, Ottoman authority in Egypt was badly damaged.

On Sunday, Jan. 22, 1905, thousands of striking workers marched peacefully to the czar's Winter Palace

in St. Petersburg. The workers, led by Father Georgi Gapon, a Russian Orthodox priest, planned to ask

Czar Nicholas II for reforms. Government troops opened fire on the marchers, who were unarmed, and

killed or wounded hundreds. This marked the beginning of Russia's Revolution of 1905. The violence

permanently damaged the czar's reputation. As a result, Russia's

revolutionaries gained enough strength to force the czar to make some government reforms

Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks?

Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky was the leader of the Bolsheviks

What promise did Lenin make to the people of Russia?

“Peace, Land and Bread”

Why did Lenin pull out of WWI?


Lenin pulled out of World War I in order to make peace with Germany and for them to be able to deal with

enemies at home.

What was the NEP? How was it a step back from communism?

New Economic Policy; plan implemented by Lenin that called for minor free market reforms. It was a step back

from communism because communists believe that means of production must be owned by the workers.

Define: Command Economy

Command economy is an economic system in which the means of production are publicly owned and economic

activity is controlled by a central authority that assigns quantitative production goals and allots raw materials to

productive enterprises.

Who took power after Lenin?

Stalin

What was the Great Purge? The Great Purge organized effort by dictator Joseph Stalin

to remove people from positions of power in the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1938. It included the arrest,

imprisonment, or execution of millions of members of the government, the armed forces, and the

Communist Party. Stalin claimed that the Purge, sometimes called the Great Terror, was necessary to rid

the regime of spies and others who wanted to bring down the Soviet Union. However, historians believe

most of the victims were innocent.

Describe the Five-year plan: First implemented by Stalin in the Soviet Union in

1928;

concentrated on developing heavy industry and collectivizing agriculture, at the cost of a drastic fall in

consumer goods.

What were collectives? Collectives are farm operated by a group cooperatively. The farm

may be owned jointly by the group, by individuals in the group, or by the government. On most

collective farms, workers receive a share of the farm's profits, some of its products, and a small wage. In

many countries, the workers also help manage the farm.


Impact/Significance

on the modern era

Mary Wollstonecraft’s a A

Vindication of the Rights of Women

Wollstonecraft argued that women possessed all the rights that

Locke had granted to men. She insisted on the right of women to

education: it would make them better mothers and wives, and

would enable them to contribute to society by preparing them for

professional occupations and participation in political life.

Olympe de Gouge’s Declaration of the

Rights of Women and the Female Citizen

Gouge campaigned fervently to raise the standing of women in

French society. She called for more education and demanded that

women share equal rights in family property. She challenged

patriarchal authority and appealed to Queen Marie Antoinette to

use her influence to advance women’s rights. She published the

Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen in

1791. She asserted that freedom and equality were inalienable

rights of women as well as men, and she insisted on the rights of

women to vote, speak their minds freely, participate in the making

of law and hold public office.

Seneca Falls Conference (1848) American feminist Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized a conference

of feminists who met at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. The

conference passed 12 resolutions demanding that lawmakers grant

women rights equivalent to those enjoyed by men. The resolutions

called specifically for women’s rights to vote, attend public school,

enter professional occupations, and participate in public affairs,=.


How did the Great Depression pave the way for WWII? Pages 259-263

The Great Depression paved the way for World War II because militarism of

Germany and Japan helped bring about World War II. Recovery from

the Depression began as many countries devalued their currencies and

increased the money supply. Economic conditions further improved after nations

increased their production of war materials at the start of World War II. This

increased level of production substantially reduced unemployment.

What are the characteristics that are associated with a fascist leader?

A fascist leader permits no other political party and no opposition to their policies.

They permit and even encourages private enterprise—as long as it serves the government's goals. However, the

government maintains strict control of industry to make sure it produces what the nation needs. The government

discourages or bans imports of certain essential products. Personal liberty is severely limited under a fascist

government. For example, the government limits travel to other countries and restricts any contact with people

from those countries. The government also controls information. Newspapers, radio, and other means of

communication are used for state propaganda.


1) Benito Mussolini – Il Ducé

Promises: to give Italians prosperity and restore Italy to the glory it had

enjoyed during the days of the Roman Empire, to end unemployment

Effects: abolished all political parties in Italy except the Fascist Party and

seized control of industries, newspapers, police, and schools; ended free elections,

free speech and free press; killed and jailed their enemies

2) How did the Weimar Republic pave the way for WWII?

The Weimar Republic (1919-1933) allowed the economy to collapse in 1922

and 1923, when inflation ruined the value of German money. Result of a

flawed constitution and communist uprisings

3) Adolf Hitler

Promises: to provide jobs and rebuild German pride, defy the Treaty of

Versailles, and rebuild Germany's military power

Strategies: appealed to the youth, use of propaganda,

Effects: carried out anti- Semitic actions; carried out Holocaust, killing

11,000,000 people (6,000,000 Jews)

4) Main Ideas/Events that Are Associated With the Holocaust: (Hitler Youth, Night of the

Broken Glass, Nuremburg Laws)

Hitler Youth: organization formed by Germany’s Nazi Party in 1922. The organization trained and educated

boys from the ages of 14 to 18 to become loyal followers of the Nazi Party, as well as future members of the

German military. The organization got the name Hitler Youth in 1926.

Night of the Broken Glass: (Nov. 9, 1938) Beginning that night and continuing for about 24 hours, Nazis

destroyed thousands of Jewish-owned businesses and burned most synagogues in Germany and Austria. They

beat Jews in the streets and attacked them in their homes. They killed dozens of Jews. They arrested about

30,000 Jews and sent them to concentration camps

Nuremburg Laws: anti-Semitic statutes enacted by Germany, marking a major step in clarifying racial policy

and removing Jewish influences from Aryan society.

AXIS POWERS

Germany, Italy, Japan ( Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and the

Germancreated states of Croatia and Slovakia

eventually join)

ALLIED POWERS

United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China

The significance of the bombing of Pearl Harbor: The significance in the Pearl Harbor bombing on Dec. 7th 1941 was that it brought the U.S. into WWII. It was a surprise attack on the United States by

Japanese military forces. The attack caused heavy casualties and destroyed much of the American Pacific

Fleet.


The significance of D-Day: (June 6th 1944, “Operation Overlord”) largest seaborne invasion; Allies

invaded Normandy, in northwestern France; the Allies experienced 50,000 deaths and Germany alone

experienced 200,000 wounded and killed.

The significance of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: On Aug. 6, 1945, an atomic weapon

was exploded about 1,800 feet over the Japanese city of Hiroshima (Little Boy) and 70,000 people died. On August 9, a Trinity-type weapon 1,800 feet above Nagasaki (Fat Man) and 40,000 People Died

What important decisions were made at Yalta and Potsdam?

February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at a Soviet resort, Yalta; they decided that they would

divide, Germany temporarily into zones.

Describe the human rights violations that occurred at Dresden and Nanjing:

Dresden: where a British firebombing occurred in 1945 that cooked German men, women, and children in their

bomb shelters; 135,000 people died This led to Germany’s unconditional surrender. While Japan had invaded

China, the Japanese used cruel and merciless warfare on Chinese citizens with aerial bombing, mass raping, and

the murder of hundreds of thousands of unarmed soldiers.

What was Blitzkrieg?

military tactic based on speed, surprise, and the use of

overwhelming force on a narrow

front.

What is appeasement?

Foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved nation through

negotiation in order to prevent war.


Rape of Nanking: brutality committed by Japanese troops against the people of Nanking, China, in 1937. The

massacre took place during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945. This war led into, and became part of, World

War II (1939-1945). It began on December 13, the day after the Japanese entered Nanking, which at that time

was the capital of Nationalist China. The massacre lasted for six weeks. During that period, Japanese forces

engaged in widespread cruelty, rape, looting, arson, and murder of unarmed Chinese. Japanese troops burst into

businesses, private homes, and even areas under foreign protection to search for Chinese men of military age

and for young women. Many of the men were gathered

together and then murdered. Many women were raped by

Japanese soldiers.

The League of Nation failed at the conclusion of WWI. What organization was created

in response to the atrocities that occurred during WWII? Why? Explain.

The idea of the League of Nations is good that it brings representatives from other countries in order to prevent

fighting. The organization that was created in response to the atrocities that occurred during World war I was

the United Nations.

Significance International Criminal Court: international court responsible for trying people accused of

war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, and other offenses. After World War II ended in 1945, war crimes trials

were held in Nuremberg, Germany, and Tokyo, Japan. In 1948, the United Nations (General Assembly first recognized

the need for a permanent international criminal court. In 1989, the General Assembly asked the UN International Law

Commission to prepare a resolution to create such a court.

UNICEF: commonly used name for the United Nations (UN) agency officially called the United Nations Children's Fund.


Prentice Hall 226-232

IMPACT OF

WWII

Human

Loss

Economic

Loss

Cold War

War

Crimes

Trial

intense rivalry that developed

after World War II (1939 - 1945) between groups of Communist

and non - Communist nations.

Political extremes gained support in countries wi th the greatest economic

problems and the deepest resentments of

the Peace of Paris.

the most destructive war in history. It killed more people, destroyed more property, and disrupted more lives than any other war in history. It probably had more far - reaching consequences than any

other war.

The All ies brought to trial Nazi leaders accused of war crimes. The trials

exposed the evils inflicted by Nazi Germany. Many leading Nazis were

sentenced to death. The most important war trials took place in the German city

of Nuremberg from 1945 to 1949.


Which two super powers emerged?

1. Significance of Soviet Satellites? nations under Soviet control with Communist ideas

2. What is the significance of NATO?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which was established by the United States in 1949

as a regional military alliance against Soviet expansionism

3. What is the significance of the Warsaw Pact?

military alliance formed by Soviet bloc nations in 1955 in response to rearmament of

West Germany and its inclusion in NATO

4. Be able to describe the partition of Germany:

Germany was divided into sectors between the victors of World War II. Germany was

split into four sectors: French, Soviet, British and American. As well as the country being

split, the capital, Berlin, was split into sectors among these nations

5. What was the Berlin Blockade?

retaliation by the Soviets in which all road, rail and water links between Berlin and

western Germany were blockaded

6. What was the Berlin Airlift?

United States response to the Berlin Blockade. The United States sent flying airplanes to

Berlin with food and fuels to help stabilize the country

7. What was the “iron curtain” that had descended upon Europe?

separation between the political, military and economic blocs dependent on

the United States, and the one subservient to the USSR

8. What was the arms race?

struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union where both states wanted to

surpass each other in military superiority. Both countries kept spending money on arms

and technological advances with nuclear weapons. This left the rest of the world in fear

of the outbreak of a nuclear war.

9. What was the space race?


the US and USSR competed in the sciences by trying to beat each other in space

advances. The USSR sent the first satellite into space, and in return the US sent their

own satellite into space. Kennedy dedicated the US to the task of sending a man to the

moon to keep their status.

10. What is the significance of Sputnik?

Was the first satellite to be launched into space (October 4th 1957) by the Soviets,

which ignited the space raced and made Americans question themselves.

11. What is the significance of the Berlin Wall? (1961-1989)

fortified wall dividing the city of Berlin, built by communists who wished to

reinforce their fortification along the border

12. What is the significance of the Marshall Plan?

US plan, officially called the European Recovery Program, that offered financial and

other economic aid to all European states that had suffered from World War II,

including Soviet bloc states

13. What is the significance of the Truman Doctrine?

US policy instituted in 1947 by President Harry Truman in which the United States

would follow an interventionist foreign policy to contain communism

14. What is the significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

(1962) threat of the Soviets against the United States, in which the Soviets aimed their

missiles at Cuba towards the United States after President Kennedy informed the public

about the U.S. discovery of offensive nuclear missiles and launch sites in Cuba to frame

the nation’s response to this crisis.

15. Define: containment

United States foreign policy during the Cold War that was aimed to stopping the spread

of Communism.

16. Define: co-existence

Khrushchev wanted to achieve communism by peaceful means. They realized that a

nuclear war would end up in mutual annihilation and not victory. This also applied to

domestic Soviet and Eastern Europe.


17. Who was Ho Chi Minh and was he significant?

(1890-1969) Vietnam’s nationalist communist leader who exploited wartime conditions to

advance the cause of Vietnamese independence.


1. Who was Mao Zedong? The leader of the Communist Party in the 1930s.

2. What was the Long March? Political walking retreat in which Zedong and 10,000 of his followers fled

the Guomindang forces in 1934. After traveling more than 6,000 miles, Mao set up a base in northern

China with about 20,000 survivors of the march.

3. List 5 reasons for Communist Success during the Chinese Civil War

Mao won the support of the huge peasant population of China by promising to give lands to peasants

Mao won the support of women by rejecting the

inequalities of traditional Confucian society

Mao’s army made good use of hit-and-run guerrilla

warfare Many people opposed the Nationalist government, which

they saw as corrupt Some people felt that the Nationalists had allowed

foreigners to dominate China

IV. Mao Made Several Changes and Reforms.

What was the goal of the Great Leap Forward?

He wanted to increase agricultural and industrial output and he created communes What was the Cultural Revolution? Who were the Red Guards?


Revolution launched to renew people’s loyalty to communism and establish a more

equitable society. Mao feared that revolutionary peasants and workers were being replaced

by intellectuals in running the country. He shut down schools and universities throughout

China and urged Chinese students to experience the

revolution for themselves. The Red Guards were students

who formed groups of fighters. They attacked professors,

government officials, and factory managers, many of whom

were exiled or executed.

How did the role of women change in China?

Women gained more rights in China because Mao rejected

Confucian ideas, but they weren’t allowed to work in as many

jobs as men were.

V. Deng Xiaoping List Deng Xiaoping’s four modernizations.

Farming methods were modernized and mechanized Industry was upgraded and expanded

Science and technology were promoted and developed Defense

systems and military forces were improved

How was Deng different than Mao (economically)?

Deng promoted foreign trade and more contact with western nations. He got rid of Mao’s

communes and allowed land to be leased to individual farmers (small capitalist ideas).


Explain how India has dealt with the following problems:

1. Caste System

• Gandhi campaigned to end the harsh treatment of the caste called Untouchables

• The Indian constitution of 1950 banned discrimination against Untouchables

• The government set aside jobs and places in universities for Untouchables

2. Status of Women

The Indian constitution of 1950 also granted rights to women. It gave women the right to vote and

recognized their right to divorce and inherit property. Indira Gandhi, a woman, became prime

What event is illustrated in this picture?

Tiananmen Square Massacre

What was the “little red book?”


minister in 1966. As with the caste system, traditional restrictions on women were more persistent in

rural areas.

3. Sikh Separatism

In the 1980s, there was an increased demand for self-rule by Sikhs in the state of Punjab. In the early

1980s, Sikh separatists occupied the Golden temple in Amritsar to express their demands. Indira

Gandhi, still prime minster at the time, sent troops. Many Sikhs died as a result.

Why did East and West Pakistan break from India?

East and West Pakistan broke away from India over land of Kashmir in 1947-1948

What name does East Pakistan have today?

Bangladesh


Define Apartheid: separation of race in Southern Africa

Explain how each of the people below contributed to the end of apartheid:

Nelson Mandela: important ANC leader (African National Congress) who followed civil disobedience

through boycotts to oppose apartheid. He was sentenced to life in prison and became a powerful symbol

of the struggle for freedom. He was elected president.

Desmond Tutu: was a black Anglican bishop and civil rights leader, along with other activists convinced

foreign nations and businesses to limit trade and investment in segregated South Africa. Over time,

these nonviolent protest had a strong effect.


F.W. de Klerk: became president of South Africa in 1989. He legalized the ANC, repealed segregation

laws, and released Mandela in 1990. In 1994, South Africa held an election in which people of all raced

could vote.

What problems has tribalism caused in Africa? Tribalism has led to civil war in Africa, like in Nigeria.

More than 200 ethnic groups live within the borders of Nigeria. At independence, several of the larger

groups fought for power.

What do Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta have in common? Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta

were similar. Kwame Nkrumah was an American educated leader inspired by Pan Africanism and by the

writings of Gandhi, he organized a political party. He used strikes and boycotts to battle the British. In

1957, the British grated the Gold Cost independence, and Nkrumah became its prime minister. He

created the Organization of African Unity in 1963. Jomo Kenyatta led the independence struggle in the

British colony of Kenya. He was the spokesman for the Kikuyu people, who had been driven off their

land by European settlers. He became the first prime minister of an independent Kenya.

What is the significance of Pan-Africanism? Pan- Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and

people of African descent all over the world

Why was Israel created? Israel was created because in 1947, the UN drew up a plan to divide

Palestine, which was under British rule, into an Arab state and a Jewish state. Jews accepted the

plan, but Arabs did not. In 1948, Great Britain withdrew and Jews proclaimed the independent

state of Israel

What is the goal of the PLO? The PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) was formed in 1964

to destroy Israel and win self-rule for the Palestinians.

What was the intifada? The intifada was widespread acts of civil disobedience, carried out by

young Palestinians who were frustrated with the lack of progress in gaining a Palestinian state in

1987. These young Palestinians grew up in the Israeli occupied West bank and Gaza

How did the Camp David Accords promote peace in the Middle East? The Camp David Accords

promoted peace in the Middle East in that the treaty itself was based on the concept of “land for

peace.” Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for Egypt’s recognition of

Israel’s right to exist.


The Middle East is important to the world because it is an important source of oil, home to three world religions,

and is the crossroads of trade between Egypt, Africa and Europe.

What was the focus of the Iran-Iraq War? In 1980, Saddam Hussein’s forces seized control of a

disputed border area between Iraq and Iran. War broke out between the two nations. When both

sides attacked oil tankers in the Persian Gulf, the U.S. Navy began to protect shipping lanes in

the region. The war continued until 1988 and created extreme hardship in both regions.

How did the Persian Gulf War begin? The Persian Gulf War began when Iraq refused to

withdraw from Kuwait, after United States organized a trade embargo of Iraq because they saw

the invasion as a threat to Saudi Arabia and the flow of oil.

Why have people of the Middle East turned to Islamic Fundamentalism? The people of the

Middle East turned to Islamic Fundamentalism because they opposed westernization and they

wanted to apply Islamic principles to the problems in their nations.

Who overthrew the Shah of Iran? What type of government did he establish? How has he

changed the government of Iran? Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah of Iran and he

declared Iran to be an Islamic Republic based on Islamic fundamental beliefs.


THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION



Causes:

. 1 Leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev

. 2 Openness to democratic ideas ( glasnost )

3 . Reshaping of economy and government ( perestoka)

4 . Economic problems

5 . Freedom movement in Eastern Europe

BREAK UP OF USSR

Effects:

. 1 Formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States

. 2 Loss of role as world superpower

3 . End of Cold War

. 4 Conflicts between procommunists and predemocratic groups

5. Minority revolts and civil conflicts

Perestroika

Glasnost

Who am I?

Mikhail

Gorgachev

The fall of the Berlin

Wall was a symbolic

end to Communist

control over Eastern

Europe.

Who was Lech Walesa

and what did he

accomplish?

Lech Walesa led Solidarity, an independent trade union. With m illions of members , Solidarity called for political change

Process that Gorbachev used to restructure the failing state - run command economy. The goals were to stimulate economic growth and to make industry more efficient.

“openness”. This policy ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss openly the problems in the Soviet Union.


ARGENTINA How did Juan Peron gain popularity? He appealed to Argentine nationalism by limiting

foreign-owned businesses and by promoting import

substitution, in which local manufacturers produce

goods at home to replace imported products. He

gained popularity by boosting wages, strengthening

labor unions, and beginning social welfare programs.

CUBA

Who is Fidel Castro? Fidel Castro ruled Cuba from 1959, when he overthrew the military dictatorship of

Fulgencio Batista, until 2008. Castro established a

dictatorship and made Cuba the first Communist state

in the Western Hemisphere. He became famous for

his fiery, anti-American speeches.

Why was Cuba affected by the collapse of the Soviet Union? Cuba was affected by the collapse of the

Soviet Union because in the early 1960's, Cuba

began depending heavily on the Soviet Union for

economic support. This support ended in 1991, when

the Soviet Union was dissolved.

NICARAGUA What type of political system did the Sandinistas

establish? Communist Name the political group that revolted against the

Sandinistas. Contras

Why did the US support this counterrevolutionary group? Because the United States feared the spread

of communism

Armenian Genocide

mass deaths of about 1 1/2

million Armenians in the

Ottoman Empire during

World War I

Rape of

Nanjing

(1937-1938)

Japanese

forces

engaged in

widespread

cruelty, rape,

looting, arson, and murder of

unarmed Chinese.

Historians estimate that the

death toll is as high as

300,000 people

Darfur


The violence that occurred in

Darfur, Sudan was so

great that the UN wanted to

put several men on trial for

their crimes there. Sudan’s

government reufsed to

cooperate.

Northern Ireland Describe the religious controversy.

Ireland won its independence from Britain in 1922, but Britain kept control of the 6 northern

countries, which had mostly Protestant population. The South was mostly Roman Catholic. In Northern Ireland,

violence increased in the 1970s because of extremists in

both the Protestant and Roman Catholic communities.

Until 2005, the Irish Republican Army used violence against the British and

Protestant Irish. Their goal was to drive out the British

and join with Ireland.

Ethnic and

Religious Conflict

Worldwide

Cambodia In 1969, American forces bombed and

then invaded Cambodia to destroy a supply route Cambodia served for the

Vietcong and North Vietnamese. After the

Americans left, Cambodian communist

guerrillas, known as the Khmer Rouge, took control of the government. Under the

leadership of Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge

began a reign of terror to remove all western influence from Cambodia. More

than a million Cambodians were slaughtered in what has become known as

the “Killing Fields”. In 1979, Vietnamese forces invaded Cambodia and occupied

the country

Bosni

a (1992-1995) was a

conflict between ethnic

groups mainly in

BosniaHerzegovina.

Through most of the 1900’s, Bosnia-

Herzegovina (often

simply called Bosnia)

had been part of Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia

began to break into

smaller countries in the

early 1990’s, and Bosnia

became independent in

March 1992. Following

independence, Bosnian,

Croatian, and

Serbian forces fought for control of the

new country. The war ended in December 1995 with an agreement for the

groups to share power.

Africa What happened in Rwanda?

In 1994, Hutu extremists,

supported by government officials,

launched a murderous campaign

against the Tutsis (Before 1994, Rwanda was 85% Hutu and 14%

Tutsi). According to estimates,

more than 500,000 people were

killed in just a few months. The

genocide was stopped when a Tutsi-led rebel army seized control

of the government

Africa

Apartheid

(1948-1991) the South

African government's

policy of rigid racial

segregation

Prentice Hall,

279-285

CURRENT Prentice Hall,


286-291 ISSUES

Topic Problem

Overpopulation

Overpopulation is a problem many nations are facing. New

technology in health and medicine has increased the lifespan of

humans, and so more people are on Earth than there are natural resources for. There is an overcrowding in over popular regions,

and policies such as the One Child Policy is initiated. Because

there is so many people to look after, the government can’t supply

everyone with everything they need, decreasing the quality of life

Environmental Pollution

Things such as acid rain, depletion of the ozone layer, and water pollution are damaging to the earth and to humans. Acid rain,

caused by fossil fuels, damage forests, lakes and farmlands. Factories and automobiles release harmful gases into the air and fertilizers, pesticides and toxic chemicals deplete the clean water supply. The climate starts to change, and global warming occurs.

The scarcity of clean water increases as well

Deforestation The destruction of forests changed local weather patterns, creates a

buildup of carbon dioxide, soil erosion, and the extinction of

certain animals and plants.

Desertification This is where people over use land for farming and cause arable

land to change into desert. Soils begin to lose their nutrients after a

period of time and this can cause famine.

Status of Women

Women’s status changed greatly in the 1900s in the West. Women gained the right to vote and entered the workforce in large

numbers. Some developing countries have also expanded the role of women, but others have limited it. In the Middle East, the status of women varies greatly from country to country. In most African

nations, women won the right to vote when the countries gained independence while their social status often is a subservient role.

In rural areas, women traditionally worked both at home and in the

fields besides men. As men migrate to the cities to find work,

women are left with more responsibilities.

Urbanization

In developing countries, many people have moved to the cities to find jobs and escape the poverty of rural areas. Cities also offer

other attractions, such as better health care, educational opportunities, stores and modern conveniences. In the developing

nations of Africa, South Asia, and Latin America, urbanization

had similar results. In modern cities, people’s traditional values and beliefs are often weakened. Those people who cannot afford

to live in cities often settled around the cities in shantytowns, areas

of makeshift shacks that lack sewer systems, electricity and other

basic services.


Traditions and Encounters, Barron’s Various Chapters

Concepts: Define and respond, make sure you are responding in the context of the periodization:

The theory of relativity:

-there is no single spatial and chronological framework in the universe

-no longer made sense to speak of space and time as absolutes -space and time are relative to the person measuring them -Einstein

Quantum mechanics:

-it is impossible to specify simultaneously the position and the velocity

of a subatomic atom

-scientists began to question other concepts

-Werner Heisenberg

Big Bang Theory:

-it is a theory of how the universe was born by a huge explosion from

nothing -questions the existence of god and is not approved by religious people

Psychology:

-Sigmond Freud -believed that dreams held the key to the deepest recesses of the human

psyche -his theory Psychoanalysis was the key to understanding all human

behavior

Polio vaccination:

-used to prevent polio by making humans immune

-paved the way for vaccines to be used all throughout the world and for

many diseases

Antibiotics:

-it is a type of medicine used to combat bacterial infections

-helped to cure many diseases in the world that used to not have any

cures such as tuberculosis

Artificial heart:

-it is a device that replaces the heart -allows people whose hearts are unable to function to still live by having

a heart transplant

How have medical advancements influenced the population?

-medical advancements have allowed people to live longer and save the

lives of those who are dying -causes overpopulation and there are less epidemics

Why are malaria, tuberculosis and cholera associated with poverty?

-they are associated with poverty because they occur on large scales in

countries that cannot afford vaccinations and proper medical treatment -

they are not treatable without the proper knowledge and medicine

1918 influenza:

-occurred after the Great war because of wartime traffic on land and sea

sped it up -it killed quickly -there was no cure for the flu in 1918 -it killed millions all over the world


Ebola:

-it is a viral disease that had its worst pandemic in 2014 -there is no specific vaccination available

-the largest outbreak occurred in Africa in several countries

HIV/Aids

This is a global disease that continues to be a serious epidemic threat. It

is most serious in Sub Saharan Africa where is threatens to destroy the

African societies. Societies that are fighting the disease the most are

often the most poor and cannot afford to find cures or medical attention

to those infected.

Why are these diseases associated with changing lifestyles: diabetes,

heart disease, Alzheimer’s?

-these diseases effect how people can live their lives because if they are

not careful they can die because of them -diabetes and heart disease effect how people can eat and how much

exercise they must do

-Alzheimer’s erases memories

How did the Gold Coast achieve independence from the British?

-located in the Gulf of Guinea -British exported gold, metal ores, diamonds -1945 demanded for autonomy

-nationalism rose and nonviolent resistance allowed for independence

How did Algeria and Vietnam gain independence from the French

empire?

-Algeria went to war in 1954 under the FLN -used guerilla warfare

-France surrendered after many casualties -French lost Vietnam because when Japanese forces occupied French

Indonesia

How did Angola gain independence from the Portuguese?

-1961-1974

-fighting against forced cotton cultivation -guerilla war

-300,000 had to leave Angola and a civil war was created

What interaction did Muhammad Ali Jinnah have with the Québécois

separatist movement?

-he wanted an independent Muslim state and was the leader of the

Muslim League

-Quebecois separatist movement is the belief that the province of Quebec should be separate from Canada

Biafra secessionist movement:

-located in southeastern Nigeria -led by the Igbo people due to economic, ethnic, cultural and religious

tensions among the people of Nigeria -caused the Nigerian Civil War -country only lasted for 3 years

Pan-Arabism:

-movement of the Arab nation

-PLO led by Yasir Arafat -goal to make a state for the displaced Palestinians with the creation of

Israel -Gamal Abdel Nasser

-Algeria, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia

Zionsim:

-Theodor Herzl -Jewish journalist alarmed by the growing anti-Semitism -organized

first Zionists 1897


Gurkha soldiers:

-soldiers from Nepal -Gurkha military units in Nepalese, British, and the Indian army

-fought against the British East India Company -Anglo-Nepalese War

ANZAC troops in Australia:

-Australian and New Zealand Army Corps -first world war army corps

-formed in Egypt in 1915 -fought with the allied powers

Military conscription:

-drafting -used in the French Revolution -Qin dynasty used this for building the Great Wall of China -no longer used in most countries today, that rely on volunteers -used

in the US during the world wars

Picasso in his Guernica:

-piece of artwork that is a strong political statement s

-it shows the tragedy of the Nazi bombing on the town of Guernica -helped bring attention to the Spanish Civil War

Al-Qaeda:

-“the base”

-led by Osama bin Laden -had a growing hatred for the United States and its allies

-US stationing of troops on holy soil, bombing Iraq, and supporting the Israeli oppression of Palestinians -led to the war on terrorism

New Deal:

-enforced by Franklin Roosevelt -reflate the economy and ease the suffering caused by the depression -

provided jobs , gave workers the right to organize and bargain

collectively, guaranteed minimum wages, and provided social security in

old age

Chile under Pinochet:

-commander in chief -harsh measures against opponents that resulted in 1,200-3200 were

killed

-80,000 interned and 30,000 were tortured -economic reforms: tariff cutting, opening Chile to global trade,

restricting labor unions, privatization of state-controlled industries

International Monetary Fund (IMF):

International Monetary Fund, founded at the Bretton Woods Conference

in 1944, with increasing globalization this group’s goal was to promote

the market economies, free trade and high growth rates

World Bank:

It was formed in affiliation with the UN; it was developed in post war

Europe in order to reconstruct the economy of Europe. It helped finance

the building of roads, hydroelectric dams, water and sewage facilities,

maritime ports, and airports.

World Trade Organization (WTO):

-World trade organization -settled international trade disputes

-world trade grew between 1948 and 1966 by 6.6 percent


NAFTA:

This stands for the North American Free Trade Agreement; it was

created by the United States and was later joined by Mexico and Canada.

It is the world’s second largest free-trade zone, their goals for expanding

it to all of the non-communist countries in North America and this

would help create a more boundary-free zone for trading in North

America

ASEAN:

stands for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, it was established

in 1967 by the foreign ministers of Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore,

Indonesia, and the Philippines, its goal was to create a more politically

stable Southeast Asia and to also establish free trade and cut off tariffs

on industrial goods

European Union:

regional bloc with a common market and free trade, established in 1993

by the Maastricht Treaty, 27 European nations have invested a great deal

of their national sovereignty in the EU, created close bonds between

European nations

Mercosur:

-sub regional bloc of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and

Venezuela -the purpose of it is to allow free trade in the South American nations -

1991

Greenpeace Protest Movement:

-founded in 1970 dedicated to the preservation of the earth’s natural

resources and its diverse animal and plant life -designed to attract

international notoriety and fame

-placed themselves between whales and hunter’s harpoons, broadcasts

disturbing pictures of the slaughter of baby harp seals, spraying red paint

on seals making their fur worthless

Green Belt in Kenya:

-non-governmental organization that focuses on environmental

preservation, community development, and capacity building -women plant trees, combat deforestation, restore their main source of

fuel for cooking, generate income, and stop soil erosion

-Wangari Maathai received the Nobel Peace Prize for being a leader in

ecofeminist movement

Negritude:

“blackness”, black nationalism had sprung in Africa drawing in influence

from pan-Arab nationalism, blacks celebrated negritude in contrast to

their European colonizers, increased protests against imperialism

Xenophia:

-it is the intense or irrational fear or hatred of foreigners -happens all over the world -an example is in the United States with Muslims after the war on

terrorism

Hare Krishna:

-it is a 16 word mantra that is spoken that originates from the 15th century

-it is chanted to remind to have a pure state of mind -by practicing the mantra one can achieve happiness life will become

sublime


GOOD LUCK!

MODERN TIMES

SIGNIFICANCE

World Cup

Soccer

Olympics

Cricket Reggae

Bollywood

- Competition sport for many countries - bat to ball teams - played by 120 million players in many different countries - popular in England, India, the west Indies, and South Africa.

- becomes popular around the world

- originated in Jamaica but

combined aspects of

American jazz and blues

- originated in Greece

- allows for global interactions

- athletic competitions around the world

- every four years where the best athletes in the world compete to

be named the best in the world.

- Hindu film industry in India

- derived from the Indian culture

- one of the larges t film

- producers in India and one

of the largest in the world.

- global sport

- reflects national aspirations

- competition for different countries

ms. buffalino 10apmshistorybuff.com/10h/ap review/0key/cristina.pdf10ap this review packet was...

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