mozambique coal 2016_geology
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mozambique Coal 2016_Geology](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051318/58770a471a28ab890e8b6493/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE COAL DEPOSITS OF MOZAMBIQUEP R ESENT ED BY A N DY L LOYD
D R AW I N G O N F F F P R ESE N TAT I O N S F RO M :-
• J O H N H A N COX ,
• LO P O VA SCO N CE L ES ,
• & GAV I N A N D R E W S.
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OverviewRegional Geology
Karoo Basins of Mozambique• Early History
• Tectonic Setting
General Geology
Tete Province focus
Exploration learnings
Summary• So what’s in the ground
• Geology vs Economy
Elephants in the room or
Elephant country?
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What do we mean by coalGeologically• Coal (from the Old English term col, which has meant "mineral of fossilized
carbon" since the 13th century) is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Economically• That which can be mined for economic benefit.
And for Mozambique?• Which numbers are to be believed?
• What numbers are important?
Extractable Coal Economic Coal Un-economic Coal Geological Coal
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Early HistoryFirst coal documented in 1859 by Richard Thornton on one of Dr Livingstone’s expeditions.
“Mr. Thornton stated that the coal, which was dug by natives from an outcropping seam on the bank of the River Muntizi, showed no tendency to cake; was free-burning; contained very little sulphur or iron although a large proportion of ash along with a small amount of gaseous matter “
Early geological investigations in the area were undertaken by Guyot (1882), Lapierre (1883), Zeiller (1883), Kuss (1884) and Potonié (1899). These authors mainly described the lithostratigraphy of coal bearing seams in the lower part of the Karoo Supergroup around Moatize.
Commercial mining in the Moatize Coalfield commenced in the early 1900s on a small scale.
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Regional Geology
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Extensional Tectonic Setting
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Karoo Basins of Mozambique
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Metangula Coal Field
~340
m
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Tete Province
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Chicoa – Mecúcoè
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Sanagoe - Mefidizi
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Moatize
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Basement Contact
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Vúzi Formation - Tillites
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Moatize Formation
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Chipanga – The 1st thick coal
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Matinde Formation
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Cadzi Formation
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Productive Sequence Outcrop
Facing East
Possible Chipanga Tillites
Low angle faults – possibly 100m’s of throw
Channel Roof
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Building a Facies model
• Re-logging old core
• Integrating with Geophysics
• Looking for geological fundamentals
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Just Productive Series coal?Coal Outcrop in
Matinde Formation
Coal development in the tillites
Pro
du
ctiv
e
Mat
ind
e
Up
per
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ICVL’s Zambeze Geology
A
A
B
B
C
C
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Faulting on Macro and Micro scale
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Geology –D Seam (Upper Chipanga)
View of North wall and D-Seam
Erosional “roof” contact
Fining up sequence of a migrating channel
Resulting in a thinner coal seam
Channel 1 Channel 2
Coal Bearing Unit
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Lachelt (2004)
VALE (2009)
Moatize Sections
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Generalised section through Moatize Basin
Gavin Andrews, 2014
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Intrusives
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Coal Seams
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Drilling Challenges
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Productive Sequence – formational Cartoon – ICVL Seam names.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Chipanga
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Palaeontology
VertebrariaParacalamites Glossopteris
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Palynology
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PalynologyProtohaploxypinus-Vittatina-Guttulapollenites-
Lueckisporites Sub-Assemblage
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Vu
zi
Pro
du
ctiv
eL
ow
er M
atin
de
Up
per
Matin
de
Converting stratigraphy to time
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MUCANHA-VÚZI SANÂNGOÈ MOATIZE
~340
m
~200
m
~75
m (
?)
Metangula
~340
m
Coal Type log comparison
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Back to BasicsGeology Fundamentals
Sedimentary units
Facies Changes
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Data and Model consolidation
Geology Model
Stratigraphy
Coal Analyses
Data
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Conventional and RTCM current thinking
B – Sousa Pinto
C – Chipanga
E – Grande Falesia
D – Bananeiras
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On the ground…Coal Outcrop in
Matinde Formation
Coal development in the tillites
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946 GeologyGeology Model
Stratigraphy
Coal Analyses
Data
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Geology – Benga D Seam
Channel 1 Channel 2
Coal Bearing Unit
Geology Model
Stratigraphy
Coal Analyses
Data
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Moatize and Minjova - underlying basin structure
Basement
Karoo - Uplifted Basement
Karoo
Post Karoo Intrusion
Benga
Moatize
Zambeze
945
Geology Model
Stratigraphy
Coal Analyses
Data
Strong evidence of syn-depositional and post-depositional faultingComplex basin structure
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Textural MappingGeology Model
Stratigraphy
Coal Analyses
Data
Conventional View Enhanced Imagery
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Type log for the Moatize and Matinde formations
1.3
km
Fluvial River channel system?Discordant
lenses
Marsh
Marsh system with thick (approx. 20-30m) coal
packages consisting of interbanded coal and
mudstone. Sandstone partings commonly display
coarsening up sequences.
Thicker upper
seams
River Channel
and Marsh
Transition zone between the underlying river
channel system with a series of abandoned
channels and the overlying marsh system with
thick mudstone dominated packages.
Discordant
lenses N+
FluvialRiver channel system with a series of abandoned
channels. Seams are less correlatable.J,K,L,M
H,I
F,G
E
D
C
B
A
Carb
on
ifero
us
Vu
zi
Fm
.
Glacial Glacial till deposited by melting glaciers.
Meso
Pro
tero
zo
ic
Ste
nia
n
Intrusive
The Tete Complex is the basement rock
consisting of serpentinised gabbro; the basement
includes intrusive stocks and plutons.
Depositional ProcessCoals
ContainedFormation Stratigraphy
Pala
eo
zo
ic
Fluvial
Era Period Super-group GroupDepositional
Environment
Mo
ati
ze F
m.
Perm
ian
Karo
o
Lo
wer
Karo
o
Post Glacial
Post Glacial outwash fans and channels. Lake
and marsh system at top of sequence containing
C-seam.
River channel system with correlatable seams.
Braided DeltaBraided delta system with interchannel coal
formation.
Mati
nd
e F
m.
Geology Model
Stratigraphy
Coal Analyses
Data
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945 Sedimentary surfaces –improving seam correlation
Geology Model
Stratigraphy
Coal Analyses
Data
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Basin fill directionsGeology Model
Stratigraphy
Coal Analyses
Data
Hiatus’s with
coal erosion
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Ash chemistry variationsGeology Model
Stratigraphy
Coal Analyses
Data
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Benga & 945L Geology
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945 section
100m
500m
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945 section
100m
500m
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C Seam
500m
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Coal CharacteristicsBenga
945
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Seams
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Yield Comparison – Ply’s 1.45SG
C
C
C
E
E
E
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Seam comparison – VM & CCC Yield E
D
C
C – seam variogram ranking
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Benga - Ply by ply CCC yield variation
C1
C4
C3
C2
Benga – C Seam
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945L plys by maceral
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
C1 C2 C3 C4 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 E1 E2 E3 E4 F0 F1 G1 G2 G3 H1 H2 I L M1 M2 M3 N1 N2 O P Q S1 S2 S3 S4 V1 V2 V3
% C
om
po
siti
on
Average of Vitrinite Average of Exinite_Liptinite Average of Semifusinite_React
Average of Semifusinite_Inert Average of Fusinite_Secretinite
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10
15
20
25
30
35
5
40
wash_145_vm_ad_D
A5
2
B1
1
B1
2
B2
B3
B4
B5
1
B5
2
B6
C1
C2
C3
C4
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
E1
E2
E3
E4
EL
F0
F1
F2
1
F2
2
G1
G2
G3
H1
H2 I
J1
1
J1
2
J1
3
J1
4
J1
5
J2
1
J2
2
J3
1
J3
2
J3
3
K0
K1
1
K1
2
K2 L
M1
M2
M3
N1
N2 O P
P1
P2 Q
RR
1
RR
2 S
S1
S2
S3
S4
T1
T2
T3 U
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
W1
W2
W3
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5 Y Z
Plys and Coal Quality – 1.45SG VM%
Vuzi Moatize Lower Matinde Upper Matinde
Hard Coking Coal
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Plys and Ash Chemistry – TS%
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
0.4
2.2
wash_145_ts_ad_D
A52
B11
B12
B2
B3
B4
B51
B52
B6
C1
C2
C3
C4
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
E1
E2
E3
E4
EL
F0
F1
F21
F22
G1
G2
G3
H1
H2 I
J11
J12
J13
J14
J15
J21
J22
J31
J32
J33
K0
K11
K12
K2 L
M1
M2
M3
N1
N2 O P
P1
P2 Q
RR
1
RR
2 S
S1
S2
S3
S4
T1
T2
T3 U V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
W1
W2
W3
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5 Y Z
<1% Sulphur
Vuzi Moatize Lower Matinde Upper Matinde
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Plys and Ash Chemistry – P%
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
-0.05
0.4
wash_145_p_ad_D
A52
B11
B12
B2
B3
B4
B51
B52
B6
C1
C2
C3
C4
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
E1
E2
E3
E4
EL
F0
F1
F21
F22
G1
G2
G3
H1
H2 I
J11
J12
J13
J14
J15
J21
J22
J31
J32
J33
K0
K11
K12
K2 L
M1
M2
M3
N1
N2 O P
P1
P2 Q
RR
1
RR
2 S
S1
S2
S3
S4
T1
T2
No
vali
d d
ata
T3
No
vali
d d
ata
U V1
V2
V3
V4
No
vali
d d
ata
V5
W1
W2
W3
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5 Y Z
<0.07% Phos
Vuzi Moatize Lower Matinde Upper Matinde
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Benga Qualities – Spatial view
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Resources
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Geology of RTCM Licenses
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Benga
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Zambeze
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Coal Type log• Up to 60 coal seams in the basin
(seam >1m)
• Seams thickness’s up to 90m
• Interburdens average 40-50m
• Coal characteristics• Sulphur – 1%
• Phos – 0.07%
• Vols – 20-35%
• Coke Yields – 5-60%
• Rank – 0.8-1.7
• Additional Thermal Yields – 10-30%
• Potential resources• Faulted
• Seams show varying continuity
• Intrusions become more prevalent to the east
Vu
zi
Pro
du
cti
ve
Lo
we
r M
ati
nd
eU
pp
er
Ma
tin
de
ICVL Zambeze
ICVL Benga Vale
ICVL Tete East
Eta Star
Cahora Bassa
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P%
S%
Fluvial River channel system?Discordant
lenses
Marsh
Marsh system with thick (approx. 20-30m) coal
packages consisting of interbanded coal and
mudstone. Sandstone partings commonly display
coarsening up sequences.
Thicker upper
seams0.03 0.9
River Channel
and Marsh
Transition zone between the underlying river
channel system with a series of abandoned
channels and the overlying marsh system with
thick mudstone dominated packages.
Discordant
lenses N+0.02 1.1
FluvialRiver channel system with a series of abandoned
channels. Seams are less correlatable.J,K,L,M 0.01 1.0
H,I 0.08 0.9
F,G 0.06 0.8
E 0.08 0.8
D 0.08 0.9
C 0.11 0.7
B 0.01 0.9
A 0.00 1.3
Carb
on
ifero
us
Vu
zi
Fm
.
Glacial Glacial till deposited by melting glaciers.
Meso
Pro
tero
zo
ic
Ste
nia
n
Intrusive
The Tete Complex is the basement rock
consisting of serpentinised gabbro; the basement
includes intrusive stocks and plutons.
Mati
nd
e F
m.
Post Glacial outwash fans and channels. Lake
and marsh system at top of sequence containing
C-seam.
River channel system with correlatable seams.
Braided DeltaBraided delta system with interchannel coal
formation.
Pala
eo
zo
ic
Fluvial
Era PeriodSuper-
groupGroup
Depositional
Environment
Mo
ati
ze F
m.
Perm
ian
Karo
o
Lo
wer
Karo
o
Post Glacial
Depositional ProcessCoals
ContainedFormation Stratigraphy
Coal Characteristics
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Product Coal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8
%
WHOLE SEAM DENSITY (SG)
Schematic of Coal Seams and Yield
% of Seams in Basin Coking Coal yield
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What about the coal, are they seams and do they have ply´s?
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Coking, Thermal, DomesticWhat are the different types of coal?
Vitrinite bands in mixtures of bright to dull coals within bands of siltstone and mudstone.
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Coking Coal – Thermal Coal - Discard
The finer you go the more coking coal you get.
It´s a question of liberation and processing efficiency – more from Mark Cresswell later.
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Properties of Mozambiquan coalIn general, the Mozambican Permian coals are:• Rank: Bituminous (from high to low volatile bituminous) coals, occasionally
anthracitic
• Type: Vitrinite dominant, Very low Liptinite content,
• Ash yield : generally high,
• Minerals are finely intergrown with the organic matrix, thereby posing difficulties in liberation during beneficiation
Petrography• Dominance of vitrinite; Low content of liptinite (Mucanha-Vúzi) or almost
absence (Moatize-Minjova-Mutarara).
• References to the petrography of coals from other regions were found only for Metangula coals:
• Chipanga Seam (Benga): V content of 72% (Top), 77 & 78% (Middle) 72 & 79% (Bottom)
• Mineral-rich (28% - 48%);
• Vitrinite varying from 36% to 51%;
• Liptinite in the range 2% to 3%
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Coal QualitiesMoatize: • increase in rank with depth: from 1,28% in Grande Falésia (Bituminous B) to
1,51% in S. Pinto (Bituminous A).
• %VR varies from 1,16% in Top Chipanga Seam to 1,27-1,29% in Middle Chipanga and 1,27-1,37 in Bottom Chipanga, i.e., increases with depth.
Minjova:
• %VR ranging between 1,36-1,43% - MVB (or Bituminous B) to these coals
Mucanha-Vúzi:
• lower rank than Moatize, %VR that varies between 1,00-1,10%, approximate border between HVB-MVB (Bituminous B).
Mutarara:
• %VR between 1,93-3,86%, showing an anthracitic stage, some coal in LVB (many dolerite intrusions)
Metangula:
• No information available on reflectance of coals from the Basin. Reports refer to Bituminous C-D
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http://portals.flexicadastre.com/mozambique/en/
Active exploration licences @20th July 2015
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Exploration FocusVale
ICVL
Minas de Revuboé
Beacon Hill
Ncondezi
JSPL
ENRC
JSW
ETA Star
Midwest
Coal of India Limited
KingHo
Various Private Companies
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Resources and ReservesLack of reliable numbers fail to illustrate the real situation.
The Mining Directorate of Mozambique (DNM, 2012) compiled a table of coal reserves (JORC) with the information provided by the coal companies and with more recent updates:
TOTAL of 29,342 Mt, • Measured/Indicated – 11,924 Mt• Inferred – 17,248 Mt
Notes• Numbers apply to 12 licenses only from Moatize-Ncondézi-Mutarara & Sanângoè-
Mefidézi• Chicôa-Mecúcoè: CAMEC (2009) refers to 3,6 Bt of coal reserves (included in
Sanângoè-Mefidézi figures• Niassa Province, no information
Data originally presented by Lopo Vasconceles in 2014
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How much “coal” is there in Mozambique??• Possibly >30Bt of Geological Coal • Moatize (Vale) – >4Bt
• ICVL – >10Bt
• Minas de Revuboé – 1Bt
• ETA Star – 2Bt
• Jindal – 0.7Bt
• KingHo – 0.5Bt
• ENRC – 3Bt
• How much is extractable?• Yield – 30%
• Interburdens – 40-50m
• How Deep?
• At current coal prices?
• At current Infrastructure costs?
Extractable Coal
Economic Coal
Un-economic Coal
Geological Coal30Bt
??Bt
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Reality Check – Cost of product
Infrastructure
Rail Opex
Rail Fees
Port Costs
Capex
Mining
Waste Mining
Coal Mining
CHPP
Rail load out
Capex
Royalties
Taxes
Comparable to Global Average?
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Cost components in Coal Mining
Waste Mining
Coal Mining
CHPP
Rail Costs
Rail Fees
Port Costs
Current Coal Price
3 year average
Coal Price
CostPit to Port
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30Bt of Coal – 5% Economic
Zoom o rightExpanded on right
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30Bt of Coal – 15% Economic
Expanded on right
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30Bt of Coal – 25% Economic
Zoom on ightExpanded on right
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Elephants – “country” rather than “room”Significant resources – multiple Bt resources.
But – costs structures need to be addressed.
Mozambique Coal is part of the Southern African Karoo system, multiple mines tackle similar challenges – learn from them.
There is now technical expertise in coal mining in Mozambique, it should be utilised.
Going forwards – unlocking value needs:-• The right people
• The right balance of risk – smart rather than prescriptive
• The right expertise
• Honour the geology
• Understand the products and markets
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What does this mean for Mozambique?Coal resource base changes on daily basis – but the geological coal does not.
Mozambique Factors• Mining Costs
• Infrastructure
Global Factors• Coal Price
The Moatize basin has the potential to produce a large percentage of the world’s Coking coal, but only if the current cost regime is reduced
and the coal price recovers.