morning journal - u.s. flag facts & more 2013

Friday,Friday,June 14, 2013June 14, 2013

2 • USA Flag Facts • Morning Journal • June 14, 2013

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USA Flag Facts • Morning Journal • June 14, 2013 • 3

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For more than 200 years, the American flag hasbeen the symbol of our nation's strength and unity. It'sbeen a source of pride and inspiration for millions ofcitizens. And the American Flag has been a prominenticon in our national history. Here are the highlights of itsunique past.

On January 1, 1776, the Continental Army was reor-ganized in accordance with a Congressional resolutionwhich placed American forces under George Washing-ton's control. On that New Year's Day the ContinentalArmy was laying siege to Boston which had been takenover by the British Army. Washington ordered theGrand Union flag hoisted above his base at ProspectHill. It had 13 alternate red and white stripes and theBritish Union Jack in the upper left-hand corner (thecanton).

In May of 1776, Betsy Ross reported that she sewedthe first American flag.

On June 14, 1777, in order to establish an officialflag for the new nation, the Continental Congresspassed the first Flag Act: "Resolved, That the flag of theUnited States be made of thirteen stripes, alternate redand white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in ablue field, representing a new Constellation."

Between 1777 and 1960, Congress passed severalacts that changed the shape, design and arrangementof the flag and allowed for additional stars and stripesto be added to reflect the admission of each new state.

Act of January 13, 1794 - provided for 15 stripesand 15 stars after May 1795.

Act of April 4, 1818 - provided for 13 stripes andone star for each state, to be added to the flag on the4th of July following the admission of each new state,signed by President Monroe.

Executive Order of President Taft dated June 24,1912 - established proportions of the flag and providedfor arrangement of the stars in six horizontal rows ofeight each, a single point of each star to be upward.

Executive Order of President Eisenhower dated Jan-uary 3, 1959 - provided for the arrangement of thestars in seven rows of seven stars each, staggered hori-zontally and vertically.

Executive Order of President Eisenhower datedAugust 21, 1959 - provided for the arrangement of thestars in nine rows of stars staggered horizontally andeleven rows of stars staggered vertically.

Today the flag consists of thirteen horizontal stripes,seven red alternating with 6 white. The stripes repre-sent the original 13 colonies, the stars represent the 50states of the Union. The colors of the flag are symbolicas well: Red symbolizes Hardiness and Valor, Whitesymbolizes Purity and Innocence and Blue representsVigilance, Perseverance and Justice.

History of the American Flag


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Federal law stipulates many aspects of flag etiquette. Thesection of law dealing with American Flag etiquette is gener-ally referred to as the Flag Code. Some general guidelinesfrom the Flag Code answer many of the most commonquestions:

• The flag should be lighted at all times, either by sunlight orby an appropriate light source.

• The flag should be flown in fair weather, unless the flag isdesigned for inclement weather use.

• The flag should never be dipped to any person or thing. Itis flown upside down only as a distress signal.

• The flag should not be used for any decoration in general.Bunting of blue, white and red stripes is available for thesepurposes. The blue stripe of the bunting should be on thetop.

• The flag should never be used for any advertising purpose.It should not be embroidered, printed or otherwiseimpressed on such articles as cushions, handkerchiefs, nap-kins, boxes, or anything intended to be discarded after tem-porary use. Advertising signs should not be attached to thestaff or halyard.

• The flag should not be used as part of a costume or athlet-ic uniform, except that a flag patch may be used on the uni-form of military personnel, fireman, policeman and mem-bers of patriotic organizations.

• The flag should never have any mark, insignia, letter,word, number, figure, or drawing of any kind placed on it,or attached to it.

• The flag should never be used for receiving, holding, car-rying, or delivering anything.

• When the flag is lowered, no part of it should touch theground or any other object; it should be received by waitinghands and arms. To store the flag it should be folded neatlyand ceremoniously.

• The flag should be cleaned and mended when necessary.When a flag is so worn it is no longer fit to serve as a symbolof our country, it should be destroyed by burning in a digni-fied manner.

Treating the Flag with respect

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Betsy Ross and the American FlagBetsy would often tell her children, grandchildren,

relatives, and friends of the fateful day when threemembers of a secret committee from the ContinentalCongress came to call upon her. Those representatives,George Washington, Robert Morris, and George Ross,asked her to sew the first flag. This meeting occurred inher home some time late in May 1776. George Wash-ington was then the head of the Continental Army.Robert Morris, an owner of vast amounts of land, wasperhaps the wealthiest citizen in the Colonies. ColonelGeorge Ross was a respected Philadelphian and alsothe uncle of her late husband, John Ross.

Naturally, Betsy Ross already knew George Ross asshe had married his nephew. Furthermore, Betsy wasalso acquainted with the great General Washington.Not only did they both worship at Christ Church inPhiladelphia, but Betsy's pew was next to George andMartha Washington's pew. Her daughter recalled, "Thatshe was previously well acquainted with Washington,and that he had often been in her house in friendly vis-its, as well as on business. That she had embroideredruffles for his shirt bosoms and cuffs, and that it waspartly owing to his friendship for her that she was cho-sen to make the flag."

In June 1776, brave Betsy was a widow struggling torun her own upholstery business. Upholsterers in colo-nial America not only worked on furniture but did allmanner of sewing work, which for some included mak-ing flags. According to Betsy, General Washingtonshowed her a rough design of the flag that included asix-pointed star. Betsy, a standout with the scissors,

demonstrated how to cut a five-pointed star in a singlesnip. Impressed, the committee entrusted Betsy withmaking our first flag.

Until that time, colonies and militias used many dif-ferent flags. Some are famous, such as the "Rat-tlesnake Flag" used by the Continental Navy, with itsvenomous challenge, "Don't Tread on Me."

This is not surprising. Many colonists consideredthemselves loyal subjects of Britain — many colonistscame from Britain, and King George III ruled over thecolonies.

On January 1, 1776, the Continental Army was reor-ganized in accordance with a Congressional resolutionwhich placed American forces under George Washing-ton's control. On that New Year's Day the ContinentalArmy was laying siege to Boston which had been takenover by the British Army. Washington ordered theGrand Union flag hoisted above his base at ProspectHill "in compliment of the United Colonies."

In Boston, on that New Year's Day, the Loyalists(supporters of Britain) had been circulating a recentKing George speech, offering the Continental forcesfavorable terms if they laid down their arms. These Loy-alists were convinced that the King's speech hadimpressed the Continentals into surrendering — as asign of the Continentals' "surrender," the Loyalists mis-took the flying of the Grand Union flag over ProspectHill as a show of respect to King George. In fact, how-ever, the Continentals knew nothing of the speech until


later. Washington wrote in a letter dated January 4, "Bythis time, I presume, they begin to think it strange wehave not made a formal surrender of our lines."

Obviously a new flag was needed.

According to Betsy Ross's dates and sequence ofevents, in May the Congressional Committee calledupon her at her shop. She finished the flag either inlate May or early June 1776. In July, the Declaration ofIndependence was read aloud for the first time at Inde-pendence Hall. Amid celebration, bells throughout thecity tolled, heralding the birth of a new nation.

Much suffering and loss of life would result, howev-er, before the United States would completely sever

ties with Britain. Betsy Ross herself lost two husbandsto the Revolutionary War. During the conflict the Britishappropriated her house to lodge soldiers. Through it allshe managed to run her own upholstery business(which she continued operating for several decadesafter the war) and after the soldiers left, she wove clothpouches which were used to hold gunpowder for theContinentals.

On June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress, seek-ing to promote national pride and unity, adopted thenational flag. "Resolved: that the flag of the UnitedStates be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; thatthe union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, repre-senting a new constellation."


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Over the Middle of the StreetIt should be suspended vertically with the union to

the north in an east and west street or to the east in anorth and south street.

Flown at Half-staffShould be first hoisted to the peak for an instant and

then lowered to the half-staff position. The flag shouldbe again raised to the peak before it is lowered for theday. By "half-staff" is meant lowering the flag to one-half the distance between the top and bottom of thestaff. Crepe streamers may be affixed to spear heads orflagstaffs in a parade only by order of the President ofthe United States.

Flown on the Same Halyard withNon-Nation Flags

The American Flag should always be at the peak.When the flags are flown from adjacent staffs, the flagof the United States should be hoisted first and low-ered last. No such flag or pennant may be placedabove the flag of the United States or to the right of theflag of the United States.

Suspended Over a SidewalkThe flag may be suspended from a rope extending

from a house to a pole at the edge of the sidewalk, theflag should be hoisted out, union first, from the build-ing.

From a Staff Projecting Horizontallyor at an Angle

The flag may be projected from the window sill, bal-cony, or front of a building, with the union of the flagplaced at the peak of the staff unless the flag is at half-staff.

In a Parade with Other FlagsThe flag, when carried in a procession with another

flag, or flags, should be either on the marching right;that is, the flag's own right, or, if there is a line of otherflags, in front of the center of that line.

With Non-National FlagsThe flag of the United States of America should be

at the center and at the highest point of the groupwhen a number of flags of States or localities or pen-nants of societies are grouped and displayed fromstaffs.

With Other National FlagsWhen flags of two or more nations are displayed,

they are to be flown from separate staffs of the sameheight. The flags should be of approximately equal size.International usage forbids the display of the flag ofone nation above that of another nation in time ofpeace.

With Another Flag Against a Wallfrom Crossed Staffs

Should be on the right, the flag's own right which isthe viewer's left, and its staff should be in front of thestaff of the other flag.

Rules for displaying the U.S. Flag


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From a Staff in a Church or PublicAuditorium on a Podium

The flag of the United States of America should holdthe position of superior prominence, in advance of theaudience, and in the position of honor at the clergy-man's or speaker's right as he faces the audience. Anyother flag so displayed should be placed on the left ofthe clergyman or speaker (to the right of the audi-ence).

From a Staff in a Church or PublicAuditorium off the Podium

Custom and not the flag code hold that the flag ofthe United States of America should hold the positionof superior prominence as part of the audience, in theposition of honor at the audience's right.

Used to Cover a CasketIt should be so placed that the union is at the head

and over the left shoulder. The flag should not be low-ered into the grave or allowed to touch the ground.

Other than being Flown from a StaffThe flag should be displayed flat, whether indoors or

out. When displayed either horizontally or verticallyagainst a wall, the union should be uppermost and tothe flag's own right, that is, to the observer's left. Whendisplayed in a window it should be displayed in thesame way, that is with the union or blue field to the leftof the observer in the street. When festoons, rosettesor drapings are desired, bunting of blue, white and redshould be used, but never the flag.


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Verse 1There's a feeling comes a-stealing,And it sets my brain a-reeling,When I'm listening to the music of a military band.Any tune like "Yankee Doodle"Simply sets me off my noodle,It's that patriotic something that no

one can understand."Way down south, in the land ofcotton,"Melody untiring,Ain't that inspiring?Hurrah! Hurrah! We'll join the

jubilee!And that's going some, for theYankees, by gum!Red, white and blue, I am for you!Honest, you're a grand old flag!

ChorusYou're a grand old flag,You're a high flying flagAnd forever in peace may you

wave.You're the emblem ofThe land I love.The home of the free and the brave.Ev'ry heart beats true'neath the Red, White and Blue,Where there's never a boast or brag.But should auld acquaintance be forgot,Keep your eye on the grand old flag.

Verse 2I'm no cranky hanky panky,I'm a dead square, honest Yankee,And I'm mighty proud of that old flagThat flies for Uncle Sam.Though I don't believe in raving

Ev'ry time I see it waving,There's a chill runs up my back

that makes me glad I'm what I am.Here's a land with a millionsoldiers,That's if we should need 'em,We'll fight for freedom!Hurrah! Hurrah! For everyYankee tarAnd old G.A.R.Ev'ry stripe, ev'ry star.Red, white and blue,Hats off to youHonest, you're a grand old flag!

ChorusYou're a grand old flag,You're a high flying flag

And forever in peace may you wave.You're the emblem ofThe land I love.The home of the free and the brave.Ev'ry heart beats true'neath the Red, White and Blue,Where there's never a boast or brag.But should auld acquaintance be forgot,Keep your eye on the grand old flag.

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0 Stars • Continental Colors1775-1777

Also known as the GrandUnion flag, the Union flag,the Continental flag, theSomerville flag and theGreat Union.

Designed with a BritishUnion Jack in the canton

and 13 alternating red and white stripes.Considered to the be the first American flag, but it

was never official.The Maritime Committee of Continental Congress

considered it the official flag of the American navalforces.

13 Stars • Betsy Ross Flag1777-1795

First official flag of theUnited States.

Designed with 13 starsand 13 stripes to representthe 13 colonies (Delaware,Pennsylvania, New Jersey,Georgia, Connecticut, Mas-

sachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire,Virginia, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island).

Since Congress did not specify dimensions, propor-tions, shapes or star patterns, flags varied dramatically.

Legend says that Betsy Ross designed and sewedthe first American flag, but most historians disagree.

The person who sewed the first flag is unknown, but

the designer is thought to be Francis Hopkinson.The Second Continental Congress passed the Flag

Resolution of 1777 on June 14, 1777 making the Bet-sy Ross flag official.

This date is now celebrated annually as Flag DayThe only president to serve under this flag was

George Washington.

15 Stars • Star Spangled Banner Flag1795-1818

Designed with 15 starsand 15 stripes to representthe 13 original states plusKentucky and Vermont.

Made by Mary Pickersgilland her daughter.

In 1812 the flag wasflown over Fort McHenry, which inspired Francis ScottKey to write the Star Spangled Banner poem, whichwas put to music to become America’s nationalanthem.

The Star Spangled Banner is on display at the Smith-sonian Institution’s National Museum of American His-tory.

George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jeffer-son, James Madison and James Monroe all servedunder this flag.

Evolution of the American Flag


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20 Stars • 20-Star American Flag1818-1819

Also known as the GreatStar Flag and the Flag of1818.

Congress passed theFlag Act of 1818, addingfive new stars to the flagand reducing the number

of stripes from 15 to 13.The five additional stars represented Tennessee,

Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi.This flag was designed by Navy Captain Samuel

Reid.James Monroe was the only president to serve

under this flag.


One star was added withthe admission of Illinois tothe Union.

James Monroe was theonly president to serviceunder this flag.


Two stars were added tothe flag for the admission ofAlabama and Maine.

When Alabama wasadmitted in 1819, the freeand slave states were bal-anced, but with the addition

of Maine, the Union held a majority of free states.James Monroe was the only president to serve

under this flag.


One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofMissouri.

The name "Old Glory"spawned from a 24-starflag flown by shipmasterCaptain William Driver.

The flag, which was given to him by his mother andfriends, became famous by the time of the Civil War.

Driver, who lived in Tennessee, was afraid the flagwould be seized by Confederate forces, so he hid theflag between layers of his comforter.

In 1860 ten more stars were added to the flag forthe admission of new states.

Today Old G.lory is one of America's greatest treas-ures

James Monroe, John Quincy Adams and AndrewJackson served under the 24-star flag.


One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofArkansas.

Andrew Jackson andMartin Van Buren servedunder this flag.


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One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofMichigan.

Sailing under a 26-starAmerican flag, U.S. NavyLieutenant Charles Wilkesled the first American expe-

dition to explore Antarctica.Martin Van Buren, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler

and James Polk served under this flag.


One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofFlorida.

James Polk was the onlypresident to serve underthis flag.


The 28th star was addedto the flag when the UnitedStates annexed Texas; anaction that would spawnthe Mexican-American War.

This was the first war inwhich American troops car-

ried the flag into battle.The United States defeated Mexico and gained land

that would become New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Ari-zona, California and most of western Colorado.

James Polk was the only president to serve underthis flag.


One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofIowa.

James Polk was the onlypresident to serve underthis flag.


One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofWisconsin.

James Polk, Zachary Tay-lor and Millard Fillmoreserved under this flag.


One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofCalifornia.

Millard Fillmore, FranklinPierce and JamesBuchanan served underthis flag.


One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofMinnesota.

James Buchanan wasthe only president to serveunder this flag.


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One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofOregon.

The Civil War began onApril 12, 1861, under thisflag.

James Buchanan andAbraham Lincoln served under this flag.


One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofKansas.

South Carolina, Mississip-pi, Florida, Alabama, Geor-gia, Louisiana, Texas,Arkansas, Tennessee, North

Carolina, and Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861.President Lincoln did not remove stars from the flag

because he believed the Southern states were still partof the government.

In protest some Northeners cut 11 stars out of theirpersonal flags.

Abraham Lincoln was the only president to serveunder this flag.


One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofWest Virginia.

Virginia split into two sep-arate states because partssupported the Confederacy

and other parts supported the Union (the section thatwould become West Virginia supported the Union).

This was the first time that a new state formed outof rebellion of the original state.

The Civil War ended on April 9, 1865, under this flagAbraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson served

under this flag.


One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofNevada.

3 months before the flagbecame official, a 36-starflag was used to cushionPresident Lincoln's head

the evening of his assassination at Ford's Theatre."The Lincoln Flag" is currently on display at the

Columns Museum of the Pike County Historical Societyin Milford, PA.

Andrew Johnson was the only president to serveunder this flag.


One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofNebraska.

Andrew Johnson,Ulysses S. Grant andRutherford B. Hayes servedunder this flag.


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One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofColorado.

Rutherford B. Hayes,James A. Garfield, ChesterA. Arthur, Grover Clevelandand Benjamin Harrison all

served under this flag.


Five stars were added tothe flag for the admission ofNorth Dakota, South Dako-ta, Montana, Washingtonand Idaho.

Benjamin Harrison wasthe only president to serve

under this flag.


One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofWyoming.

Benjamin Harrison andGrover Cleveland servedunder this flag.


One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofUtah.

Grover Cleveland,William McKinley andTheodore Roosevelt servedunder this flag.


One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofOklahoma.

William H. Taft was theonly president to serveunder this flag.


Two stars were added tothe flag for the admission ofNew Mexico and Arizona.

President Taft passed anExecutive Order in 1912establishing proportions forthe flag and arranging the

stars in six horizontal rows of eight, with each star point-ing upward.

This flag was in service for 47 years, lasting throughtwo World Wars and making it the longest serving flaguntil July 4, 2007, when it will be succeeded by the 50-star American flag.

William H. Taft, Woodrow Wilson, Warren Harding,Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt,Harry S. Truman, and Dwight D. Eisenhower served


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One Star was added forthe admission of Alaska.

President Eisenhowerpassed an Executive Orderin 1959 to have the starsarranged in 7 rows with 7stars in each row, staggered

horizontally and vertically.Dwight D. Eisenhower was the only president to

serve under this flag.

50 Stars • 50-Star American Flag1960-Present

One star was added tothe flag for the admission ofHawaii.

17-year-old Bob Heftpredicted that Hawaii wouldgain statehood after Alaska,and designed a 50-star flag

for his high school history class.After Hawaii had been added, President Eisenhower

selected Heft's design to become the nationalemblem

On July 4, 2007, the 50-star flag became America'slongest serving flag.

Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B.Johnson, Richard M. Nixon, Gerald R. Ford, JimmyCarter, Ronald W. Reagan, George Bush, William J. Clin-ton, George W. Bush and Barack Obama served underthis flag.


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Though not part of the official Flag Code, accordingto military custom, flags should be folded into a trian-gular shape when not in use.

To properly fold the flag:

• Begin by holding it waist-high with another personso that its surface is parallel to the ground.

• Fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwiseover the field of stars, holding the bottom and topedges securely.

• Fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue fieldon the outside.

• Make a rectangular fold then a triangular fold bybringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meetthe open top edge of the flag, starting the fold fromthe left side over to the right.

• Turn the outer end point inward, parallel to theopen edge, to form a second triangle.

• The triangular folding is continued until the entirelength of the flag is folded in this manner (usually thir-teen triangular folds, as shown at right). On the finalfold, any remnant that does not neatly fold into a trian-gle (or in the case of exactly even folds, the last trian-gle) is tucked into the previous fold.

• When the flag is completely folded, only a triangu-lar blue field of stars should be visible.

Folding the American Flag


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“You’re A Grand Old Flag”

The flag did not appear onU.S. postal stamp issues untilthe Battle of White Plains Issuewas released in 1926, depict-ing the flag with a circle of 13stars. The 48-star flag firstappeared on the GeneralCasimir Pulaski issue of 1931,though in a small mono-chrome depiction. The first U.S.postage stamp to feature theflag as the sole subject wasissued July 4, 1957, pictured(top)


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On some U.S. militaryuniforms, flag patches areworn on the right shoul-der, following the vehicleconvention with theunion toward the front.

This rule dates back tothe Army's early history,when both mounted cav-alry and infantry unitswould designate a stan-dard bearer, who carriedthe Colors into battle.

As he charged, his for-ward motion caused theflag to stream back. Sincethe Stars and Stripes aremounted with the cantonclosest to the pole, thatsection stayed to theright, while the stripesflew to the left.

Every US astronautsince the crew of Gemini4 has worn the flag onthe left shoulder of his orher space suit, with theexception of the crew ofApollo 1, whose flagswere worn on the rightshoulder. In this case, thecanton was on the left.

Flag of the United States on Americanastronaut Neil Armstrong's space suit.


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The flag is displayed at half-staff (half-mast in navalusage) as a sign of respect or mourning. Nationwide,this action is proclaimed by the president; state-wide orterritory-wide, the proclamation is made by the gover-nor. In addition, there is no prohibition against munici-pal governments, private businesses or citizens flyingthe flag at half-staff as a local sign of respect andmourning.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the firstproclamation on March 1, 1954, standardizing thedates and time periods for flying the flag at half-stafffrom all federal buildings, grounds, and naval vessels;other congressional resolutions and presidential procla-mations ensued.

To properly fly the flag at half-staff, one should firstbriefly hoist it top of the staff, then lower it to the half-staff position, halfway between the top and bottom ofthe staff. Similarly, when the flag is to be lowered fromhalf-staff, it should be first briefly hoisted to the top ofthe staff. Only state governors can decide to lower theflag to half staff, according to US Code.

Federal guidelines state the flag should be flown athalf-staff at the following dates/times:

• May 15: Peace Officers Memorial Day, unless it isthe third Saturday in May, Armed Forces Day, full-staffall day

• Last Monday in May: Memorial Day (until noon)

• July 27: Korean War Veterans Day

• September 11: Patriot Day

• First Sunday in October: Start of Fire PreventionWeek.

• December 7: National Pearl Harbor Remem-brance Day

• For 30 days: Death of a president or former presi-dent

• For 10 days: Death of a vice president, SupremeCourt chief justice/retired chief justice, or speaker ofthe House of Representatives.

• From death until the day of interment: SupremeCourt associate justice, member of the Cabinet, formervice president, president pro-tempore of the Senate, orthe majority and minority leaders of the Senate andHouse of Representatives. Also for federal facilitieswithin a state or territory, for the governor.

• On the day after the death: Senators, members ofCongress, territorial delegates or the resident commis-sioner of the commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

• Further, the flag is always flown at half-staff at fourlocations in the United States. These locations are TheTomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Ceme-tery; Arlington House at Arlington National Cemetery;the U.S.S. Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor, and Mack-inac Island, Michigan (Fort Mackinac Post Cemetery).

When to fly the flag at half-staff


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24 • USA Flag Facts • Morning Journal • June 14, 2013 Long Long Long May It May It May It Wave! Wave! Wave! Our flag represents the

timeless and noble ideals on which this great nation was founded. We encourage all Americans in our community to show patriotic pride by flying

their flags this Thursday, June 14, FLAG DAY.

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16 280 D resd en Ave. • Ca lcu tta , Oh

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W a lm a rt P la za 2875 E a st Sta te S

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morning journal - u.s. flag facts & more 2013

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