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Chapter 6: Running Water & Groundwater DiMarcellaEarth & Space Science I, Level 01 & 02 Notes

CHAPTER 6: RUNNING WATER and GROUNDWATERTable of Contents & Objectives by Section

6.1 Running Water pp 158 - 163 Explain how the water cycle circulates Earth’s water supply

in an unending cycle. Explain how the water cycle is kept in balance. Describe the ability of a stream to erode and transport

material. Compare and contrast the changes in gradient and

discharge between a stream’s headwaters and mouth. Define base level.

6.2 The Work of Streams pp 164 - 170 Explain how streams erode their channels and transport

sediments. Explain how stream deposition occurs. Predict the causes of floods and describe major flood

control methods.

6.3 Water Beneath the Surface pp 171 - 179 Describe the location and movement of groundwater. Describe the formation of a spring. Explain environmental threats to water supplies. Describe the formation of caverns. Describe landforms in karst areas.

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6.1 Running Water

The Water Cycle2

Objectives• Explain how the water cycle circulates Earth’s water supply in an

unending cycle.• Explain how the water cycle is kept in balance.• Describe the ability of a stream to erode and transport material.• Compare and contrast the changes in gradient and discharge between a

stream’s headwaters and mouth.• Define base level.


Processes involved in the cycle

• ___________________

• ___________________

• ___________________ – movement of surface water into rock or soil through cracks and pore spaces

• ___________________

• ___________________ – Plants absorb water and release it into the atmosphere

The hydrologic cycle

• Balance in the water cycle means…

______________________________ = ______________________________

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Streamflow

The ability of a stream to ____________ and ______________ materials depends

on _________________.

• Factors that determine velocity

• _______________ – slope or steepness of a steam channel

• _____________________________

o __________, ___________, and _______________

• ______________ – volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time (generally expresses as cubic feet per second)

Longitudinal profile of a stream

• Gradient ___________ between a stream’s _______ waters and _______

• And the discharge ________________

Base Level

• ________________________ to which a stream can erode its channel 4


• Two general types

_____________ – sea level

_____________, or local

6.2 The Work of Streams

Erosion by Streams

Streams erode their channel through ______________________,

___________________, and ____________________________________.

Sediment Transport

Transportation

Transported material is called the stream's _______________

• ____________________

• ____________________

• ____________________ – sediment scooting or rolling along the bottom

• ____________________ - maximum load the stream can carry

• related to ____________________

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Objectives• Explain how streams erode their channels and transport

sediments.• Explain how stream deposition occurs.• Predict the causes of floods and describe major flood control

methods.


The Work of Streams

• Deposition

• Caused by a ______________ in velocity

• Sediment begins to ________________________

• Stream sediments

• Known as _____________________

• ____________________________ deposits

Deposition

• Occurs as ______________________ drops below the critical settling

velocity of a certain particle size.

• Features produced by deposition

• _____________ – accumulation of sediment formed where a stream enters a lake or ocean

• _______________________ - a ridge made up of mostly course sediments; forms parallel to the stream channel

Floods

• Occur when _____________ becomes so great that water overflows the stream banks

• Causes of floods

• Weather – _________________________________________

• Human interference with the stream system

Flood Control

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Floods and flood control

• Engineering efforts

• __________________________________

• __________________________________

• __________________________________

• Nonstructural approach through sound floodplain management

Satellite view of the Missouri River flowing into the Mississippi River near St.

Louis

Same satellite view during flooding in 1993

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Drainage Basins

The land are that contributes water to a stream

• A.K.A. – Watershed

• _____________________ - an imaginary line that separates one drainage

basin from another

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6.3 Water Beneath the Surface

(groundwater)

Groundwater -

Geological roles

• As an erosional agent - _____________________________________

• ____________________

• ____________________

• ______________________________________________________

Distribution of Groundwater

Zone of saturation

• All __________________ in the material are filled with ____________

• Water within the pores is _____________________

• – the upper limit of the zone of saturation

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Objectives• Describe the location and movement of groundwater. • Describe the formation of a spring.• Explain environmental threats to water supplies.• Describe the formation of caverns.• Describe landforms in karst areas.


Features associated with subsurface water

Distribution of Groundwater

Porosity

• Percentage of _______________________________

• Determines how much _____________________________________

Permeability

• Ability to ______________________________________________

______________________________________________________

• Aquitard – ______________________________________________

• Aquifer – _______________________________________________

Features associated with groundwater

• _______________________– forms whenever the water table intersects the ground surface.

• ___________________________

• Heated by cooling of igneous rock 10


• ___________________________

• Intermittent hot springs

• Water turns to steam and erupts

Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park

Features associated with groundwater (continued)

• Wells

• Pumping can cause a

• Pumping can form a ___________________________________

• Artesian wells

• Water in the well rises ________________________________11


__________________________________________________

Formation of a cone of depression in the water table

An artesian well resulting from an inclined aquifer

Environmental problems associated with groundwater

• ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

• _______________________

Geologic work of groundwater

• Groundwater is often ___________________________________

• Contains ________________________________________

• Dissolves _______________________________________12


Geologic work of groundwater forms…

• ____________________

• Formed by _________________________________________

__________________________________________________

• Formed in the _______________________________________

• Features found within caverns

• _________________ - _______________________________

• _________________ - _______________________________

Dripstone formations in Carlsbad Caverns National Park

Geologic work of groundwater forms…(continued)

• Karst topography - formed by ____________ rock at, or near, Earth's surface

• Common features

• ________________ - ________________________________

• __________________________________________________

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• ______________________________________

• Area lacks good surface drainage

Development of karst topography

Infrared image of karst topography in central Florida

End of Chapter 6

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