mr. coleman biology dna dna.dna is often called the blueprint of life. in simple terms, dna contains...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mr. ColemanBiology
![Page 2: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
DNADNA• DNADNA is often called
the blueprint of life..• In simple terms,
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the cell.
![Page 3: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Why do we study DNADNA?
We study DNA for many reasons, e.g.,
• its central importance to all life on Earth,
• medical benefits such as cures for diseases,
• better food crops.
![Page 4: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chromosomes and DNAChromosomes and DNA
• Our genes are on our chromosomes.
• Chromosomes are made up of a chemical called DNA.
![Page 5: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Shape of the MoleculeThe Shape of the Molecule
• DNA is a very long polymer.
• The basic shape is like a twisted ladder or zipper.
• This is called a double helix.
![Page 6: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
One Strand of DNAOne Strand of DNA
• Nucleotides consist of:– 1 sugar
– 1 phosphate
– 1 nitrogen base
• One strand of DNA has many millions of nucleotides.
nucleotide
![Page 7: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
One Strand of DNAOne Strand of DNA• The backbone of
the molecule is alternating phosphate and deoxyribose sugar
• The teeth are nitrogenous bases.
phosphate
deoxyribose
bases
![Page 8: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Four nitrogenous basesFour nitrogenous bases
• Cytosine C• Thymine T
• Adenine A
• Guanine G
DNA has four different bases:
![Page 9: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Important:Important:
• Adenine and Thymine always join together
A T
• Cytosine and Guanine always join together
C G
![Page 10: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Two Kinds of Bases in DNA
• Pyrimidines are Pyrimidines are single ring bases.single ring bases.
• Purines are double Purines are double ring bases.ring bases.
C
C
C
C
N
N
OO
N
CC
CC
N
N
N
N
N
C
![Page 11: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Thymine and Cytosine are Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidinespyrimidines
• Thymine and cytosine each have one ring of Thymine and cytosine each have one ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.carbon and nitrogen atoms.
C
C
C
C
N
N
OO
N
cytosinecytosine
C
C
C
C
N
N
OO
OO
thyminethymine
C
![Page 12: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Adenine and Guanine are Adenine and Guanine are purinespurines
• AdenineAdenine and and guanineguanine each have two each have two rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms.rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
C
C
C
C
N
N
N
AdenineAdenine N
N
C
C
C
C
C
N
N
OO
N
GuanineGuanine N
N
C
![Page 13: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Two Stranded DNATwo Stranded DNA• Remember, DNA
has two strands that fit together something like a zipper.
• The teeth are the nitrogenous bases but why do they stick together?
![Page 14: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds
• The bases attract each other because of hydrogen bonds.
• Hydrogen bonds are weak but there are millions and millions of them in a single molecule of DNA.
![Page 15: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
DNA by the numbersDNA by the numbers• Each cell has about 2 m
of DNA.• The average human has
75 trillion cells.• The average human has
enough DNA to go from the earth to the sun more than 400 times.
• DNA has a diameter of only 0.000000002 m.
The earth is 150 billion mor 93 million miles from the sun.
![Page 16: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
I. DNA ReplicationI. DNA ReplicationA. When a cell divides, it
needs to make a copy of its DNA so that both of the new cells have the right amount of DNA
![Page 17: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
I. DNA ReplicationI. DNA ReplicationB. The steps of DNA Replication
1. Separation of Strands- Enzyme unzips the DNA (breaks the hydrogen bonds)
2. Free Base Pairing- Free nucleotides pair up with the exposed nitrogen bases on the two half DNA strands
3. Base Bonding- Another enzymes zips the hydrogen bonds together
C. Two identical strands created!
![Page 18: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Genes & ProteinsGenes & Proteins• Genes are where the ribosomes get the
information to build different proteins– A gene is one section of the DNA strand
• Different proteins make different traits– Eye color, height, hair color, etc
• Proteins are made of amino acids– The gene tells the ribosome what order to put the amino
acids
– If they get out of order the wrong protein is produced.
![Page 19: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis (Making Proteins)(Making Proteins)
• Step 1: Transcription- Making a one sided copy of the DNA message called mRNA– Enzymes read the DNA in order to produce mRNA
– RNA is made from ribose sugars and only has one side
– RNA is small enough to leave the nucleus (DNA is not because it has two sides) This is why we call it messenger RNA—that’s what the m stands for!
– In RNA uracil replaces thymine (U instead of T)
• See anmation
![Page 20: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis (Making Proteins)(Making Proteins)
• Step 2: Translation-using mRNA and tRNA to link amino acids together to make proteins– Takes place in the ribosome– Ribosomes read mRNA and match it with the
appropriate tRNA molecule • The tRNA carry the amino acids to the ribosome
• See anmation
![Page 21: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
I now give you the Protein Synthesis Rap…
![Page 22: Mr. Coleman Biology DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ec85503460f94bd4e46/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
MutationsMutations• Mutation- Any permanent change in the order of
nucleotides in the DNA
– Causes different proteins to be made
– Some mutations can be good, but many are harmful
– Things that cause mutations:
• UV Rays
• Chemicals
• Smoking, Drinking, poor eating, etc
• Some happen naturally
• Etc