morphological structure of english words. morphemes and words word particular meaning particular...
TRANSCRIPT
Morphemes and Words
WORD particular meaning particular sound form capable of a particular
grammatical employment
able to form a sentence autonomous
MORPHEME particular meaning particular sound form not autonomous constituent part of a
word not divisible into smaller
meaningful units
Words are subdivided into two classes:
Non-segmentable (to) teach (to) bear drive
Segmentable teacher, teaching unbearable driver
ALLOMORPH
is a positional variant of a morpheme occurring in a specific environment characterized by complimentary distribution
Complementary distribution
(allomorphs) Two linguistic variants
cannot appear in the same environment
E.g. –ion/-sion/-tion/-ation
im-/il-/ir-/in- (impossible/ illegal/irresistible/indirect
long - lengh
Contrastive distribution
(morphemes) Two language units can
appear in the same environment
They signal different meanings
E.g. –able (measurable)-ed (measured)
FREE morphemes Coincide with a word-
form May stand alone without
changing its meaning Can be only roots E.g. sport- in sportive
BOUND morphemes
Do not coincide with separate word-forms
Occur only as a constituent part of words
Are mostly derivational morphemes
E.g. –ive in sportive;eleg- and -ant in elegant
morphemes
roots affixes
DerivationalFunctional (endings or
outer formatives
prefixes
suffixes
infixes
A ROOT MORPHEME
is a lexical center of a word has an individual lexical meaning
common to a set of semantically related words (word-family)
e.g. to write, writer, writing
A ROOT MORPHEME
does not possess a part-of-speech meaning
e.g. cold water, to water flowers is often homonymous to words
e.g. find, bear, land, man is an ultimate constituent at a
morphological level of analysis
A STEMis what remains of a word when a
derivational or functional affix is removed from the word
e.g. hearty, heart - hearts
A STEM
expresses lexical and part-of-speech meaning
e.g. develop- (verbal stem) + -ment = development (noun stem)
A STEM
remains unchanged throughout a word’s paradigm
e.g. hearty – heartier – (the) heartiest;
to ask – asks – asked – asked- asking;
singer – singer’s – singers – singers’
FUNCTIONAL AFFIXES
Convey grammatical meaning
e.g. –s –the plural of nouns – boys
-er – comparative degree of adjectives - smaller
FUNCTIONAL AFFIXES
build different forms of one and the same word (a word-form)
e.g. boy- boys, boy’s – boys’;
take – takes;
hearty – heartier – (the) heartiest
DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
build new words
e.g. to teach - a teacherhave a part-of-speech meaning
e.g. to change – changeable
to organize – organizationare dependent on the root they
modify (bound)
A SUFFIX
a derivational morphemefollows the stem or rootforms a new derived word in a
different part of speech or a different word class
e.g. heart – hearty, heartless, hearten
A PREFIX
a derivational morpheme
stands before the root or stem
modifies the word meaning
e.g. hearten – dishearten
A SEMI-AFFIX
occupies an intermediate position between roots and affixes
is a root morpheme which functions as a derivational affix
e.g. well-done, well-fed
fireman, spaceman
ill-dressed, ill-housed
lady-like, business-like
CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES
Native & borrowed (e.g. sleepe.g. sleepyy – act – actoror)
Productive & non-productive ((e.g. e.g. disdisappoint appoint – child– childhoodhood))
Frequent & non-frequent (e.g. harme.g. harmful)ful)
Noun-forming, adjective-forming, etc. (e.g. e.g. mobstmobsterer, , aawake, wake, ununtie, etc.)tie, etc.)
CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES
transpositive (change the lexico-grammatical meaning of the word) & non-transpositive (do not change the lexico-grammatical meaning)
e.g. non- + stop (v.) = non-stop (adj.)
employ (v.) + -ee = employee (n.)
CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES
polysemantic (possess several connected meanings) & monosemantic (possess only one meaning)e.g. un- 1) to reverse action: untie
2) to deprive of: unhive, unearth
-less, without: colorless
ANALYSIS INTO IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENTS (анализ по непосредственным составляющим)
Ungentlemanly1. Un- + gentlemanly (unnatural,
untimely)
2. Un- +gentleman- + -ly (womanly, masterly)
3. Un- + gentle- + -man- + -ly (noble)
4. Un- + -gent- + -le- + -man- + -ly
STRUCTURAL TYPES OF WORDS
According to the number of morphemes words may be
monomorphic polymorphic
affixed (derived) compound compound-affixedsimple
MONOMORPHIC WORDS
Simple words (root words)Simple words (root words) = one root morpheme + (functional affix)
e.g. seldom, dog, asked, chairs
POLYMORPHIC WORDS
Affixed (derived) wordsAffixed (derived) words oror derivativesderivatives = one root morpheme + one or more derivational affixes + (functional affix)
e.g. acceptable, outdo, dislikes, discouragement
POLYMORPHIC WORDS
Compound wordsCompound words = two or more root morphemes + (functional affix)
e.g. baby-moons, eye-ball, stick-and-carrot (policy)