mr. bermudez. started on july 28, 1914 ended november 11, 1918 almost 8 million died because of...
TRANSCRIPT
World War IMr. Bermudez
Started on July 28, 1914
Ended November 11, 1918
Almost 8 million died because of the war◦ Russia having the most : 1.7 million
22,000,000 wounded
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT WWI
Causes of WWI Militarism
Alliances
Nationalism
Imperialism
Assassination of Arch Duke
MANIA!
Militarism: the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy ◦ Completion◦ You have a Machine Gun, Now I want a Machine Gun◦ Military Spending
Germany becomes strongest nation in Europe-1890
Militarism
1907 two major defense alliances
Triple Entente: Great Britain, France and Russia◦ Later known as the Allies
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy◦ Later known as the Central Powers
Critical Thinking◦ What purpose would these alliances serve?
Alliances
Nationalism: A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation◦ Led to fierce competition and rivalries
Ethnocentrism
Various ethnic groups-ESPECIALLY IN THE BALKANS
Bigger nations try to assert power
Nationalism
Imperialism: extending economic/political control over other peoples. ◦ Colonies
Provided raw materials Provided markets for manufactured goods
Critical thinking◦ How did Nationalism and Imperialism contribute to the
conflict in Europe?
Imperialism
“the powder keg of Europe”◦ The Balkan Peninsula
Archduke Franz Ferdinand: heir to the Austrian throne, visits Bosnian Capital of Sarajevo
Gavrilo Princip: Member of Serbian nationalist group, the Black Hand.
Assassination Leads to War
Domino EffectAustria Hungary blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s
death and declared war on Serbia.
Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary.
Russia pledged their support for Serbia.
Domino Effect
Germany declares war on Russia.
France pledges their support for Russia.
Germany declares war on France.
Germany invades Belgium on the way to France.
Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.
Central Powers Allied Powers
World War IWorld War I
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Russia
France
Great Britain
Italy
Japan
United States (1917)
COMBATANTS OF WWI
August 3rd Germany Invades Belgium ◦ Schlieffen Plan: invade Belgium to invade Paris; once
France falls; Both German armies take out Russia
Civilians Flee Brussels
1st major refugee crisis of the 20th Century
The Fighting Starts
Belgium falls
Allies retreat to the Marne River, France ◦ Halted German advance ◦ Both sides equally matched
Built Trenches- ran from Belgian coast to Swiss Alps ◦ No Man’s Land- a barren expanse of mud marked with
shell craters and barbed wire.
Stalemate
1914-No need to join a struggle 3,000 miles away.
No American lives or property in danger
Americans Question Neutrality
Divided Loyalties • Socialists: capitalist/imperialist
struggle between Germany and England
• Pacifists: War is evil. U.S should set an example of peace
• Americans: did not want to send sons to see the horrors of war
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQwEqhtGcW0
Divided Loyalties • German Americans and Irish
Americans- favor Germany
• Most Americans-common ancestry with Britain – Germany’s invasion of Belgium – Propaganda – Germany seen as “bully of Europe”
• Real Reason: economic ties stronger with Britain and France double than that of Central Powers
Open to page 583
Read the Economic Background: Trade Alliances
Answer the Skill Builder questions.
Skill Builder Activity: Economic Background –Trade Allances
By 1917 America had mobilized for war against Central Powers◦ Reason One: To ensure Allied repayment of debts to U.S◦ Reason Two: Prevent Germans from threatening U.S
shipping
The War Hits Home
British blockade military supplies and food ◦ Extended blockade to neutral ports◦ Mined entire North Sea
U.S Ships did not travel to Germany Germany experiences famine as a result (750,000 people
died)
German U-Boat Response ◦ Submarine destroy all ships ◦ Lusitania: British Liner sunk off the coast of Ireland
1,198 dead, 128 Americans
British Blockade-German Response
Democrats: Woodrow Wilson◦ Campaign Slogan: “He Kept Us Out of the War.”
Republicans: Charles Evan Hughes◦ Maintain freedom of the sea
Results were neck to neck◦ Hughes thought he had been elected
1916 Election
The United States Declares War
• Wilson wants “peace without victory”– Establish “League for
Peace”
• Germany ignores – Unrestricted U-Boat
activity- sink all ships
• Zimmerman Note: Telegram from German Ambassador in Mexico– Called for the alliance between
Germany and Mexico– Germany would help Mexico
regain “lost territory”
• Unarmed U.S merchant ship sunk
• Russian Monarchy overthrown
Foreshadowing?
America Acts • “Property can be paid for; lives of peaceful and
innocent people cannot be. The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind… We are glad to fight for the ultimate peace of the world and for the liberation of peoples. The world must be made safe for democracy. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek indemnities. It is a fearful thing to lead the great peaceful people into war. But the right is more precious than peace.”
The War at HomeChapter 19-3
“War is no longer Samson with his shield and spear and sword, and David with his sling. It is a conflict of smokestacks now, the combat of the driving wheel and the engine.”-Secretary of War Baker
Shift entire economy for war effort
Business and Gov. have to work together
Role of Gov. greatly expanded Power to Wilson: fix prices, regular/nationalize war industries
Congress Gives Power to Wilson
War Industries Board: main regulatory body◦ Mass-production◦ Standardizing products-less options◦ Set production quotas ◦ Allocated raw materials
Bernard M. Baruch: leader of the (WIB) ◦ Industrial production rose 20%◦ Corporate profits rise: chemicals, meatpacking, oil, steel◦ Retail prices double
Administration of WWI
Administration of WWI
• Railroad Administration: controlled railroads and set rates
• Fuel Administration: monitored coal supplies and rationed gasoline/heating oil– “Gasless Sundays” – “Lightless Nights”– Daylight-Saving Time: taking
advantage of summers longer days • Benjamin Franklin proposed this in
1770
Food Administration: help produce and conserve food◦ Led by Herbert Hoover
◦ Rationed food
◦ “gospel of the clean plate”
◦ “meatless, sweetless, wheatless, porkless” days
◦ “Victory Gardens”
◦ 40 million acres into production
◦ Farmers income increases 30%
◦ Food supplies to allies triple
Administration of WWI
What should the federal government do during war?
What does the Constitution sanction?
What does it prohibit?
What is the relationship between governmental action and volunteerism?
Role of Government in War
Wages rose during war ◦ Metal trades, shipbuilding, and meatpacking rose 20%
Household Income falls◦ Rising food/housing costs
Corporate profits high
National War Labor Board (NWLB): administration who dealt with labor disputes. ◦ Improved working conditions, 8-hour work day, safety
inspections, enforced child labor ban.
War Economy
Open up to page 595
Answer questions 1 and 2 ◦ 1. How did the rise in average annual income compare
with the rise in prices from 1914-1920?
◦ 2. How might the combined change in wages and prices affect a working family?
Skill Builder Activity: The War Economy
Two major tasks of the government ◦ Raising money◦ Convincing the public to support war
Selling the War
U.S. spends 35.5 billion on war effort◦ 1/3 through taxes ◦ 2/3 through “Victory Loan” “Liberty Loan” bonds
Movie Stars◦ Spoke at rallies in factories, schools and street corners
Politicians ◦ “Only a friend of Germany would refuse to buy war
bonds” -Treasury Secretary William G. McAdoo
War Financing
Advertising the War• Committee on Public
Information (CPI): organization which popularized the war effort through propaganda.
• Propaganda: biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions
• George Creel: head of CPI who was a former muckraking journalist
Artists and Advertising Agencies◦ Create posters, paintings, cartoons, and sculptures
promoting war
Ordered printing of “How the War Came to America”◦ 25 million copies
Promoted patriotism, inflamed hatred, violation of civil liberties
Advertising the War (cont.)
Consequences of war hysteria
Once lead this people into war and they’ll forget there ever was such a thing as tolerance. To fight you must be brutal and ruthless, and the spirit of ruthless brutality will enter into the very fiber of out national life, infecting Congress, the courts, the policeman, the man in the street. Conformity would be the only virtue, and every man who refused to conform would have to pay the penalty -Woodrow Wilson
Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase
Main targets-German/Austrian-Hungarian Immigrants
2 million American immigrants born in Germany
Spread to Americans of German decent◦ Loss of jobs◦ Mozart, Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms- cant be played ◦ Towns changed names◦ Flogging, tarring, and lynching ◦ Hamburger-Salisbury, Sauerkraut-Liberty Cabbage
Anti-Immigrant Hysteria
What is happening in the cartoon
What does the cartoonist suggest will happen to “enemy aliens?”
The Enemy Within
Governmental Action
• Espionage and Sedition Acts: if a person interferes with war effort or says anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about government/war effort they will– Be fined up to $10,000– Sentenced to 20 years in jail– 2,000 prosecutions– Targeted socialist/labor leaders: Eugene V. Debs– Deported people – End of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Effects of the Acts
• Newspapers/magazines could lose mailing privileges
• House of Representatives: refuse to seat socialist congressmen who opposed the war-Victor
• Columbia fires professor– “If we have to suppress
everything we don’t like to hear, this country is resting on a pretty wobbly basis.”
Reading Like a Historian: Sedition
• What does patriotism mean to you?
• Do you think it’s important for people to be patriotic? Why or why not?
• Is it patriotic or anti-American to criticize the United States government?
African Americans and the War
• “That which the German power represents today spells death to the aspirations of Negroes and all darker races for equality, freedom, and democracy… Let us, while this war lasts, forget our special grievances and close our ranks shoulder to shoulder with our own white fellow citizens and the allied nations that we are fighting for democracy.”
-W.E.B DuBois
African Americans and the War• DuBois- if A.A support war-
strengthen calls for racial justice
• William Monroe Trotter- victims of racism should not support a racist government.
• Imagine you are an African American in 1917, which political leader would you support? Why?
What is happening in this illustration?
The Great Migration • Great Migration: large-scale movement of
hundreds of thousands of southern blacks to cities in the north. – First: sought to escape racial discrimination, Jim
Crow Laws
– Second: Southern economy not as strong, droughts and floods ruin many cotton fields.
– Third: Northern economy better, Henry Ford allows blacks to work
Women in the War • Women replace men in factories
– Railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, bricklayers, coal miners, ship building
– Nurses, clerks, teachers– How might this impact the status of women?
• “the services of women during the supreme crisis have been of the most signal usefulness and distinction; it is high time that part of our debt should be acknowledged.”
-Woodrow Wilson
The Flu Epidemic • ¼ of population infected
• Economy devastated – Mines closed– Telephone service cut in
half– Factories/offices
staggered
• Cities run out of coffins– Corpses of the poor
remain unburied for weeks
• Doctors: cleanliness and quarantine
• Spreads faster in army– 1/3 of army dies– More Germans die
• 500,000 Americans die
• 30 million world wide
Spanish Flu Documentary
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J83DZQcDFy8
Wilson Fights for Peace
19-4
War has ended in Europe. Draft a resolution to deal with everlasting peace. You Must.
Address each of the issues that caused the war
What issues caused the U.S. to enter the war?
Who should have war reparations? Why?
How can we prevent this from happening in the future?
How can we maintain peace for the future while keeping the Allied nations satisfied?
Peace Plan of Action
President Wilson’s proposal for ever lasting peace in Europe.
Read the Fourteen Point Document
Answer discussion questions.
Which point is the most important and why?
Finally predict the outcome of this proposal
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan• Big Four
– Woodrow Wilson (USA)– Georges Clemenseau
(France)– David Lloyd George
(UK)– Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
• Meet to discuss terms at the French palace of Versailles
• Wilson wants peace
• UK and France want Germany to pay
• Italy wants land from Austria-Hungary
• Most 14 points rejected– Except League of Nations
Debating the Treaty of Versailles
• Read the document on the treaty
• Fill out the graphic organizer
• Begin discussing your groups position.
Point and Counterpoint• Based upon your assignment, read the point
OR counterpoint.
• Answer all questions
• As a group expand your position on the Debate over the League of Nations.
• Be able to support your postion
The Legacy of the War• Warren G. Harding:
“return to normalcy”
• Strengthened U.S military and role of government
• Social change for Women and African Americans
• European social/ political systems damages
• Russia falls to communist regime
• Militant fascist org. seize control of Spain, Italy, and Germany
• Adolf Hitler: “It cannot be that two million (Germans) should have fallen in vain… No, we do not pardon, we demand-vengence!”