motivation and emotion
TRANSCRIPT
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Motivation and Emotion
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Motivation
Motivation
An internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal
Psychologists infer motivation from goal-directed behavior
Human behavior is energized by many motives that may originate from the outside of us or inside of us
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Motivation
z Name some things that motivate you
z We experience motivation in different ways because of:
y Instinct
y Drive-reduction
y Incentive
y Cognitive theories of motivation
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Instinct
z Innate tendencies that determine behaviory Psychologist William McDougall was the first
to note the concept that humans are motivated by instinct
y Psychologist William James stated that humans have the instincts of: cleanliness, curiosity, parental, love, sociability, and sympathy.
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Instinct
z Flaws with the instinct theory:
y They do not explain behavior, they label it
y It is still studied, but have began to focus on other theories to explain motivation
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Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Drive-reducing
behaviors
(eating, drinking)
Need
(e.g., for
food, water)
Drive
(hunger, thirst)
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Drive-Reduction Theory
Need Biological or psychological requirement of an
organism
Drive A state of tension produced by a need that
motivates an organism toward a goal
Homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
internal state regulation of any aspect of body chemistry
around a particular level
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Harry Harlow
Monkey Experiment
z Proved that the drive-reduction theory wasn’t necessarily true
z The monkey spent more time with the cloth monkey for comfort and just enough time for getting food from the other
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Incentive
An external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior
People are motivated to obtain positive incentives and to avoid negative incentives
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Cognitive Theory
z Extrinsic motivation: engaging in activities that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives
z Intrinsic motivation- engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations
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Over-justification Effect
z When people are given extrinsic motivation needed to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation declines
z Book example:y You enjoy reading –someone begins paying
you to read
y You question whether you should read or not
y You stop getting paid, you might lose complete interest in the task
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Section 2
Biological and
Social Motives
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Biological Motives
z Biological needs are critical to our survival and physical well-being
z We have built in regulating systems
y Body temperature
y Blood sugar levels
y Production of hormones
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Homeostasis
z The tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state
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Hunger
z What motivates us to eat? Smell? Habit?
z Body requires food to grow, to repair itself, and store reserves
y Lateral hypothalamus- the part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals
y Ventromedial- the part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating
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Motivation-Hunger
Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger
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Motivation-Hunger
Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood
provides the major source of energy for body tissues
when its level is low, we feel hunger
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Motivation-Hunger
Set Point
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Basal Metabolic Rate
body’s base rate of energy expenditure
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Motivation-Hunger
The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
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Motivation-Hunger
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Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa when a normal-weight person diets and
becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
usually an adolescent female
Bulimia Nervosa disorder characterized by episodes of
overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
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Motivation at Work
Flow
a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
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Motivation at Work
Personnel Psychology
sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development
Organizational Psychology
Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
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Motivation at Work
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Motivation at Work
Structured Interview
process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants
rated on established scales
Achievement Motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment
for mastery of things, people, or ideas
for attaining a high standard
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Motivation at Work
Personnel psychologists’ tasks
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Motivation at Work
360-degree feedback
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Motivation at Work
On the right path
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Motivation
Task Leadership
goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
Social Leadership
group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
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Motivation
Theory X
assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money
workers should be directed from above
Theory Y
assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs
begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied
then higher-level safety needs become active
then psychological needs become active
Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
Physiological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst