moore metaphors
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Therapeutic Metaphors:
What to say when there is nothing to say
Bridging to an Integrated Future
September 16 2013
Tom Moore, LMSW, LLP, CCS
Uniqueness of trauma
Defining metaphor
Purposes
Strategies
Techniques
Examples
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Client traumapresentation
Counselorpresentation
“Trauma is contagious...When a
(support person) experiences, to a
lesser degree, similar terror, rage and
despair as the victim, the phenomenon
of traumatic counter transference or
vicarious traumatization occurs.”
Herman, Trauma and Recovery, 1992
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(Figley)
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Exposure
to Suffering
Concern
Detachment
Other Life
Demands
Compassion
Fatigue
Empathic
Response
Sense of
Satisfaction
Residual
Compassion
Stress
Prolonged Exposure
to Suffering
Traumatic
Memories
8
10
Empathic
Ability
1
2
5
4
9
37
6
The Compassion
Fatigue Process-Figley,
2001
Belief • Personalinvulnerability
Perceptionof world
• Meaningful,orderly
View of self • Positive
(Janoff-Bulman, 1992)
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Innerexperiencenegatively
transformed
Occurs throughempathic engagement
with traumaticmaterial
Witness totrauma
Description ofevents, reports of
cruelty, sadisticabuse
Experience ofterror, grief and
grieving
(McCann & Pearlman, 1990)
Commonfactors
Effects=
cumulative
Effects=
permanent
Change corebeliefs
Effects=
emotionallyintense and
painful
Effects=
modifiable
(Rosenbloom, Pratt, Pearlman)
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(VanWagoner, Gelso, Hayes, and Diemer, 1991)
Empathy key
factor
Experiencedpersonaltrauma
Activation ofunresolvedtrauma
Children’s
traumaespeciallyprovocative
Traumatic events are
really and part ofsociety
Become aware ofpersonal trauma
Client-presentedtrauma evokestherapists own past
Clients presentpowerful emotionalneeds and mistrust
Therapist oftenperceived asperpetrator or assailant
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Results inBoundary violat ions Failed therapeutic relationshi ps Increased shame
Evocation of past trauma
Assault on caregiver identity
Transference issues
Intensity of issues
EXAMPLE
You are meeting with a
client . The client
experiences a flashback
and proceeds to disclose in
detail a traumatic event
from their life.
Have youeverexperiencedthis with a
client?
How haveyourespondedin the
moment ofthedisclosure?
Followingthe event,how did yourespond?
Collins Dictionary of the English Language
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Guru: Metaphors of a Psychotherapist ,
Kopp, page 17
David Gordon
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Religious
writings
Fairytales
Song,
stage, film
Intense impact
Decreased levelof threat or
confrontation
Used in ownway andpurpose
Impactsunconscious &attitudes
Flexible
Variescommunication
forms
Impliedmeaning about
subject
Builds rapport
Models adifferent form ofcommunication
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1
CLIENT
METAPHOR
Statements CLIENT
METAPHOR
Statements
Interaction=
battle
I’ll beat this guy
at his own
game
Time is a
valuable
commodity
That decision
cost me a year
of my life
You approach
life with a
defeatist
attitude
I can’t give you
any of my
precious time.
He defended
well against the
verbal assault
I spent hours
thinking about
this.
We’ve got to
attack this
thing head on.
I’ve got to
budget my time
better.
Everyone’s gotan Achilles
heel.
I’vesquandered
and wasted my
time.
Gilligan, 1987
What doesthe stateor attituderemind meof?
How can Ielaborateandevoke?
Whenhave Iexperienced this stateorattitude?
When hassomeoneelse …..
Whencouldsomeoneexperience…
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George Santayana
They are
able to
because
they think
they are
able.Virgil
Believe that
life is worth
living, and
your beliefs
will help
create the
fact.William James
Christian Nestell Bovee
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How did others learn this?
How did I learn this?
What will happen if others do not learn this?
What would evidence to others?
What convincing evidence exists?
How do I know the idea is valid?
How can I elaborate….?
What does the idea remind me of?
What illustrates this idea?
Voicetone
Pauses
Quotes
Repetition
Mindfulplanning
Thoughtful useof self stories
Multiple
storiesIntegrate
within therapy
Receiver finds
the meaning
GUIDELINES
Combs and Freedman, 1990
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Studyrecipient andtherapeuticrelationship
Be mindful ofnon verbal
communication
Selectivedecisions
aboutsubject
matter
List a dozenemotional
states
Takefirst
item
Pictureor
image
Physicalposture
or action
Sound
Add othercategories
Gilligan, 1987
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Emphasizes a model of the world
Individualized=exerts power over our behavior
Make sense of our experience
Albert Einstein
Findpersonalmeaning
Select stories suggesting
specific ideas or resources
Refrain from explaining the
meaning or moral of a story
Exceptions:
1) Preparation for direct
suggestion;
2) Unhelpful
misinterpretation
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Actual
Situation
Metaphor
Significant persons Client Xc Story
Characters
Person 1 Xp1
Person 2 Zp2
Progression of
problem
Event 1 Incident e1 Story structure
Event 2 Incident e2
Event 3 Incident e3
BECOMES
EXAMPLE
Adven-turous
son
Protectivemother
Head ofhousehold
father
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Actual
Situation
Metaphor
Significant
person
Father Captain Story
Characters
Mother 1st Mate
Son Cabin Boy
Family Boat crew
Progression of
problem
Father rarely
home
Captain shut up in cabin Story structure
Son gets in trouble Cabin boy sets wrong sails
Mother covers for
son
1st mate corrects him and
attempts to reset sails before
captain sees them
Father finds out,
becomes furious
and leaves
Captain discovers sails, furious
he was not told, and retires to
cabin
No resolution,
problem recycles
No resolution, problem recycles
until ……
Watzlawick, 1982
Establish
or identify
• motives, needs, desires, or intention
• past and current behaviors
• Place positive labels, thus eliminating “resistance’
Discriminate
between
• motive versus self-defeating behaviors
• opens door for new/effective methods, satisfying actualneeds of client
Restructureexperience
• permitting new learning and desirable behaviors toemerge
• replace problematic behaviors, feelings or thoughts
Lankton and Lankton, 1983
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My friend “Joe”
Personal experience=engrossing
and convincing
Humanize events, not all success
stories
Preferable when teller was in a
different phase of life
One shortstory
invitesanother
Smallsteps
One storyrarely
decisiveelement
Use morethan one
angle
Redun-dancy
may beimportant
TYPICAL PHRASES
“As you were talking, I thought of …” “This may not be exactly what you were
meaning, but…”
POSITIVE RAPPORT
Allows telling stories with widely different content from session
REFRAIN FROM MARKING OUT
Creates and artificial purpose and meaning
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CLIENT
METAPHOR
Client
Statements
Counselor
Statements
CLIENT
METAPHOR
Client
Statements
Counselor
Statements
Interaction=
battle
I’ll beat this
guy at his
own game
We’re
interested
here in
mobilizing
your
internal
resources.
Time is a
valuable
commodity
That
decision
cost me a
year of my
life
Let’s look at
the high
cost of
maintaining
this
problem
You
approach
life with a
defeatist
attitude
Let’s tackle
this
problem
I can’t give
you any of
my precious
time.
You’ve
invested so
much time
in this, you
can’t
abandon it
now
He
defended
well against
the verbal
assault
Win in the
game of life
I spent
hours
thinking
about this.
If you spend
a little time
practicing
this, it’ll
really pay
off with
some