motion mountain-volume 4

7/22/2019 motion mountain-volume 4

1/274

Abrlstepb Qabljjcr

MEPLEN MESNPDLN .

www.metlenmeuntdln.nct
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Abrlstepb Qabljjcr

M M

Pc D`vcnturc eg Vbyslas

Wejumc LW

Pc Tudntum eg Abdnic

C`ltlen ., dvdljdojc ds rcc p`wltb jms dt www.metlenmeuntdln.nct
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C`ltle vlacslmd scxtd.

Vreprlctds sarlpterls Abrcstepberl Qabljjcrtcrtle dnne Ejympld`ls trlicslmdc.

Emnld preprlctdtls lurd rcscrvdntur ct vln`ladntur.Lmltdtle prebloltd slnc duaterls pcrmlsslenc.Nen jlact pcaunldm cxpctcrc pre djlqud, qudcpdrtcm berum vcroerum aentlnct; jlocrpre emnlous scmpcr irdtultus crdt ct mdnct.

wcnty-slxtb c`ltlen.

Aepyrlibt oy Abrlstepb Qabljjcr,tbc tblr` ycdr e tbc tb Ejympld .

Pls p` ffljc ls jlacnsc` un`cr tbc Arcdtlvc Aemmens

Dttrloutlen-Nenaemmcraldj-Ne @crlvdtlvc Yerks . IcrmdnyJlacnac, wbesc ujj tcxt adn oc eun` en tbc wcosltcarcdtlvcaemmens.eri/jlacnscs/oy-na-n`/./`c,wltb tbc d``ltlendj rcstrlatlen tbdt rcpre`uatlen, `lstrloutlen dn` usc,ln wbejc er ln pdrt, lndnypre`uat er scrvlac, oc ltaemmcraldj er net, ls net djjewc` wltbeut tbc wrlttcn aenscnt etbc aepyrlibt ewncr. Pc p` ffljc wds dn` rcmdlns rcc er cvcryoe`yte rcd`, sterc dn` prlnt er pcrsendj usc, dn` te `lstrloutccjcatrenladjjy, out enjy ln unme`lfflc` erm dn` dt ne abdric.
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e Orlttd, Cstbcr dn` Hustus Ddren


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@lc Mcnsabcn strkcn, `lc Qdabcn kjrcn.


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V_CGDAC

Vrlmum mevcrc, `cln`c èacrc.*

DntlqultyPls oeek ls wrlttcn er dnyoe`y wbe ls aurleus doeut ndturc dn` metlen. Bdvc yeu cvcrdskc`8 Yby è pcepjc, dnlmdjs, tblnis, lmdics dn` spdac mevc5 Pc dnswcr jcd`s te

mdny d`vcnturcs; tbls vejumc prcscnts tbesc ùc te tbc `lsaevcry tbdt tbcrc ls d smdjjcstabdnic vdjuc ln ndturc. Pls smdjjcst abdnic vdjuc,tbc qudntum e datlen, jcd`s te wbdt lsadjjc`qudntum pbyslas. Ln tbc struaturc e me`crn pbyslas, sbewn lnGliurc , qudntumpbyslas aevcrs tbrcc pelnts; tbls vejumc aevcrs tbc lntreùatlen te tbc pelnt ln tbc jewcrrlibt8 tbc eun`dtlens e qudntum tbcery.

Pc prcscnt lntreùatlen te qudntum pbyslas dresc rem d tbrccej` dlm L bdvc pur-suc` slnac 8 te prcscnt tbc odslas e metlen ln d wdy tbdt ls slmpjc, up te `dtc dnàdptlvdtlni.

Ln er`cr te ocslmpjc, tbc tcxt eauscs en aenacpts, wbljc kccplni mdtbcmdtlas te tbcncacssdry mlnlmum. Sn`crstdn`lni tbc aenacpts e pbyslas ls ilvcn prcac`cnac evcruslni ermujdc ln adjaujdtlens. Pc wbejc tcxt ls wltbln tbc rcdab e dn un`crirdùdtc.

Ln er cr te ocup te `dtc, tbc tcxt ls cnrlabc` oy tbc mdny icms oetb tbcerctladj dn`cmplrladj tbdt drc sadttcrc` tbreuibeut tbc salcntla jltcrdturc.Ln er cr te ocadptlvdtlni, tbc tcxt trlcs te stdrtjc tbc rcd`cr ds muab ds pesslojc. _cd`-

lni d oeek en icncrdj pbyslas sbeuj` oc jlkc ielni te d mdila sbew. Yc wdtab, wc drcdstenlsbc`, wc è net ocjlcvc eur cycs, wc tblnk, dn` ndjjy wc un`crstdn` tbc trlak.Ybcn wc jeek dt ndturc, wc egcn bdvc tbc sdmc cxpcrlcnac. Ln`cc`, cvcry pdic prcscntsdt jcdst enc surprlsc er preveadtlen er tbc rcd`cr te tblnk doeut. Numcreus lntcrcstlniabdjjcnics drc prepesc`.

Pc mette e tbc tcxt,`lc Mcnsabcn strkcn, `lc Qdabcn kjrcn, d dmeus stdtcmcnt oyBdrtmut ven Bcntli en pc`dieiy, trdnsjdtcs ds8 e ertly pcepjc, te ajdrly tblnis. Ajdr-lylni tblnis dn` d`bcrlni enjy te tbc trutb rcqulrcs aeurdic, ds abdnilni tbc bdoltse tbeuibt preùacs cdr, egcn bl``cn oy dnicr. Out oy evcraemlni eur cdrs wc irew

ln strcnitb. Dn` wc cxpcrlcnac lntcnsc dn` ocdutluj cmetlens. Djj ircdt d`vcnturcs lnjlc djjew tbls, dn` cxpjerlni metlen ls enc e tbcm. Cnhey lt.

Munlab, Hunc .

* Glrst mevc, tbcn tcdab. Ln me`crn jdniudics, tbc mcntlenc` typc emevlni(tbc bcdrt) ls adjjc`metlvdt-lni; oetb tcrms ie odak te tbc sdmc Jdtln reet.

MetlenMeuntdlnPbcD`vcnturcegVbyslas

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yrlibtAbrlstepbQabljjcrHunc4


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Idjljcdn pbyslas, bcdt dn` cjcatrlalty

D`vcnturcs8spert, musla, sdljlni, aeeklni,

`csarlolni ocduty dn` un`crstdn`lni lts erliln(vej. L), uslni cjcatrlalty, jlibt dn` aemputcrs,

un`crstdn`lni tbc ordln dn` pcepjc (vej. LLL).

Qpcaldj rcjdtlvlty

D`vcnturcs8 jlibt,

mdinctlsm, jcnitb

aentrdatlen, tlmc

`ljdtlen dn`C6 = ma

? (vej. LL).

Tudntum tbcery

D`vcnturcs8`cdtb,

rcpreùatlen, olejeiy,

abcmlstry, cvejutlen,

cnheylni aejeurs dn`drt, djj blib-tcab

ouslncss, mc`lalnc

(vej. LW dn` W).

Tudntumtbcery wltb irdvlty

D`vcnturcs8oeunalni

ncutrens, un`cr-

stdn`lni trcc

irewtb (vej. W).

Glndj, unlglc` `csarlptlen eg

metlen D`vcnturcs8un`crstdn`lni

metlen, lntcnsc hey wltb

tblnklni, adjaujdtlni

aeupjlnis dn`

mdsscs, adtablni

d ijlmpsc

eg ojlss (vej. WL).

I a b, c, k

VB\QLAQ8

@csarlolni metlenwltb tbc jcdst datlen prlnalpjc.

Tudntum glcj` tbcery

D`vcnturcs8oulj`lni

daacjcrdters, un`cr-

stdn`lni qudrks, stdrs,

oemos dn` tbc odsls egjlgc, mdttcr, rd`ldtlen

(vej. W).

Bew ècvcry`dy,

gdst dn` jdric

tblnis mevc5

Bew è smdjj

tblnis mevc5

Ybdt drc tblnis5

Yby ecs metlen

eaaur5 Ybdt drc

spdac, tlmc dn`

qudntum pdrtlajcs5

Icncrdj rcjdtlvlty

D`vcnturcs8tbc

nlibt sky, mcdsu-

rlni aurvc` spdac,

cxpjerlni ojdak

bejcs dn` tbc

unlvcrsc, spdacdn` tlmc (vej. LL).

Ajdssladj irdvlty

D`vcnturcs8

ajlmolni, skllni,

spdac trdvcj,

tbc wen`crs egdstrenemy dn`

icejeiy (vej. L).

G LI S_ C 4 D aempjctc mdp eg pbyslas8 tbc aenncatlens drc `cfflnc` oy tbc spcc` eg jlibt a, tbcirdvltdtlendj aenstdntI, tbc Vjdnak aenstdntb, tbc Oejtzmdnn aenstdntk dn` tbc cjcmcntdry abdricc.

D

Jcdrnlni wl`cns knewjcìc, lmprevcs lntcjjlicnac dn` djjews us te `lsaevcr wbdt kln` epcrsen wc adn oc. Jcdrnlni rem d oeek, cspcaldjjy enc doeut ndturc, sbeuj` oc cfialcntdn` cnheydojc. Pc mest lncfialcnt dn` tbc mest tc`leus jcdrnlni mctbe` ls te usc dmdrkcr te un`crjlnc tcxt8 lt ls d wdstc e tlmc, prevl`cs djsc aemert dn` mdkcs tbc tcxtunrcd`dojc. Neoe`y mdrklni tcxt ls jcdrnlni cfialcntjy er ls cnheylni lt.

Ln my cxpcrlcnac ds d stu`cnt dn` tcdabcr, enc jcdrnlni mctbe` ncvcr dljc` te trdns-erm unsuaacssuj pupljs lnte suaacssuj encs8 l yeu rcd` d tcxt er stu`y, summdrlzccvcry scatlen yeu rcd`, ln yeur ewn wer`s dn` lmdics, djeu`. L yeu drc undojc te èse, rcd` tbc scatlen didln. _cpcdt tbls untlj yeu adn ajcdrjy summdrlzc wbdt yeu rcd`


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ln yeur ewn wer`s dn` lmdics, djeu`. \eu adn è tbls djenc er wltb rlcn`s, ln d reemer wbljc wdjklni. L yeu è tbls wltb cvcrytblni yeu rcd`, yeu wljj rcùac yeur jcdrnlnidn` rcd`lni tlmc slinladntjy, cnhey jcdrnlni rem iee` tcxts muab merc dn` bdtc od`

tcxts muab jcss. Mdstcrs e tbc mctbe` adn usc lt cvcn wbljc jlstcnlni te d jcaturc, ln djew velac, tbus dvel`lni te cvcr tdkc netcs.

D

D tcdabcr jlkcs pupljs dn` jlkcs te jcd` tbcm lnte cxpjerlni tbc cj` bc abesc. Bls er bcrcntbusldsm er tbc heo ls tbc kcy te heo sdtlsdatlen. L yeu drc d tcdabcr, ocerc tbc stdrt ed jcssen, platurc, ccj dn` tcjj yeurscj bew yeu cnhey tbc tepla e tbc jcssen; tbcn platurc,ccj dn` tcjj yeurscj bew yeu wljj jcd` cdab e yeur pupljs lnte cnheylni tbdt tepla dsmuab ds yeu è. @e tbls cxcralsc aensaleusjy, cvcry tlmc. \eu wljj mlnlmlzc treuojc lnyeur ajdss dn` mdxlmlzc yeur tcdablni suaacss.

Pls oeek ls net wrlttcn wltb cxdms ln mln`; lt ls wrlttcn te mdkc tcdabcrs dn` stu-`cntsun`crstdn`dn`cnheypbyslas, tbc salcnac e metlen.

S

Mdrilndj netcs rccr te olojleirdpbla rccrcnacs, te etbcr pdics er te abdjjcnic sejutlens.Ln tbc aejeur c`ltlen, suab netcs dn` djse tbc pelntcrs te eetnetcs dn` te etbcr wcosltcsdrc typcsct ln irccn. Ln tbc rcc p` c`ltlen, djj irccn jlnks drc ajlakdojc. Pc p` c`ltlendjse aentdlns djj jms; tbcy adn oc wdtabc` ln Dèoc _cd`cr.

Qejutlens dn` blnts erabdjjcnicsdrc ilvcn ln tbc dppcn`lx. Abdjjcnics drc ajdsslc`ds rcscdrab jcvcj (r), `lfiaujt (`), stdn`dr stu`cnt jcvcj (s) dn` cdsy (c). Abdjjcnics er

wblab ne sejutlen bds yct occn lnaju`c` ln tbc oeek drc mdrkc` (ny).Jlnks en tbc lntcrnct tcn` te `lsdppcdr wltb tlmc. Mest jlnks adn oc rcaevcrc` vld

www.drablvc.eri,wblab kccps d aepy e ej` lntcrnct pdics.

G

Pls tcxt ls dn` wljj rcmdln rcc te èwnjed` rem tbc lntcrnct. L weuj` oc `cjlibtc` tercaclvc dn cmdlj rem yeu dt oFmetlenmeuntdln.nct, cspcaldjjy en tbc ejjewlni lssucs8

Ybdt wds unajcdr dn` sbeuj` oc lmprevc`5Abdjjcnic 4 s Ybdt stery, tepla, rl``jc, platurc er jm `l` yeu mlss5

Ln er`cr te slmpjly dnnetdtlens, tbc p` jc djjews d``lni ycjjew stlakcr netcs ln Dèoc_cd`cr. Bcjp en tbc spcala pelnts jlstc` en tbc www.metlenmeuntdln.nct/bcjp.btmjwco pdic drc pdrtlaujdrjy wcjaemc. Djj ccòdak wljj oc usc` te lmprevc tbc ncxt c`ltlen.En ocbdj e djj rcd`crs, tbdnk yeu ln d`vdnac er yeur lnput. Ger d pdrtlaujdrjy uscujaentrloutlen yeu wljj oc mcntlenc` l yeu wdnt ln tbc daknewjcìcmcnts, rcaclvc drcwdr`, er oetb.

\eur èndtlen te tbc abdrltdojc, tdx-cxcmpt nen-pret eridnlsdtlen tbdt preùacs,trdnsjdtcs dn` puojlsbcs tbls oeek scrlcs ls wcjaemc! Ger `ctdljs, scc tbc wco pdic www.metlenmeuntdln.nct/èndtlen.btmj. Pc Icrmdn tdx efiac abcaks tbc prepcr usc e


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yeur `endtlen. L yeu wdnt, yeur ndmc wljj oc lnaju`c` ln tbc spenser jlst. Pdnk yeu lnd`vdnac er yeur bcjp, en ocbdj e djj rcd`crs daress tbc werj`.

Pc p` vcrslen e tbls oeek, wltb cmoc``c` jms, ls dvdljdojc er rcc dt www.

metlenmeuntdln.nct. Pc pdpcr c`ltlen e tbls oeek ls djse dvdljdojc. Lt ls `cjlvcrc`oy mdlj te dny d``rcss e yeur abelac dn` adn oc er`crc` dtwww.dmdzen.aem,www.arcdtcspdac.aemerwww.juju.aem.Dn` new, cnhey tbc rcd`lni.


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A

M Pc cstcats e tbc qudntum e datlen en rcst Pc aenscqucnacs e tbc qudntume datlen er eohcats Yby qudntum5 Pc cstcat e tbc qudntum e datlenen metlen Pc surprlscs e tbc qudntum e datlen rdnsermdtlen, jlcdn` @cmearltus _dnèmncss d aenscqucnac e tbc qudntum e datlen Ydvcs d aenscqucnac e tbc qudntum e datlen Vdrtlajcs d aenscqucnac etbc qudntum e datlen Tudntum lnermdtlen Aurlesltlcs dn` un abdj-jcnics doeut tbc qudntum e datlen Pc `dnicrs e ouylni d adn e ocdns D summdry8 qudntum pbyslas, tbc jdw dn` lnèatrlndtlen

J Bew è dlnt jdmps ocbdvc5 Vbetens Ybdt ls jlibt5 Pc slzce pbetens Drc pbetens aeuntdojc5 Qqucczc` jlibt Pc pesltlens

e pbetens Drc pbetens ncacssdry5 Lntcrcrcnac8 bew adn d wdvc ocmd`c up e pdrtlajcs5 Lntcrcrcnac e d slnijc pbeten _ccatlendn` `lstrdatlen `cùac` rem pbeten drrews _crdatlen dn` pdrtldj rccatlenrem pbeten drrews Grem pbetens te wdvcs Adn jlibt mevc dstcr tbdnjlibt5 Wlrtudj pbetens Ln`ctcrmlnday e cjcatrla fflcj`s Aurlesltlcs dnùn abdjjcnics doeut pbetens D summdry en jlibt8 pdrtlajc dn` wdvc

M Ylnc ijdsscs, pcnaljs dn` dtems ne rcst Ne lnfflnltc prcalslen Aeejids Gjews dn` tbc qudntlzdtlen e mdttcr Gjul` ews dn` qudn-tens Kneaklni tdojcs dn` qudntlzc` aenùatlvlty Mdttcr qudntens dn`tbclr metlen mdttcr wdvcs Mdss dn` daacjcrdtlen e qudntens Ybydrc dtems net dt5 Yby è sbdpcs cxlst5 _etdtlen, qudntlzdtlen e dniujdr

memcntum, dn` tbc jdak e nertb pejcs _etdtlen e qudntens Qljvcr,Qtcrn dn` Icrjdab pejdrlzdtlen e qudntens Aurlesltlcs dn` un abdjjcnicsdoeut qudntum mdttcr Glrst summdry en tbcmetlen e qudntum pdrtlajcs

Qtdtcs dn` mcdsurcmcnts Wlsudjlzlni tbc wdvc unatlen8 retdtlni drrews dn`preodoljlty ajeu`s Pc stdtc cvejutlen tbc Qabr`lnicr cqudtlen Qcj-lntcrcrcnac e qudntens Pc spcc` e qudntens @lspcrslen e qudn-tens unncjjlni dn` jlmlts en mcmery `dmplni e qudntens Pcqudntum pbdsc Adn twe pbetens lntcrcrc5 Adn twe cjcatren ocdmslntcrcrc5 Drc tbcrc aebcrcnt cjcatren ocdms5 Pc jcdst datlen prlnalpjc lnqudntum pbyslas Pc metlen e qudntens wltb spln _cjdtlvlstla wdvccqudtlens Aempesltc vs. cjcmcntdry qudntens Aurlesltlcs dn` un

abdjjcnics doeut qudntum metlen e mdttcr D summdry en metlen equdntens

V 5@lstlniulsblni mdaresaepla eohcats @lstlniulsblni dtems Ybyècs ln`lstlniulsbdoljlty dppcdr ln ndturc5 Adn qudntum pdrtlajcs ocaeuntc`5 Ybdt ls pcrmutdtlen symmctry5 Ln`lstlniulsbdoljlty dn`wdvc unatlen symmctry Pc ocbdvleur e pbetens Ounablni dn`dntlounablni Pc cncriy `cpcn`cnac e pcrmutdtlen symmctry Ln-`lstlniulsbdoljlty ln qudntum fflcj` tbcery Bew daaurdtcjy ls pcrmutdtlen


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symmctry vcrlfflc`5 Aeplcs, ajencs dn` ijevcs Qummdry

_ Tudntum pdrtlajcs dn` symmctry ypcs e qudntum pdrtlajcs Qpln4/? dn` tctbcrc` eohcats Pc cxtcnslen e tbc ocjt trlak Dnicjs, Vdujlscxajuslen prlnalpjc dn` tbc bdr`ncss e mdttcr Ls spln d retdtlen doeut dndxls5 _etdtlen rcqulrcs dntlpdrtlajcs Yby ls cnalni wltb jdscr ocdmslmpesslojc5 Qpln, stdtlstlas dn` aempesltlen Pc slzc dn` `cnslty emdttcr D summdry en spln dn` ln`lstlniulsbdoljlty Jlmlts dn` epcnqucstlens e qudntum stdtlstlas

Q -

Yby drc pcepjc cltbcr `cd` er djlvc5 Mdaresaepla supcrpesltlens, aebcrcnacdn` lnaebcrcnac @caebcrcnac ls ùc te odtbs Bew odtbs jcd` te `c-aebcrcnac sadttcrlni Bew odtbs jcd` te `caebcrcnac rcjdxdtlen Qummdry en `caebcrcnac, jlc dn` `cdtb Ybdt ls d systcm5 Ybdt ls dn eo-

hcat5 Ls qudntumtbcerynen-jeadj5 D oltdoeut tbc ClnstclnVeèjsky_escnpdrdèx Aurlesltlcs dn` un abdjjcnics doeut supcrpesltlens Yby èpreodoljltlcs dn` wdvc unatlen aejjdpsc dppcdr ln mcdsurcmcnts5 Yby lsncacssdry er preodoljltlcs5 Bl``cn vdrldojcs Qummdry en preodoljl-tlcs dn` `ctcrmlnlsm Ybdt ls tbc lstcrcnac octwccn spdac dn` tlmc5 Drc wc iee` eoscrvcrs5 Ybdt rcjdtcs lnermdtlen tbcery, aryptejeiy dn`

qudntum tbcery5 Ls tbc unlvcrsc d aemputcr5 @ecs tbc unlvcrsc bdvcd wdvc unatlen5 Dn` lnltldj aen`ltlens5

A Pc aduscs e aejeur Sslni tbc rdlnoew te `ctcrmlnc wbdt stdrs drc md`ce Ybdt `ctcrmlncs tbc aejeurs e dtems5 Pc slzc e dtems Pc sbdpc e dtems _cjdtlvlstla by`reicn _cjdtlvlstla wdvc cqudtlens didln Icttlni d fflrst ccjlni er tbc @lrda cqudtlen Dntlmdttcr Wlrtudj pdrtlajcs Aurlesltlcs dn` un abdjjcnics doeut aejeur Mdtcrldjprepcrtlcs Pc strcnitb e cjcatremdinctlsm D summdry en aejeursdn` mdtcrldjs

T Vbysladj rcsujts e qudntum tbcery _csujts en metlen e qudntum pdr-tlajcs Dablcvcmcnts ln daaurday dn` prcalslen Ls qudntum tbcerymdila5 Tudntum tbcery ls cxdat, out adn è merc

S, QL unlts Pc mcdnlni e mcdsurcmcnt Vjdnaks ndturdj unlts Etbcr unlt systcms Aurlesltlcs dn` un abdjjcnics doeut unlts Vrc-

alslen dn` daaurday e mcdsurcmcnts Jlmlts te prcalslen Vbysladjaenstdnts Sscuj numocrs

N Numocrs ds mdtbcmdtladj struaturcs Aempjcx numocrs Tudtcr-nlens Eatenlens Etbcr typcs e numocrs Grem vcater spdacste Bljocrt spdacs Mdtbcmdtladj aurlesltlcs dn` un abdjjcnics

A

O


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AGljm arc`lts Lmdic arc`lts

N

Q


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14/274

T A

Ln eur qucst te un`crstdn` bew tblnis mevc,

wc `lsaevcr tbdt tbcrc ls d smdjjcst abdnic vdjuc ln ndturc,

lmpjylni tbdt metlen ls uzzy,

tbdt oexcs drc ncvcr tlibt,

tbdt mdttcr ls aempesc` e cjcmcntdry unlts,

dn` tbdt jlibt dn` lntcrdatlens drc strcdms e pdrtlajcs.

Pc smdjjcst abdnic vdjuc cxpjdlns wby dntlmdttcr cxlsts,

wby pdrtlajcs drc unjlkc ijevcs,

wby aepylni mdablncs `e net cxlst,

wby preodoljltlcs drc rcdsendojc,

dn` bew djj aejeurs ln ndturc drc ermc`.


15/274

A

MLNLMSM DAPLEN TSDNPSM

PBCE_\ GE_ VECPQ

Ndturd [ln epcrdtlenlous suls] nen dalt sdjtus.*

tb acntury

A Metlen Meuntdln up te tbls pelnt, wc aempjctc` tbrcc jcis. Yc

dmc daress Idjljces mcabdnlas (tbc `csarlptlen e metlen er kl`s), tbcnentlnuc` wltb Clnstclns rcjdtlvlty (tbc `csarlptlen e metlen er salcnac-atlen

cntbusldsts), dn` ndjjy cxpjerc` Mdxwcjjs cjcatre`yndmlas (tbc `csarlptlen e metlener ouslncss pcepjc). Pcsc tbrcc ajdssladj `csarlptlens e metlen drc lmprcsslvc, ocdutl-uj dn` uscuj. Bewcvcr, tbcy bdvc d smdjj preojcm8 tbcy drc wreni. Pc rcdsen ls slmpjc8nenc e tbcm `csarlocsjlc.

Ybcncvcr wc eoscrvc d ewcr er d outtcry, suab ds tbesc eGliurc , wc cnhey tbcorlibt aejeurs, tbc metlen, tbc wlj` smcjj, tbc seg dn` `cjladtc sbdpc er tbc nc `ctdljse tbclr symmctrlcs. Nenc e tbcsc prepcrtlcs ls cxpjdlnc` oy tbc tbrcc ajdssladj `csarlp-tlens e ndturc; ncltbcr è tbc ajdssladj csarlptlen cxpjdln tbc lmprcsslen tbdt tbc ewcrmdkcs en eur scnscs. Ajdssladj pbyslas adn `csarloc acrtdln dspcats e tbc scnsdtlens, out

lt adnnet cxpjdln tbclr erlilns. dkc dny cxdmpjc e d pjcdsdnt sltudtlen,** suab ds d ocdu-tluj cvcnlni sky, d wdtcrdjj, d adrcss er d bdppy ablj`. Ajdssladj pbyslas ls net dojc tecxpjdln lt8Abdjjcnic ? s tbc aejeurs, sbdpcs dn` slzcs lnvejvc` rcmdln mystcrleus. Ger dn cxpjdndtlen,wc ncc`qudntum tbcery. Ln dat, wc wljj `lsaevcr tbdt oetbjlcdn`cvcry typc e pjcdsurcdrc cxdmpjcs e qudntum metlen.

Ln tbc cdrjy `dys e pbyslas, tbc lmpessloljlty te `csarloc jlc dn` pjcdsurc wds netsccn ds d sbertaemlni, ocadusc ncltbcr scnscs ner mdtcrldj prepcrtlcs wcrc tbeuibt teoc rcjdtc` te metlen dn` pjcdsurc wds net aensl`crc` d scrleus suohcat e lnvcstlidtlener d rcspcatdojc rcscdrabcr dnywdy. Bewcvcr, wc bdvc slnac jcdrnc`Wej. L, pdic 194 tbdt eur scnscs eteuab, smcjj dn` slibt drc prlmdrljy`ctcaters e metlen. Yltbeut metlen, tbcrc weuj` ocne scnscs. Gurtbcrmerc, djj `ctcaters drc md`c e mdttcr. @urlni tbc cxpjerdtlen en cjca-tremdinctlsm wc ocidn te un`crstdn` tbdt djj prepcrtlcs e mdttcr drc ùc te metlense abdric` aenstltucnts. @cnslty, stlstncss, aejeur dn` djj etbcr mdtcrldj prepcrtlcs rcsujtrem tbc cjcatremdinctla ocbdvleur e tbc Jcie orlaks e mdttcr8Wej. LLL, pdic ?6? ndmcjy, tbc mejcaujcs,tbc dtems dn` tbc cjcatrens. Pus, tbc prepcrtlcs e mdttcr drc djse aenscqucnacs e me-tlen. Mercevcr, wc sdw tbdt tbcsc tlny aenstltucnts drc netaerrcatjyWej. LLL, pdic ?47 `csarloc` oy ajdssladjcjcatre yndmlas. Yc cvcn eun` tbdt jlibt ltscj ècs net ocbdvc ajdssladjjy.Wej. LLL, pdic 412 Pcrcerc tbc

* Ndturc [ln lts werklnis] mdkcs ne_cg. 4 humps.** Pc pbeteirdpb enpdic sbews d cmdjc ijew werm,Jdmpyrls neatljuad, ds aemmenjy eun` ln tbcSnltc` Klnièm ( Hebn yjcr,www.hebntyjcr.ae.uk/iwdats.btm).


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G LI S_ C ? Cxdmpjcs eg qudntum mdablncs ( Jln`d `c Wej`cr).

lndoljlty e ajdssladj pbyslas te `csarloc mdttcr, jlibt dn` tbc scnscs ls ln`cc` ùc te lts

lntrlnsla jlmltdtlens.Ln dat, cvcry dljurc e ajdssladj pbyslas adn oc trdac` odak te d slnijc, un`dmcntdj

`lsaevcry md`c ln oy_cg. ? Mdx Vjdnak8*

Ln ndturc, datlen vdjucs smdjjcr tbdn =4.67 4610 Hsdrc net eoscrvc`.Djj dttcmpts te eoscrvc pbysladj datlens vdjucs smdjjcr tbdn tbls dlj. **Ln etbcr wer`s,

* Mdx Vjdnak (), precsser e pbyslas ln Ocrjln, wds d acntrdj ffliurc ln tbcrmestdtlas. Bc `lsaev-crc` dn` ndmc` tbcOejtzmdnn aenstdntkdn` tbcqudntum e datlenb, egcn adjjc` Vjdnaks aenstdnt. Blslntreùatlen e tbc qudntum bypetbcsls idvc olrtb te qudntum tbcery. Bc djse md`c tbc werks e Clnstcln

knewn ln tbc pbysladj aemmunlty, dn` jdtcr eridnlzc` d heo er blm ln Ocrjln. Bc rcaclvc` tbc Neocj Vrlzcer pbyslas ln . Bc wds dn lmpertdnt ffliurc ln tbc Icrmdn salcntlffla cstdojlsbmcnt; bc djse wds enc etbc vcry cw wbe bd` tbc aeurdic te tcjj Dèj Bltjcrdac te dactbdt lt wds d od` l`cd te fflrc Hcwlsb pre-cssers. (Bc iet dn eutourst e dnicr ds dnswcr.) Gdmeusjy me`cst, wltb mdny trdic`lcs ln bls pcrsendj jlc,bc wds cstccmc` oy cvcryoe`y wbe kncw blm.** Ln dat, tbls stery ls d sjlibt slmpjlffladtlen8 tbc aenstdnt erlilndjjy lntreùac` oy Vjdnak wds tbc (unrc-ùac`) aenstdntb= ?. Pc dater?jcd`lni te tbc fflndj qudntum prlnalpjc wds eun` semcwbdt jdtcr,oy etbcr rcscdrabcrs.

Plssemcwbdt unaenvcntlendj, out `l`datladjjy uscuj, dppredab te qudntum tbcery ls ùc te NlcjsOebr.Newd`dys, lt ls bdr`jy cvcr cnaeuntcrc` ln tbc jltcrdturc, `cspltc lts slmpjlalty._cg. 1, _cg. 0


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G LI S_ C 1 Mdx Vjdnak (42324


18/274

PD O J C 4 Bew te aenvlnac yeurscjg dn` etbcrs tbdt tbcrc ls d mlnlmum

datlen, er mlnlmum abdnic ln ndturc. Aempdrc tbls tdojc wltb tbc twetdojcs ln vejumc LL, tbdt doeut mdxlmum spcc` en pdic ?7, dn` tbdt

doeut mdxlmum gerac en pdic467.

L M

Pc smdjjcst datlen vdjuclseoscrvcr-lnvdrldnt

abcak djj eoscrvdtlens

Jeadj abdnic er datlen vdjucs :drc net eoscrvc`

abcak djj eoscrvdtlens

Jeadj abdnic er datlen vdjucs :adnnet oc preùac`

abcak djj dttcmpts

Jeadj abdnic er datlen vdjucs :adnnet oc lmdilnc`

sejvc djj pdrdèxcs

D smdjjcst jeadj abdnic er datlen

vdjucls aenslstcnt

`cùac qudntum tbcery

rem lt sbew tbdt djjaenscqucnacs, bewcvcrwclr`, drc aenfflrmc` oyeoscrvdtlen

e tbls smdjjcst abdnic, bewcvcr wclr` tbcy mdy oc, dppjy te ndturc. Ln dat, tbls cxpje-rdtlen aenstltutcs djj e qudntum pbyslas. Pcrcerc, tbcsc abcaks drc djj wc è ln tbcrcmdlnlni e tbls pdrt e eur d`vcnturc. Out ocerc wc cxpjerc semc e tbc cxpcrlmcntstbdt aenrm tbc cxlstcnac e d smdjjcst abdnic, wc `lrcatjy prcscnt semc e lts mercsurprlslni aenscqucnacs.

Qlnac datlen ls d mcdsurc e abdnic, d mlnlmum eoscrvdojc datlen mcdns tbdt twe sua-acsslvc eoscrvdtlens e tbc sdmc systcm djwdys `lstcr oy dt jcdst. Ln cvcry systcm, tbcrcls djwdyssemctblnibdppcnlni. Ds d aenscqucnac wc n`8

Ln ndturctbcrc ls ne rcst.Cvcrytblni mevcs, djj tbc tlmc, dt jcdst d jlttjc olt.Vdic 43 Ndturd dalt sdjtus.*ruc, tbcsc humpsdrc tlny, ds ls tee smdjj te oc eoscrvdojc oy dny e eur scnscs. Ncvcrtbcjcss, rcst adnoc eoscrvc` enjy mdaresaepladjjy, dn` enjy ds d jeni-tlmc er mdny-pdrtlajc dvcrdic. Ger

cxdmpjc, tbc qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs tbdt ln d meuntdln dn drabctypdj systcm dtrcst djj tbc dtems dn` cjcatrens drc aentlnudjjy ouzzlni dreun`. Ln sbert,

Pcrc ls metlenlnsl`c mdttcr.Qlnac tbcrc ls d mlnlmum datlen er djj eoscrvcrs, dn` slnac tbcrc ls ne rcst, wc `c-

ùac8

* Ndturc mdkcs humps.


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Ln ndturctbcrc ls ne pcrcatjy strdlibt er pcrcatjy unlerm metlen.Gerict djj yeu bdvc jcdrnt se dr8 Lncrtldj metlen ls dn dpprexlmdtlen! Dn eohcat adn

mevc ln strdlibt, unlerm metlen enjy dpprexlmdtcjy, dn` enjy wbcn eoscrvc` evcr jeni`lstdnacs er jeni tlmcs. Yc wljj scc jdtcr tbdt tbc merc mdsslvc tbc eohcat ls, tbc octtcrtbc dpprexlmdtlen ls. (Adn yeu aenrm tbls5)Abdjjcnic 0 s Qe mdaresaepla eoscrvcrs adn stljj tdjkdoeut spdac-tlmc symmctrlcs; dn spcaldjrcjdtlvlty adn tbus oc rcaenaljc` wltb qudntumtbcery.

Djse rcc djj, er metlen djeni d ice`csla, cxlsts enjy ds d jeni-tlmc dvcrdic. Qe icn-crdjrcjdtlvlty, wblab ls odsc` en tbc cxlstcnac e rccjy-djjlni eoscrvcrs, adnnet oc aer-rcat wbcn datlens e tbc er`cr e drc lnvejvc`. Ln`cc`, tbc rcaenaljldtlen e tbc qudn-tum prlnalpjc wltb icncrdj rcjdtlvlty dn` tbus wltb aurvc` spdac ls d oli abdjjcnic.(Pc sejutlen ls slmpjc enjy er wcdk, cvcry`dy cj`s.) Pc lssucs lnvejvc` drc se mln`-sbdttcrlni tbdt tbcy erm d scpdrdtc, ndj, pdrt e tbls meuntdln dsacnt. Yc tbus cxpjerc

sltudtlens wltbeut irdvlty rst.

Bdvc yeu cvcr wen`crc` wby jcdvcs drc irccn5 \eu preodojy knew tbdt tbcy drc irccnocadusc tbcy dosero ojuc (sbert-wdvcjcnitb) dn` rc` (jeni-wdvcjcnitb) jlibt, wbljc dj-jewlni irccn (mc`lum-wdvcjcnitb) jlibt te oc rccatc`. Bew adn d systcm jtcr eut tbcsmdjj dn` tbc jdric, dn` jct tbc ml``jc pdss tbreuib5 e è se, jcdvcs must semcbewmcdsurctbc rcqucnay. Out wc bdvc sccn tbdt ajdssladj pbyslas ècs net djjew mcdsurc-mcnt e tlmc (er jcnitb) lntcrvdjs, ds dny mcdsurcmcnt rcqulrcs d mcdsurcmcnt unlt,dn` ajdssladj pbyslas ècs net djjew suab unlts te oc `cnc`.Wej. L, pdic 1


20/274

cstcat! Ln pdrtlaujdr, wltbeut tbc qudntum e datlen, esaljjdtlens dn` wdvcs aeuj` netcxlst8

Cvcry aejeur ls d qudntum cstcat.Out tbls*ls net djj. Vjdnak djse rcdjlzc` tbdt tbc qudntum e datlen djjews us te un`cr-stdn` tbcslzce djj tblnis.

Cvcry slzc ls d qudntum cstcat.Adn yeu n` tbc aemolndtlen ea ,I dn` tbdt ylcj`s dAbdjjcnic 9 c jcnitb5 Yltb tbc qudntum edatlen, lt wds ndjjy pesslojc te `ctcrmlnc tbc mdxlmum slzc e meuntdlns, e trccs dnè bumdns.Wej. L, pdic 146 Vjdnak kncw tbdt tbc qudntum e datlen aenrmc` wbdt Idjljce bd` djrcd`y`cùac` jeni ocerc blm8 tbdt slzcs drc ùc te un`dmcntdj, smdjjcst sadjcs ln ndturc.

Pc slzc e eohcats ls rcjdtc` te tbc slzc e dtems. Ln turn, tbc slzc e dtems ls d `lrcataenscqucnac e tbc qudntum e datlen. Adn yeu `crlvc dn dpprexlmdtlen er tbc slzce dtems, knewlni tbdt lt ls ilvcn oy tbc metlen e cjcatrens e mdss mc dn` abdric c ,aenstrdlnc` oy tbc qudntum e datlen5Abdjjcnic 2 s Pls aenncatlen, d slmpjc ermujd, wds `lsaevcrc`ln oy Drtbur Crlab Bdds, ycdrs ocerc qudntum tbcery wds ermujdtc`.

Dtem slzcs drc qudntum cstcats.Dt tbc tlmc, Bdds wds wl`cjy rl`laujc`.**Newd`dys, bls ermujd er tbc slzc e dtems lseun` ln djj tcxtoeeks, lnaju lniVdic 497 tbls enc. Ln `ctcrmlnlni tbc slzc e dtems, tbc qudntume datlen bds dnetbcr lmpertdnt aenscqucnac8

Iujjlvcrs trdvcjs drc lmpesslojc.Pcrc drc ne tlny pcepjc dn` ne ildnt encs. Ajdssladjjy, netblni spcdks didlnst tbc l`cd;out tbc qudntum e datlen prcvcnts lt. Adn yeu suppjy tbc `ctdljc` driumcnt5Abdjjcnic < s

Out l rcst ècs net cxlst, bew adn sbdpcscxlst5 Dny sbdpc e cvcry`dy jlc, lnaju`-lni tbdt e d ewcr, ls tbc rcsujt e oe`y pdrts rcmdlnlni dt rcstwltb rcspcat te cdabetbcr. New, djj sbdpcs rcsujt rem lntcrdatlens octwccn tbc aenstltucnts e mdttcr, dssbewn mest ajcdrjy ln tbc sbdpcs e mejcaujcs. Out bew adn d mejcaujc, suab ds tbc wd-tcr mejcaujc B?E, sbewn lnGliurc ,bdvc d sbdpc5 Ln dat, d mejcaujc ècs net bdvc d

xc`sbdpc, out lts sbdpc uatudtcs, ds weuj` oc cxpcatc` rem tbc qudntum e datlen.@cspltc tbc uatudtlens, cvcry mejcaujc ècs bdvc dn dvcrdicsbdpc, ocadusc `lstcrcnt

dnijcs dn` `lstdnacs aerrcspen` te `lstcrcnt cncrilcs. Didln, tbcsc dvcrdic jcnitb dn`dnijc vdjucs enjy cxlst ocadusc tbc qudntum e datlen ylcj`s un`dmcntdj jcnitb sadjcsln ndturc. Yltbeut tbc qudntum e datlen, tbcrc weuj` ocnesbdpcs ln ndturc.

* Ln dat, lt ls djse pesslojc te `cfflnc djj mcdsurcmcnt unlts ln tcrms e tbc spcc` e jlibta , tbc irdvltdtlendjaenstdntIdn` tbc cjcatren abdricc. Yby ls tbls netAbdjjcnic 7 s ujjy sdtlsdatery5** Ocerc tbc `lsaevcry e , tbc enjy slmpjc jcnitb sadjc er tbc cjcatren wds tbc aemolndtlenc?/(06mca?) 1 m; tbls ls tcn tbeusdn` tlmcs smdjjcr tbdn dn dtem. Yc djse netc tbdt dny jcnitb sadjcaentdlnlnicls d qudntum cstcat, dn` netd ajdssladj jcnitb sadjc, ocaduscc ls tbc qudntum e cjcatrla abdric.


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E

B

B

G LI S_ C 3 Dn drtlsts lmprcsslen eg d wdtcr mejcaujc md`c eg

twl by`reicn (B) dn` enc exyicn (E) dtem.

G LI S_ C 7 Mdx Oern (422?4


22/274

PD O J C ? Qemc smdjj systcms ln metlen dn` tbc eoscrvc` datlen vdjucs ger tbclr abdnics.

Q D M

JlibtQmdjjcst dmeunt e jlibt doseroc` oy d aejeurc` surdac 4 qudntumQmdjjcst lmpdat wbcn jlibt rccats rem mlrrer ? qudntumQmdjjcst aensaleusjy vlslojc dmeunt e jlibt a. 3 qudntumQmdjjcst dmeunt e jlibt doseroc` ln ewcr pctdj 4 qudntumOjdakcnlni e pbeteirdpbla ffljm a. 1 qudntumVbeteirdpbla dsb a. 4649 ajdssladj

Cjcatrlalty

Cjcatren chcatc` rem dtem er mejcaujc a. ? qudntumCjcatren cxtrdatc` rem mctdj a. ? qudntumCjcatren metlen lnsl`c mlarepreacsser a. 7 qudntum

Qlindj trdnspert ln ncrvcs, rem enc mejcaujc te tbc ncxt a. 3 qudntumAurrcnt ew ln jlibtnlni oejt a. 4612 ajdssladj

Mdtcrldjs

cdrlni dpdrt twe ncliboeurlni lren dtems a. ? qudntumOrcdklni d stccj odr a. 4613 ajdssladjOdsla preacss ln supcraenùatlvlty 4 qudntumOdsla preacss ln trdnslsters 4 qudntumOdsla mdinctlzdtlen preacss 4 qudntum

Abcmlstry

Dtem aejjlslen ln jlqul` dt reem tcmpcrdturc 4 qudntum

Qbdpc esaljjdtlen e wdtcr mejcaujc a. 4 3 qudntumQbdpc abdnic e mejcaujc, c.i. ln abcmladj rcdatlen a. 4 3 qudntumQlnijc abcmladj rcdatlen aurjlni d bdlr a. ? 7 qudntumcdrlni dpdrt twe mezzdrcjjd mejcaujcs a. 166 qudntumQmcjjlni enc mejcaujc a. 46 qudntumOurnlni ucj ln d ayjln`cr ln dn dvcrdic adr cnilnc cxpjeslen a. 4619 ajdssladj

Jlc

Dlr mejcaujc blttlni cdr`rum a. ? qudntumQmdjjcst seun` slindj ctcatdojc oy tbc cdr Abdjjcnic 46 nyQlnijc @NDùpjladtlen stcp ùrlni acjj `lvlslen a. 466 qudntumEvujc crtljlzdtlen a. 4640 ajdssladj

Qmdjjcst stcp ln mejcaujdr meter a. 3 qudntumQpcrm metlen oy enc acjj jcnitb a. 4643 ajdssladjAcjj lvlslen a. 464< ajdssladjGrult ys wlni ocdt a. 46?0 ajdssladjVcrsen wdjklni enc oe`y jcnitb a. ? 4617 ajdssladj

Nuajcl dn` stdrs

Nuajcdr uslen rcdatlen ln stdr a. 4 3 qudntumCxpjeslen e idmmd-rdy ourstcr a. 4626 ajdssladj


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Tudntum tbcery drlscs rem tbc cxlstcnac esmdjjcstmcdsurdojc vdjucs ln ndturc,icncrdjlzlni tbc l`cd tbdt Idjljce bd` ln tbc scvcntccntb acntury. Ds `lsaussc` ln `ctdljcdrjlcr en,Wej. L, pdic 162 lt wds Idjljces lnslstcnac en plaaejlsslml qudntl smdjjcst qudntd e mdttcr

tbdt iet blm lnte treuojc. Yc wljj seen `lsaevcr tbdt tbc l`cd e d smdjjcst abdnic ls nca-cssdry er d prcalsc dn` daaurdtc `csarlptlen e mdttcr dn` e ndturc ds d wbejc. PcrcercOern dèptc` Idjljces tcrm er tbc ncw ordnab e pbyslas dn` adjjc` lt Tudntcntbcerlcer tbcery e qudntd. Pc Cnijlsb jdniudic dèptc` tbc Jdtln slniujdr qudntum lnstcdè tbc pjurdj usc` ln mest etbcr jdniudics.

Netc tbdt tbc tcrm qudntum ècs netlmpjy tbdt djj mcdsurcmcnt vdjucs drc mujtlpjcse d smdjjcst enc8 tbls ls se enjy ln d cw adscs.

Tudntum tbcery ls tbc `csarlptlen e mlaresaepla metlen. Tudntum tbcery ls ncacs-sdrywbcncvcr d preacss preùacs dn datlen vdjuc e tbc er`cr e tbc qudntum e datlen.dojc sbews tbdt djj preacsscs en dtemla dn` mejcaujdr sadjcs, lnaju`lni olejeiladjdn` abcmladj preacsscs, drc qudntum preacsscs. Qe è preacsscs e jlibt cmlsslen dn`

doserptlen. Pcsc pbcnemcnd adnenjyoc `csarloc` wltb qudntum tbcery.dojc djse sbews tbdt tbc tcrm mlaresaepla bds d `lstcrcnt mcdnlni er d pbyslalstdn` er d olejeilst. Ger d olejeilst, d systcm ls mlaresaepla l lt rcqulrcs d mlaresaepcer lts eoscrvdtlen. Ger d pbyslalst, d systcm lsmlaresaeplal lts abdrdatcrlstla datlen ls etbc er`cr e tbc qudntum e datlen. Ln etbcr wer`s, er d pbyslalst d systcm ls usudjjy ml-aresaepla l lt lsnet cvcnvlslojc ln d (jlibt) mlaresaepc. e lnarcdsc tbc aenuslen, semcqudntum pbyslalsts newd`dys adjj tbclr ewn ajdss e mlaresaepla systcms mcsesaepla,wbljc etbcrs adjj tbclr systcms ndnesaepla. Oetb tcrms wcrc lntreùac` enjy te dttrdatdttcntlen dn` un`lni8 tbcy drc uscjcss.

Pcrc ls dnetbcr wdy te abdrdatcrlzc tbc `lstcrcnac octwccn d mlaresaepla, er qudntum,systcm dn` d mdaresaepla, er ajdssladj, enc. D smdjjcst datlen lmpjlcs tbdt tbc `lstcrcnacoctwccn tbc datlen vdjucsQe twe suaacsslvc eoscrvdtlens e tbc sdmc systcm, d tlmc tdpdrt, adnnet vdnlsb. Yc bdvc

|Q(t+ t) Q(t)| = |(CC)(t+ t) Ct| = |CttCCt| ?

. ()

Pc dater / drlscs ocadusc d smdjjcst datlen dutemdtladjjy lmpjlcs dn datlen ln`ctcr-mlnday e bdj lts vdjuc. New tbc vdjucs e tbc cncriyC dn` tlmc t out net e (tbcpesltlvc) C er t adn oc sct te zcre l wc abeesc d sultdojc eoscrvcr. Pus, tbc cx-lstcnac e d qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs tbdt ln dny systcm tbc cvejutlen ls aenstrdlnc`

mcabdnlas wltb blsdsslstdnts Ycrncr Bclscnocri dn`Vdsaudj Her`dn,dn` tbcn dppjlc` lt te sadttcrlni, sejl`-stdtc pbyslas, eptlas dn` jlqul s. Bc wds tbc fflrst te un crstdn` tbdt tbc stdtc unatlen `csarlocs d preodoljltydmpjltu`c._cg. 7 Oern dn` Yej teictbcr wretc wbdt ls stljj tbc mdln tcxtoeek en eptlas.

Oern dttrdatc` te Ittlnicn tbc mest orljjldnt tdjcnts e tbc tlmc, rcaclvlni ds vlslters Bun`, Vdujl, Ner -bclm, Eppcnbclmcr, Iecppcrt-Mdycr, Aenèn, Vdujlni, Geak, Grcnkcj, dmm, @lrda, Mett, Kjcln, Bcltjcr,Jenèn, ven Ncumdnn, cjjcr, Ylincr, dn` èzcns e etbcrs. Oclni Hcwlsb, Oern jest bls heo ln , wbcnarlmlndjs teek evcr tbc Icrmdn ievcrnmcnt. Bc cmlirdtc`, dn` ocadmc precsser ln C`lnourib, wbcrc bcstdyc` er ycdrs. Vbyslas dt Ittlnicn ncvcr rcaevcrc` rem tbls jess. Ger bls cjual`dtlen e tbc mcdnlnie tbc wdvc unatlen bc rcaclvc` tbc Neocj Vrlzc ln Vbyslas.


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G LI S_ C 9 Ycrncr Bclscnocri (4


25/274

sufialcnt er lts `csarlptlen. Qe cvcn tbeuib ajdssladj pbyslas dssumcs tbdt tbcrc drcnemcdsurcmcnt ln`ctcrmlndalcs ln ndturc, d systcm ls ajdssladjenjy l lts ln`ctcrmlndalcsdrcjdricaempdrc` te tbc mlnlmum pesslojc encs!

Ln sbert, qudntum tbcery ls ncacssdry wbcncvcr wc try te mcdsurc semc qudntlty dsprcalscjy ds pesslojc. Ln dat, cvcry mcdsurcmcnt ls ltscj d qudntum preacss. Dn` tbcln`ctcrmlnday rcjdtlen lmpjlcs tbdt mcdsurcmcnt prcalslen ls jlmltc . Pc qudntum edatlen sbews tbdtmetlen adnnet oc eoscrvc` te lnnltc prcalslen. Ln etbcr wer`s, tbc ml-aresaepla werj` lsuzzy. Pls dat bds mdny lmpertdnt aenscqucnacs dn` mdny strdnicencs. Ger cxdmpjc, l metlen adnnet oc eoscrvc` wltb lnnltc prcalslen, tbc vcry aen-acpt e metlen ncc`s te oc bdn`jc` wltb ircdt adrc, ds lt adnnet oc dppjlc` ln acrtdlnsltudtlens. Ln d scnsc, tbc rcst e eur qucst ls hust dn cxpjerdtlen e tbc lmpjladtlens etbls rcsujt.

Ln dat, ds jeni ds spdac-tlmc ls dt, lt turns eut tbdt wc adn rctdln tbc aenacpt emetlen te `csarloc eoscrvdtlens, prevl`c` wc rcmdln dwdrc e tbc jlmltdtlens lmpjlc`

oy tbc qudntum prlnalpjc.

Pc qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs d uzzlncss e djj metlen. Pls uzzlncss djse lmpjlcstbc cxlstcnac e sbert-tlmc `cvldtlens rem cncriy, memcntum dn` dniujdr-memcntumaenscrvdtlen ln mlaresaepla systcms. Ger icncrdj dssurdnac lt must oc strcssc` tbdt erjeni eoscrvdtlen tlmcs surcjy er djj tlmcs jenicr tbdn d mlarescaen` aenscrvdtlenbej`s. Out ln tbc rst pdrt e eur meuntdln dsacnt,Wej. L, pdic ?4< wc rcdjlzc` tbdt dny typc e nen-aenscrvdtlen lmpjlcs tbc cxlstcnac esurprlscsln ndturc. Ycjj, bcrc drc semc e tbcm.

Qlnac prcalscjy unlerm metlen `ecs net cxlst, d systcm mevlni ln enc `lmcnslenenjy suab ds tbc bdn` e d ajeak djwdys bds tbc pessloljlty e mevlni d olt ln tbc

eppesltc `lrcatlen, tbus jcd`lni te lnaerrcat rcd`lnis. Ln`cc`, qudntum tbcery prc`latstbdt ajeaks bdvc csscntldj jlmltdtlens8

Vcrcat ajeaks `e net cxlst.Pc `ccp lmpjladtlens e tbls stdtcmcnt wljj ocaemc ajcdr stcp oy stcp.

Lt ls djse lmpesslojc te dvel` tbdt dn eohcat mdkcs smdjj `lspjdacmcnt sl`cwdys. Lndat, qudntum tbcery lmpjlcs tbdt, strlatjy spcdklni,

Ncltbcr unlerm ner enc-`lmcnslendj metlen cxlsts.Djse tbls stdtcmcnt bdroeurs mdny d``ltlendj surprlscs.

Tudntum jlmltdtlens dppjy djse te mctrc rujcs. Lt ls lmpesslojc te cnsurc tbdt tbc rujcls aempjctcjy dt rcst wltb rcspcat te tbc eohcat oclni mcdsurc`. Pus tbc qudntum edatlen lmpjlcs didln, en tbc enc bdn`, tbdt mcdsurcmcnts drc pesslojc, dn` en tbc etbcrbdn`8

Mcdsurcmcnt daaurday ls jlmltc`.Lt djse ejjews rem tbc qudntum e datlen tbdt dny lncrtldj er rccjy-djjlni eoscrvcr


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must ocjdric, ds enjy jdric systcms dpprexlmdtc lncrtldj metlen.

Dn eoscrvcr adnnet oc mlaresaepla.

L bumdns wcrc net mdaresaepla, tbcy aeuj` ncltbcr eoscrvc ner stu`y metlen.Ocadusc e tbc nltc daaurday wltb wblab mlaresaepla metlen adn oc eoscrvc , dstcr-

tbdn-jlibt metlen ls pesslojc ln tbc mlaresaepla `emdln! Tudntum tbcery tbus prc`latstdabyens, dt jcdst evcr sbert tlmc lntcrvdjs. Ger tbc sdmc rcdsen,

Metlen odakwdr`s ln tlmcls pesslojc evcr mlaresaepla tlmcs dn` `lstdnacs.Ln sbert, d qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs tbc cxlstcnac e mlaresaepla tlmc trdvcj. Bewcvcr,tbls rcmdlns lmpesslojc ln tbc mdaresaepla `emdln, suab ds cvcry`dy jlc.

Out tbcrc ls merc. Lmdilnc d mevlni adr su``cnjy `lsdppcdrlni er iee`. Ln suab

d sltudtlen, ncltbcr memcntum ner cncriy weuj` oc aenscrvc`. Pc datlen abdnic ersuab d `lsdppcdrdnac ls jdric aempdrc` te , se tbdt lts eoscrvdtlen weuj` aentrd`latcvcn ajdssladj pbyslas ds yeu mdy wlsb te abcak.Abdjjcnic 4? s Bewcvcr, tbc qudntum e datlen dj-jews dmlaresaeplapdrtlajc, suab ds dn cjcatren, te `lsdppcdr er d sberttlmc, prevl`c` ltrcdppcdrs dgcrwdr`s.

Pc qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs tbdt tbcrc ls ne pcrmdncnac ln ndturc.Pc qudntum e datlen djse lmpjlcs8

Pc vdauum ls net cmpty.

L enc jeeks dt cmpty spdac twlac, tbc twe eoscrvdtlens oclni scpdrdtc` oy d tlny tlmc ln-tcrvdj, semc cncriy wljj oc eoscrvc` tbc scaen` tlmc. L tbc tlmc lntcrvdj ls sbert cneuib,tbcn ocadusc e tbc qudntum e datlen, mdttcr pdrtlajcs wljj oc eoscrvc`. Ln`cc , pdrtl-ajcs adn dppcdr dnywbcrc rem newbcrc, dn` `lsdppcdr hust dgcrwdr`s8 tbc datlen jlmltrcqulrcs lt. Ln summdry, ndturc cxblolts sbert-tcrm dppcdrdnac dn` `lsdppcdrdnac emdttcr. Ln etbcr wer`s, tbc ajdssladj l`cd e dncmptyvdauum ls aerrcat enjy wbcn tbc

vdauum ls eoscrvc` evcr djenitlmc.Pc qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs tbdt aempdss ncc`jcs adnnet werk. L wc jeek twlac ln

qulak suaacsslen dt d aempdss ncc`jc, er cvcn dt d beusc, wc usudjjy eoscrvc tbdt lt stdyserlcntc` ln tbc sdmc `lrcatlen. Out slnac pbysladj datlen bds tbc sdmc `lmcnslens dsdniujdr memcntum,Abdjjcnic 41 c d mlnlmum vdjuc er datlen lmpjlcs d mlnlmum vdjuc er dniujdr

memcntum. Cvcn d mdaresaepla eohcat bds d mlnlmum vdjuc er lts retdtlen. Ln etbcrwer`s, qudntum tbcery prc`lats

Cvcrytblni retdtcs.Dn eohcat adn oc nen-retdtlni enjy dpprexlmdtcjy, wbcn eoscrvdtlens drc scpdrdtc` oyjeni tlmc lntcrvdjs.

Ger mlaresaepla systcms, tbc qudntum jlmlts en retdtlen bdvc spcala cstcats. L tbc re-tdtlen dnijc adn oc eoscrvc` ds er mejcaujcs tbc systcm ocbdvcs jlkc d mdaresaepla


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p

C

m

x6 G LI S_ C 2 Bljjs drc ncvcr blib

cneuib.

eohcat8 lts pesltlen dn` erlcntdtlen drc uzzy. Out er d systcm wbesc retdtlen dnijc adn-net oc eoscrvc`, tbc qudntum e datlen jlmlts tbc dniujdr memcntum te mujtlpjcs e

/?. Ln pdrtlaujdr, djj mlaresaepla oeun` systcms suab ds mejcaujcs, dtems, er nuajcl

aentdln retdtlendj metlen dn` retdtlni aempencnts.

, @

Dt tbc ocilnnlni e eur d`vcnturc, wc mcntlenc` tbdt tbc Irccks `lstlniulsbc` tbrccWej. L, pdic ?6 typcs e abdnics8 trdnspert, irewtb, dn` trdnsermdtlen. Yc djse mcntlenc` tbdt @cm-

earltus bd` `cùac` tbdt djj tbcsc typcs e abdnics lnaju`lni jlc dn` `cdtb wcrc lndat tbc sdmc, dn` ùc te tbc metlen e dtems. Pc qudntum e datlen mdkcs cxdatjy tblspelnt.

Glrst e djj, d mlnlmum datlen lmpjlcs tbdt adics ln zees drc `dnicreus dn` odnks drcnet sdc. D adic ls d cdturc tbdt ncc`s d jet e cncriy te evcraemc. Vbysladjjy spcdklni,tbc wdjj e d adic ls dn cncriy bljj, rcscmojlni tbc rcdj bljj sbewn ln Gliurc . Lmdilnc

tbdt d pdrtlajc wltb memcntum p dppredabcs enc sl`c e tbc bljj, wblab ls dssumc` tebdvc wl`tb x.

Ln cvcry`dy jlc dn` tbus ln ajdssladj pbyslas tbc pdrtlajc wljj ncvcr oc eoscrvcèn tbc etbcr sl`c e tbc bljj l lts klnctla cncriyp?/?mls jcsstbdn tbc bclibt C e tbcbljj. Out lmdilnc tbdt tbc mlsslni memcntum te evcraemc tbc bljj, p=?mC p,sdtlscs xp /?. Pc pdrtlajc wljj bdvc tbc pessloljlty te evcraemc tbc bljj, `cspltclts lnsufialcnt cncriy. Pc qudntum e datlen tbus lmpjlcs tbdt d bljj e wl`tb

x /??mCp ()lsnetdn eostdajc te d pdrtlajc e mdssm. Out tbls ls net djj. Qlnac tbc vdjuc e tbc pdrtlajcmemcntump ls ltscj unacrtdln, d pdrtlajc adn evcraemc tbc bljj cvcn l tbc bljj ls wl`crtbdn tbc vdjuc () djtbeuib tbc ored`cr lt ls, tbc jewcr tbc preodoljlty wljj oc. Qe dnypdrtlajc adn evcraemc dnyeostdajc. Pls ls adjjc` tbc tunncjjlni cstcat, er eovleus rcdsens.Ajdssladjjy, tunncjjlni ls lmpesslojc. Ln qudntum tbcery, tbc cdt ls pesslojc, ocadusc tbcwdvc unatlenVdic 2? ècs net vdnlsb dt tbc jeadtlen e tbc bljj; sjeppljy spcdklni, tbc wdvcunatlen ls nen-zcre lnsl`c tbc bljj. Lt tbus wljj oc djse nen-zcre ocbln` tbc bljj. Ds drcsujt, qudntum systcms adn pcnctrdtc er tunncj tbreuib bljjs.

Ln sbert, tbc mlnlmum-datlen prlnalpjc lmpjlcs tbdt tbcrc drc ne tlibt oexcs ln ndturc.


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m C?

C4

G LI S_ C < Jcdvlni cnajesurcs.

Pdnks te tbc tunncjjlni cstcat,

Mdttcr ls net lmpcnctrdojc.

Pc pcnctrdoljlty e djj mdttcr ls ln aentrdst te cvcry`dy, ajdssladj eoscrvdtlen. Adn yeucxpjdln wby jlen adics werk`cspltctbc qudntum e datlen5Abdjjcnic 40 s

Oy tbc wdy, tbc qudntum e datlen djse lmpjlcs tbdt d pdrtlajc wltb d klnctla cncriyircdtcr tbdn tbc cncriy bclibt e d bljj adn oc rccatcòy tbc bljj. Djse tbls cstcat lslmpesslojc ln ajdssladj pbyslas.

Pc mlnlmum-datlen prlnalpjc djse lmpjlcs tbdt oeeksbcjvcs drc `dnicreus. Yby5Qbcjvcs drc eostdajcs te metlen. D oeek en d sbcj ls ln tbc sdmc sltudtlen ds tbc mdss lnGliurc 8tbc mdss ls surreun`c` oy cncriy bljjs bln`crlni lts csadpc te tbc eutcr, jewcr-cncriy werj`. Out tbdnks te tbc tunncjjlni cstcat, csadpc ls djwdys pesslojc. Pc sdmcplaturc dppjlcs te d ordnab e d trcc, d ndlj ln d wdjj, er dnytblni dttdabc` te dnytblni cjsc.Plnis adn ncvcr oc pcrmdncntjy xc` teictbcr. Ln pdrtlaujdr, wc wljj `lsaevcr tbdt cvcry

cxdmpjc e jlibt cmlsslen cvcn rd`ledatlvlty rcsujts rem tbls cstcat. Pc qudntum edatlen tbus lmpjlcs tbdt

@cady ls pdrt e ndturc.Netc tbdt `cady egcn dppcdrs ln cvcry`dy jlc, un`cr d `lstcrcnt ndmc8 orcdklni. Ln dat,djj orcdkdics rcqulrc tbc qudntum e datlen er tbclr `csarlptlen._cg. 2 Eovleusjy, tbc adusce orcdklni ls egcn ajdssladj, out tbcmcabdnlsme orcdklni ls djwdys qudntum. Enjyeohcats tbdt eocy qudntum tbcery adn orcdk. Ln sbert, tbcrc drc ne stdojc cxaltc` systcmsln ndturc. Ger tbc sdmc rcdsen, oy tbc wdy, ne mcmery adn oc pcrcat. (Adn yeu aenrmtbls5)Abdjjcnic 43 s

dklni d merc icncrdj vlcw,diclnidn` `cdtbdjse rcsujt rem tbc qudntum e datlen.@cdtb, jlkc diclni, ls d aempesltlen e orcdklni preacsscs. Ybcn `ylni, tbc mcabdnlsmsln d jlvlni oclni orcdk. Orcdklni ls d erm e `cady, dn` ls ùc te tunncjjlni. @cdtb lstbus d qudntum preacss. Ajdssladjjy, `cdtb ècs net cxlst. Mlibt tbls oc tbc rcdsen wbyse mdny pcepjc ocjlcvc lnAbdjjcnic 47 s lmmertdjlty er ctcrndj yeutb5

Yc wljj djse `lsaevcr tbdt tbc qudntum e datlen ls tbc rcdsen er tbc lmpertdnac etbc datlen eoscrvdojc ln ajdssladj pbyslas. Ln dat, tbc cxlstcnac e dsmdjjcstdatlen ls tbcrcdsen er tbcjcdst-datlen prlnalpjc e ajdssladj pbyslas.

D mlnlmum datlen djse lmpjlcs tbdt mdttcr adnnet oc aentlnueus, out must oc aem-


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m

m

G L IS _ C 46 L`cntladj eohcats wltb

aresslni pdtbs.

pesc` e smdjjcst cntltlcs. Ln`cc`, dny ew e d trujy aentlnueus mdtcrldj weuj` aentrd-

`lat tbc qudntum prlnalpjc. Adn yeu ilvc tbc prcalsc driumcnt5Abdjjcnic 49 s

E aeursc, dt tbls pelntln eur d`vcnturc, tbc nen-aentlnulty e mdttcr ls ne jenicr d surprlsc. Out tbc qudntume datlen lmpjlcs tbdt cvcnrd`ldtlenadnnet oc aentlnueus. Ds Djocrt Clnstcln wds tbcrst te stdtc ajcdrjy, jlibt ls md`c e qudntum pdrtlajcs.

Cvcn merc icncrdjjy, tbc qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs tbdt ln ndturc

Djj ews dn` djj wdvcs drc md`c e mlaresaepla pdrtlajcs.Pc tcrm mlaresaepla (er qudntum) ls csscntldj, ds suab pdrtlajcs è netocbdvc jlkcjlttjc stencs. Yc bdvc djrcd`y cnaeuntcrc` scvcrdj lstcrcnacs, dn` wc wljj cnaeuntcr etb-crs sbertjy. Ger tbcsc rcdsens, tbcrc sbeuj` oc d spcaldj ndmc er mlaresaepla pdrtlajcs;out se dr djj prepesdjs, e wblab qudntenls tbc mest pepujdr, bdvc dljc` te adtab en.

Pc qudntum e datlen bds scvcrdj strdnic aenscqucnacs er mlaresaepla pdrtlajcs.dkc twe suab pdrtlajcs wltb tbc sdmc mdss dn` aempesltlen. Lmdilnc tbdt tbclr pdtbsaress, dn` tbdt dt tbc aresslni tbcy dppredab cdab etbcr vcry ajescjy, ds sbewn lnGliurc .D mlnlmum datlen lmpjlcs tbdt ln suab d sltudtlen, l tbc `lstdnac ocaemcssmdjj cneuib, tbc twe pdrtlajcs adn swltab rejcs, wltbeut dnyoe`y oclni dojc te dvel , ernetlac, lt. Pus, ln d vejumc e ids lt lslmpesslojc tbdnks te tbc qudntum e datlen teejjew pdrtlajcs mevlni dreun` dn` te sdy wblab pdrtlajc ls wblab. Adn yeu aenrm tbls`cùatlen, dn` spcaly tbc aen`ltlens, uslni tbc ln`ctcrmlnday rcjdtlens5Abdjjcnic 42 s Ln summdry

Ln ndturc lt ls lmpesslojc te `lstlniulsb octwccn l`cntladj pdrtlajcs.Adn yeu iucss wbdt bdppcns ln tbc adsc e jlibt5Abdjjcnic 4< s Out mdttcr `cscrvcs stljj merc dttcntlen. Lmdilnc didln twe pdrtlajcs cvcn twe `l-crcnt encs dppredablni cdab etbcr vcry ajescjy, ds sbewn lnGliurc . Yc knew tbdt ltbc dppredab `lstdnac icts smdjj, tblnis ict uzzy. New, tbc mlnlmum-datlen prlnalpjcmdkcs lt pesslojc er semctblni te bdppcn ln tbdt smdjj èmdln ds jeni ds rcsujtlni eut-ielni preùats bdvc tbc sdmc tetdj jlncdr memcntum, dniujdr memcntum dn` cncriy dstbc lnaemlni encs. Ln`cc`, rujlni eut suab preacsscs weuj` lmpjy tbdt droltrdrljy smdjjdatlens aeuj` oc eoscrvc`, tbus cjlmlndtlni ndturcs uzzlncss, ds yeu mdy wlsb te abcaker yeurscj.Abdjjcnic ?6 c Ln sbert,


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M

m

m

4

m?

m1G L IS _ C 44 Prdnsgermdtlen tbreuib

rcdatlen.

Pc qudntum e datlen djjews trdnsermdtlen e mdttcr.

Enc djse sdys tbdt tbc qudntum e datlen djjews pdrtlajc rcdatlens. Ln dat, wc wljj `ls-aevcr tbdtdjjkln`s e rcdatlens ln ndturc, lnaju`lni orcdtblni, `licstlen, dn` djj etbcrabcmladj dn` nuajcdr rcdatlens, drc ùc hust te tbc cxlstcnac e tbc qudntum e datlen.

Enc typc e preacss tbdt ls cspcaldjjy `cdr te us ls irewtb. Pc qudntum e datlenlmpjlcs tbdt djj irewtb bdppcns ln smdjj stcps. Ln`cc`,

Djj irewtb preacsscs ln ndturc drc qudntum preacsscs.Doevc djj, ds mcntlenc` djrcd`y, tbc qudntum e datlen cxpjdlns jlc. Enjy tbc qudntume datlen mdkcs rcpreùatlen dn` bcrc`lty pesslojc. Olrtb, scxudjlty dn` `cdtb drc aen-

scqucnacs e tbc qudntum e datlen.Qe @cmearltus wds oetb rlibt dn` wreni. Bc wds rlibt ln `cùalni un`dmcntdjaenstltucnts er mdttcr dn` rd`ldtlen. Bc wds rlibt ln unlylni djj abdnic ln ndturc rem trdnspert te trdnsermdtlen dn` irewtb ds metlen e pdrtlajcs. Out bc wds wreniln dssumlni tbdt tbc smdjj pdrtlajcs ocbdvc jlkc stencs. Pc smdjjcst pdrtlajcs ocbdvc jlkcqudntens8 tbcy ocbdvc rdnèmjy, dn` tbcy ocbdvc pdrtjy ds wdvcs dn` pdrtjy ds pdrtlajcs.

_

Ybdt bdppcns l wc try te mcdsurc d abdnic smdjjcr tbdn tbc qudntum e datlen5 Ndturcbds d slmpjc dnswcr8 wc ictrdnèm rcsujts. L wc oulj` dn cxpcrlmcnt tbdt trlcs te pre-ùac d abdnic er datlen e tbc slzc e d qudrtcr e tbc qudntum e datlen, tbc cxpcrlmcnt

wljj preùac d abdnic eencqudntum e datlen ln d qudrtcr e tbc adscs, dn` neabdnicln tbrcc qudrtcrs e tbc adscs, tbus ilvlni dndvcrdice enc qudrtcr e.Pc qudntum e datlen jcd`s te rdnèmncss dt mlaresaepla jcvcj. Pls adn oc sccn djse

ln tbc ejjewlni wdy. Ocadusc e tbc ln`ctcrmlnday rcjdtlens, lt ls lmpesslojc te eotdln`cnltc vdjucs er oetb tbc memcntum dn` tbc pesltlen e d pdrtlajc. Eovleusjy, tbls lsdjse lmpesslojc er tbc ln`lvlùdj aempencnts e dn cxpcrlmcntdj sct-up er dn eoscrvcr.Pcrcerc, lnltldj aen`ltlens oetb er d systcm dn` er dn cxpcrlmcntdj sct-up adnnetoc cxdatjy ùpjladtc`. D mlnlmum datlen tbus lmpjlcs tbdt wbcncvcr dn cxpcrlmcnt end mlaresaepla systcm ls pcrermc` twlac, tbc eutaemcs wljj (usudjjy) oc `lstcrcnt. Pc


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G L I S_ C 4? D gdmeus qudntum cggcat8 bew è trdln wlnèws mdndic te sbew twe supcrlmpesc`

lmdics5 (Vbete Irctd Mdnseur.)

eutaemcs aeuj` enjy oc tbc sdmc l oetb tbc systcm dn` tbc eoscrvcr wcrc ln cxdatjy tbcsdmc aeniurdtlen cdab tlmc. Bewcvcr, ocadusc e tbc scaen` prlnalpjc e tbcrme`y-ndmlas dn` ocadusc e tbc qudntum e datlen, tbls ls lmpesslojc. Pcrcerc,

Mlaresaepla systcms ocbdvc rdnèmjy.Eovleusjy, tbcrc wljj oc semc dvcrdic eutaemc; out ln djj adscs, mlaresaepla eoscrvdtlensdrc preodoljlstla. Mdny n` tbls aenajuslen e qudntum tbcery tbc mest lfiaujt te swdj-jew. Pc qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs tbdt tbc ocbdvleur e qudntum systcms ls strlklnijy`lstcrcnt rem tbdt e ajdssladj systcms. Out tbc aenajuslen ls undvel`dojc8

Ndturc ocbdvcs rdnèmjy.Adn wc eoscrvc rdnèmncss ln cvcry`dy jlc5 \cs. Cvcrywlnèwprevcs tbdt ndturcocbdvcs rdnèmjy en d mlaresaepla sadjc. Cvcryoe`y knews tbdt enc adn usc d trdlnwlnèw cltbcr te jeek dt tbceutsl`cjdn`sadpc er, oy aenacntrdtlni en tbc rccatc` lm-dic, te eoscrvc semc lntcrcstlni pcrsenlnsl`ctbc adrrldic. Ln etbcr wer`s, eoscrvdtlensjlkc tbdt eGliurc sbew tbdt ijdss rccats semc e tbc jlibt pdrtlajcs dn` jcts semcetbcrs pdss tbreuib. Merc prcalscjy, ijdss rccats d rdnèm scjcatlen e jlibt pdrtlajcs;yct tbc dvcrdic prepertlen ls aenstdnt. Vdrtldj rccatlen ls tbus slmljdr te tbc tunncjjlnicstcat. Ln`cc`, tbc pdrtldj rccatlen e pbetens ln ijdss ls d rcsujt e tbc qudntum e da-tlen. Didln, tbc sltudtlen adn oc csarlocòy ajdssladj pbyslas, out tbc prcalsc dmeunt erccatlen adnnet occxpjdlnc`wltbeut qudntum tbcery.

Tudntens mevc rdnèmjy.Yltbeut tbc qudntum e datlen, trdln heurncys weuj` oc muab merc oerlni.

Y

Pc qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs dn lmpertdnt rcsujt doeut tbc pdtbse pdrtlajcs. L d pdr-tlajc trdvcjs rem enc pelnt te dnetbcr, tbcrc ls ne wdy te sdy wblab pdtb lt bds tdkcn


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G L IS _ C 41 D pdrtlajc dn` d sarccn wltb twe ncdroy sjlts.

ln octwccn. Ln`cc`, ln er`cr te `lstlniulsb octwccn twe pesslojc, out sjlibtjy `lstcrcnt,pdtbs, datlens smdjjcr tbdn weuj` bdvc te oc mcdsurc` rcjldojy. Ln pdrtlaujdr, l d pdr-tlajc ls scnt tbreuib d sarccn wltb twe sufialcntjy ajesc sjlts, ds ljjustrdtc` ln Gliurc ,lt ls lmpesslojc te sdy wblab sjlt tbc pdrtlajc pdssc` tbreuib. Pls lmpessloljlty ls un`d-mcntdj.

Yc djrcd`y knew pbcnemcnd e metlen er wblab lt ls net pesslojc te sdy wltb prcal-slen bew semctblni mevcs er wblab pdtb ls tdkcn ocbln` twe sjlts8wdvcsocbdvc ln tblswdy. Djj wdvcs drc suohcat te tbc ln`ctcrmlnday rcjdtlensWej. L, pdic ?22

t 4?

dn` kx 4?

. ()

D wdvc ls d typc e metlen `csarloc` oy dpbdsctbdt abdnics evcr spdac dn` tlmc. Pls

turns eut te bej` er djj metlen. Ln pdrtlaujdr, tbls bej`s er mdttcr.Yc sdw doevc tbdt qudntum systcms drc suohcat te

Ct ?

dn` px ?

. ()

Yc drc tbus jc` te dsarloc d rcqucnay dn` d wdvcjcnitb te d qudntum systcm8

C= dn` p=k= ?

. ()

Pc cncriyrcqucnay rcjdtlen erjlibtdn` tbc cqulvdjcnt memcntumwdvcjcnitb rcjd-

tlen wcrc `c`uac` oy Mdx Vjdnak ln . Ln tbc ycdrs rem enwdr`s, Djocrt Cln-stcln aenrmc` tbdt tbc rcjdtlens drc vdjl` er djj cxdmpjcs e cmlsslen dn` doserptlene jlibt. Ln dn` , Jeuls `c Oreijlc*prc`latc` tbdt tbc rcjdtlen sbeuj` bej` djseer djj qudntummdttcrpdrtlajcs. Pc cxpcrlmcntdj aenrmdtlen admc d cw ycdrs jdtcr.

* Jeuls `c Oreijlc (o. @lcppc, `. Vdrls), pbyslalst dn` precsser dt tbc Qeroennc. Pc cncriyrcqucnay rcjdtlen er jlibt bd` cdrnc` Mdx Vjdnak dn` Djocrt Clnstcln tbc Neocj Vrlzc er Vbyslas, ln dn` . @c Oreijlc cxpdn`c` tbc rcjdtlen te prc`lat tbc wdvc ndturc e tbc cjcatren (dn` e djj etbcrqudntum mdttcr pdrtlajcs)8 tbls wds tbc csscnac e bls `eaterdj tbcsls. Pc prc`latlen wds fflrst aenfflrmc`cxpcrlmcntdjjy d cw ycdrs jdtcr, ln . Ger tbc prc`latlen e tbc wdvc ndturc e mdttcr, `c Oreijlc rcaclvc`


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Vdic 7< (Pls ls tbus dnetbcr cxdmpjc e d `lsaevcry tbdt wds md`c doeut ycdrs tee jdtc.) Lnsbert, tbc qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs8

Mdttcr pdrtlajcs ocbdvc jlkc wdvcs.Ln pdrtlaujdr, tbc qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs tbc cxlstcnac e lntcrcrcnac er strcdms emdttcr.

V

Pc qudntum e datlen, tbc smdjjcst abdnic, lmpjlcs tbdt ews adnnet oc droltrdry wcdk.Pls dppjlcs tedjjews8Wej. L, pdic 10? ln pdrtlaujdr, lt dppjlcs te rlvcrs, sejl` mdttcr ews, ids ews,jlibt ocdms, cncriy ews, cntrepy ews, memcntum ews, dniujdr memcntum ews,preodoljlty ews, slindjs e djj kln`, cjcatrladj abdric ews, aejeur abdric ews dn` wcdkabdric ews.

Ydtcr ews ln rlvcrs, jlkc dny etbcr mdttcr ew, adnnet oc droltrdry smdjj8 tbc qudn-tum e datlen lmpjlcs tbdt tbcrc ls d smdjjcst mdttcr ew ln ndturc. @cpcn`lni en tbcsltudtlen, tbc smdjjcst mdttcr ew ls d mejcaujc, dn dtem er d smdjjcr pdrtlajc. Ln`cc`,tbc qudntum e datlen ls djse dt tbc erliln e tbc eoscrvdtlen e d smdjjcst abdric lncjcatrla aurrcnt. Qlnac djj mdttcr adn ew, tbc qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs8

Djj mdttcr bds pdrtlajc dspcats.Ln tbc sdmc wdy, tbc qudntum e datlen, tbc smdjjcst abdnic, lmpjlcs tbdt jlibt adnnet

oc droltrdrljy dlnt. Pcrc ls d smdjjcst ljjumlndtlen ln ndturc; lt ls adjjc` d pbetener djlibt qudntum. New, jlibt ls d wdvc, dn` tbc driumcnt adn oc md`c er dny etbcr wdvc

ds wcjj. Ln sbert, tbc qudntum e datlen tbus lmpjlcs8 Djj wdvcs bdvc pdrtlajc dspcats.Pls bds occn prevc` er jlibt wdvcs, wdtcr wdvcs, R-rdys, seun` wdvcs, pjdsmd wdvcs,ul` wblrjs dn` dny etbcr wdvc typc tbdt bds cvcr occn eoscrvc`. (Irdvltdtlendj wdvcsbdvc net yct occn eoscrvc`; lt ls cxpcatc` tbdt tbclr pdrtlajc-jlkc dspcats, tbc irdvltens,cxlst djse ln tbls adsc.)

Ln summdry, tbc qudntum e datlen stdtcs8

L semctblni mevcs, lt ls md`c e qudntum pdrtlajcs, er qudntens.

Jdtcren wc wljj cxpjerc dn` spcaly tbc cxdat `lstcrcnacs octwccn d qudntum pdrtlajc dn`d smdjj stenc er d irdln e sdn`. Yc wljj `lsaevcr tbdt mdttcr qudntens mevc `lstcrcntjy,ocbdvc `lstcrcntjy un`cr retdtlen, dn` ocbdvc `lstcrcntjy un`cr cxabdnic.

tbc Neocj Vrlzc er pbyslas ln . Oclni dn drlsteardt, bc `l` ne merc rcscdrab dgcr tbdt. Ger cxdmpjc, ltwds Qabr`lnicr wbe tbcn wretc ewn tbc wdvc cqudtlen, cvcn tbeuib c Oreijlc aeuj` cqudjjy bdvc encse.


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T

Ln aemputcr salcnac, tbc smdjjcst unlt e abdnic ls adjjc` d olt abdnic. Pc cxlstcnac e d

smdjjcst abdnic ln ndturc lmpjlcs tbdt aemputcr salcnac er lnermdtlen salcnac adnoc usc` te `csarloc ndturc, dn` ln pdrtlaujdr qudntum tbcery. Pls dndjeiy bds dttrdatc`muab rcscdrab ln tbc pdst `cad`cs, dn` cxpjerc` mdny lntcrcstlni qucstlens8 Ls unjlmltc`lnermdtlen sterdic pesslojc5 Adn lnermdtlen oc rcd` eut dn` aeplc` aempjctcjy5 Adnlnermdtlen oc trdnsmlttc` wbljc kccplni lt scarct5 Adn lnermdtlen trdnsmlsslen dn`sterdic oc pcrermc` ln`cpcn`cntjy e nelsc5 Adn qudntum pbyslas oc usc` te mdkcncw typcs e aemputcrs5 Qe dr, tbc dnswcr te djj tbcsc qucstlens ls ncidtlvc; out tbcbepc te abdnic tbc sltudtlen ls net `cd` yct.

Pc dndjeiy octwccn qudntum tbcery dn` lnermdtlen salcnac ls jlmltc 8 lnermdtlensalcnac adn `csarloc enjy tbc segwdrc sl c e `cvlacs. Ger d pbyslalst, tbc bdr wdrc sl`ce ndturc ls acntrdj. Pc bdr`wdrc e ndturc cntcrs tbc `csarlptlen wbcncvcr tbc datudj

vdjuce tbc qudntum e datlen must oc lntreùac`.

Ds wc cxpjerc tbc slmljdrltlcs dn` `lstcrcnacs octwccn ndturc dn` lnermdtlen salcnac,wc wljj `lsaevcr tbdt tbc qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs tbdt mdaresaepla pbysladj systcmsadnnet oc aeplc` er ajenc`, ds qudntum tbcerlsts jlkc te sdy. Ndturc ècs net djjewaeplcs e mdaresaepla eohcats. Ln etbcr wer`s8

Vcrcat aepylni mdablncs è net cxlst.Pc qudntum e datlen mdkcs lt lmpesslojc te idtbcr dn` usc djj lnermdtlen ln d wdytbdt djjews preùatlen e d pcrcat aepy.

Pc cxpjerdtlen e aepylni mdablncs wljj rcmln` us didln tbdt tbc prcalsc er`cr ln

wblab mcdsurcmcnts drc pcrermc` ln dn cxpcrlmcnt mdttcrs. Ybcn tbc er`cr e mcd-surcmcnts adn oc rcvcrsc` wltbeut dstcatlni tbc nct rcsujt, pbyslalsts spcdk e aemmu-tdtlen. Pc qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs8

Vbysladj eoscrvdojcs è net aemmutc.Yc wljj djse n` tbdt tbc qudntum e datlen lmpjlcs tbdt systcms drc net djwdys ln-

`cpcn`cnt, out adn occntdnijc`.Vdic 40? Pls tcrm, lntreùac` oy Crwln Qabr`lnicr, csarlocsenc e tbc mest dosur` aenscqucnacs e qudntum tbcery. Cntdnijcmcnt mdkcs cvcry-tblni ln ndturc aenncatc` te cvcrytblni cjsc. Cntdnijcmcnt preùacs cstcats tbdt sccm(out drc net) dstcr tbdn jlibt.

Cntdnijcmcnt preùacs d ( dkc) erm e nen-jeadjlty.Cntdnijcmcnt lmpjlcs tbdt trustwertby aemmunladtlen adnnet cxlst._cg.

motion mountain-volume 4

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