motor systems: lecture 4
DESCRIPTION
Motor Systems: Lecture 4. Michael S. Beauchamp, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX. [email protected]. Hierarchical Organization and Functional Segregation - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Michael S. Beauchamp, Ph.D.Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Neurobiology and AnatomyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at
HoustonHouston, TX
Motor Systems: Lecture 4
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Hierarchical Organization and Functional Segregationof Central Motor Structures
Level 4: Association Cortex
Level 2: Brain Stem
(Red Nucleus, Reticular Formation, Vestibular Nuclei, Tectum, Pontine
Nuclei, Inferior Olive)
Level 1: Spinal Cord
Level 3: Motor Cortex
Side Loop 1:Basal Ganglia
(Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Substantia Nigra,
Subthalamic Nucleus)
Thalamus
(VA,VL,CM)
Side Loop 2: Cerebellum
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Aflalo & Graziano, Neuron, 2007
Action Zones
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From J. Nolte (2002) The Human Brain, 5th Edition
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Basal Ganglia
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Basal Ganglia Nomenclature
Lenticular nucleus
Nucleus accumbensCaudatePutamenGlobus pallidusSubthalamic nucleusSubstantia nigra(Ventral Tegmental Area)
Striatum or Neostriatum
Corpus striatum
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Ventral Tegmental Area
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How the striatum got its name…
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Basal ganglia have motor and nonmotor functions
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Basal Ganglia Afferents
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Basal Ganglia Efferents
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Basal Ganglia Intrinsic Connections
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Direct Pathway: select appropriate movements
Indirect Pathway: inhibit inappropriate movements
Functions
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Direct Pathway
E I ICortex striatum GPint thalamus +1 x –1 x –1 = +1
Direct Pathway excites motor cortex
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Direct and Indirect Pathways
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Direct and Indirect Pathways
Indirect Pathway E I I E ICortex striatum GPext Subthalamic Nucleus GPint thalamus +1 x –1 x –1 x +1 x –1 = –1
Direct Pathway excites motor cortex
Indirect Pathway inhibits motor cortex
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Dopaminergic Input from Substantia Nigra
Nigrostriatal pathway excites motor cortex by
(1) exciting Direct Pathway
(2) inhibiting Indirect Pathway
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Functions of Basal Ganglia
1. Enable automatic performance of practiced motor acts
2. Gating the initiation of voluntary movements by modulating motor programs stored in the motor cortex
3. Cognitive functions
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Aflalo & Graziano, Neuron, 2007
Action Zones
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Functions of Basal Ganglia
1. Enable automatic performance of practiced motor acts
2. Gating the initiation of voluntary movements by modulating motor programs stored in the motor cortex
3. Cognitive functions
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Role of the basal ganglia in exciting one motor program via direct pathway and inhibiting competing programs via indirect pathway
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Dopamine neurons of substantia nigra signal unexpected reward or unexpected absence of reward
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Dopaminergic Input from Substantia Nigra
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Functions of Basal Ganglia
1. Enable automatic performance of practiced motor acts
2. Gating the initiation of voluntary movements by modulating motor programs stored in the motor cortex
3. Cognitive functions
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Jog et al. (1999) Building Neural Representations of Habits. Science 286: 1745-1749.
Striatal Neurons and Response/Habit Learning
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60%
40%
75%
25%
15%
85%
30%
70%
Basal Ganglia Damage Impairs Probabilistic Classification Task
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Disorders of Basal Ganglia
1. Huntington’s Disease
2. Parkinson’s Disease
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From Kingsley RE (2000) Concise Text of Neuroscience, 2nd Ed.
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Parkinson’s Disease
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Parkinson’s Disease
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Huntington’s Disease
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Huntington’s Disease
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Hierarchical Organization and Functional Segregationof Central Motor Structures
Level 4: Association Cortex
Level 2: Brain Stem
(Red Nucleus, Reticular Formation, Vestibular Nuclei, Tectum, Pontine
Nuclei, Inferior Olive)
Level 1: Spinal Cord
Level 3: Motor Cortex
Side Loop 1:Basal Ganglia
(Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Substantia Nigra,
Subthalamic Nucleus)
Thalamus
(VA,VL,CM)
Side Loop 2: Cerebellum