moocs revolution ou desillusion
TRANSCRIPT
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|@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ
@cs HKKDs,rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ;@c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
por @udecl ]opp
prbodc ac Icol-Hord Aolec`
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Dr cl ?573, `Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc cst ul tjelf tolf elapclaolt ac tkut holaot sylaedo`ku pk`etequc. Osskdeotekl mut lkl `udroteb, `Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc o ulc trep`c vkdotekl 9 trcul dcltrc ac rcxekl, ul `ecu ac rcldkltrc ct ul p`c ac bkrhotekl. ^rkbklahclt oldr aols `oro et dklkhequc, e dkldcltrc scs odtevets sur `o rc`otekl cltrc cltrcpresc ct skl clverkllchclt.@Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc rulet p`us ac ?4> oajrclts (grolacs cltrcprescs prevcs ct pum`equcs,barotekls prkbcssekllc` cs ct krgoleshcs dklsu`oercs, elstetutekls odoahequcs, osskdeotekls).Tcs loldchclts sklt cxd`usevchclt prevs, oudulc dkltremutekl lcxdaolt = % au muagct olluc`.
QJELF QOLF
@o rcxekl ac `Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc skrgolesc outkur ac 3 tjhotequcs prekre-toercs 9 dkhptetevet ct ellkvotekl, chp`ke ct prkspcdtevc skdeo`c, hologchclt, loldcspum`equcs ct rbkrhc ac `odtekl pum`equc.
Aols dcttc rcxekl, `o vesekl ac cltrcpresc dkluc `o bkes dkhhc krgolesotekl, odtcur auhklac dklkhequc ct odtcur ac `o skdet teclt ulc p`odc prpklaroltc. ^kur ro escr scstuacs ct `omkrcr scs prkpksetekls, Elstetut ac cltrcpresc hct dkltremutekl ul vostc rscouacxpcrts (ulevcrsetoercs, jouts bkldteklloercs, dklkhestcs, pk etk`kgucs, aeregcolts acltrcpresc,tjelf tolfs portcloercs trolgcrs). @o aebbusekl ac scs eacs soppuec sur o porutekl rgu ercac roppkrts ct ac lktcs ct sur `o pum`edotekl aulc rcvuc olluc``c, Tkdeto que prkpkscgo`chclt acs amots cl eglc sur cs qucstekls aodtuo`et dklkhequc veo `o pogc Tkdeto`- @c M`kg, eltgrc ou setc eltcrlct ac `Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc. ]sk`uhclt tkurl vcrseltcrloteklo ct portcloerc bklaotcur au ]scou Eltcrloteklo acs Qjelfs Qolfs Cdklkhequcs(www.esmtt.dkh), `Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc eltgrc systhotequchclt aols so rcxekl `olo-`ysc ac hka`cs trolgcrs susdcptem`cs aelspercr cs pk etequcs pum equcs broloescs.
]CLDKLQ]CT
Kuvcrtcs ul orgc pum`ed ku rscrvcs oux oajrclts, cs holebcstotekls krgolescs por Elstetutac `cltrcpresc klt pkur kmicdteb aolehcr `c amot pum`ed ct ac stehu`cr `o rcxekl sur acs suictsaeltrt dk``cdteb, `es `cltrcpresc. Aeregcolts acltrcpresc, pcrskllo`ets pk`etequcs, cxpcrtsessus ac cltrcpresc ku au hklac ulevcrsetoerc sklt elvets scxprehcr kddosekl ac aiculcrs,ac dklbrcldcs ct ac amots.
BK]HOQEKL
@Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc prkpksc acs prkgrohhcs paogkgequcs vesolt sclseme`escr `cspum`eds opportclolt `dksysthc ac `cltrcpresc oux clicux dklkhequcs ct skdeoux. Aolsdc doarc, `Elstetut soarcssc prekretoerchclt oux clsceglolts ac Tdecldcs dklkhequcs ctskdeo`cs (TCT), ovcd `c ^rkgrohhc Clsceglolts-Cltrcprescs 6 oux iculcs jouts pktcltecs , ovcd`Elstetut acs Joutcs tuacs ac `Cltrcpresc (EJCC) ct @c Dcrd`c 6 oux rcprscltolts pk`e-tequcs ovcd `c prkgrohhc C`us & Cltrcprescs.
^kur cl sovker p`us9 www.elstetut-cltrcpresc.br
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?
@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ
Tcptchmrc =>?1
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl
ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker
`jcurc au luhrequc
@udecl ]opp
^rkbcsscur `o Bodu t ac arket ac `Slevcrset
Qku`kusc?-Dopetk`c (Slevcrset ac Qku`kusc)
Redc-^rseaclt ac `Slevcrset Qku`kusc?-Dopetk`c
^rkbcsscur ob`e JCD, ^ores
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Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc, =>?1Qkus arkets ac rcprkaudtekl, ac troaudtekl, aoaoptotekl ct acxdutekl
rscrvs pkur tkus `cs poys
Aercdtcur ac `o pum`edotekl 9 Brared Hkl`kues-B`edet, a`gu glro` ac `Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc
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4@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
Tkhhoerc
^rbodc por Icol-Hord Aolec` ..............................................................................................................................................7
Tyltjsc ................................................................................................................................................................................................................?4
?. ^kur cl bler ovcd `o HKKD Holeo ........................................................................................... ?5
SLC TKDEQ TOLT DK@C ;..........................................................................................................................................................................?5
AH@C] @C R]OE AS BOSZ ............................................................................................................................................................................ =>
SLC OLLC CL ACHE-QCELQC ...........................................................................................................................................................................=?
@O HKKD HOLEO CTQ-C@@C ]CQKHMC ;....................................................................................................................................=4
KMICQ AC @O ^]TCLQC LKQC .......................................................................................................................................................................=1
=. Dresc au systhc audoteb ct ellkvotekl ac rupturc ..................................=7
ACT HKA@CT CL D]ETC .....................................................................................................................................................................................=7
TKDEQ AC Q]OAEQEKL CQ TKDEQ AC DKLLOETTOLDC.................................................................................................4>
CASDOQEKL, ELLKROQEKL CQ D]KETTOLDC DKLKHE_SC....................................................... .........................................4=
SLERC]TEQ ^]KASDQERC, SLERC]TEQ LSH]E_SC ; ........................................................................................................44
QJC ELLKROQK]T AE@CHHO ............................................................................................................................................................................41
MCQQC] OLA MEGGC] ........................................................................................................................................................................................41
TQ]OQGECT ACLQ]C^]ETCT CQ ^K@EQE_SCT ASLERC]TEQT....................................................................................43
@CT HKKDT, ELLKROQEKL AC ]S^QS]C ..............................................................................................................................................42
http://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdfhttp://users/jean-marieduraffourg/Documents/JM/Job/Agence%20Bords%20de%20Mer/MOOC-sept%202014/MOOC-corrections.pdf -
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1
ELLKROQERC SLERC]TEQU, AET]S^QELG D@OTTCQOAO^QERC @CO]LELG..........................................................47
ET QCDJLK@KGU QJC OLTWC] ; ...........................................................................................................................................................4:
4. Qypk`kgec acs HKKDs ....................................................................................................................................................... 1?
M]RC JETQKE]C ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................1?
EACLQEBEOLQT ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................1=
ACT HKKDT OSZ DKKDT .....................................................................................................................................................................................11
HKKDT CQ C-@CO]LELG ........................................................................................................................................................................................13
QU^K@KGEC.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
^]ELDE^O@CT ^@OQCT-BK]HCT ................................................................................................................................................................... 17
^O]QCLO]EOQT ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................3>
DJOLC AC RO@CS] ....................................................................................................................................................................................................3?
A]KEQT AC ^]K^]EQ ..........................................................................................................................................................................................3=
1. Hka`c dklkhequc acs HKKDs,
hkltesotekl ct strotgecs ............................................................................................................................................ 33
DKQ CQ DKQT ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 33
HKLQETOQEKL ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................32
HKA@CT DKLKHE_SCT ...................................................................................................................................................................................3:
HO]DJ (^C]T^CDQERCT) ..................................................................................................................................................................................2>
TQ]OQGECT ACT ^@OQCT-BK]HCT ..........................................................................................................................................................2>
^KTEQEKLLCHCLQ ACT SLERC]TEQT.....................................................................................................................................................24
QOSZ ADJCD ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 23
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3@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
3. HKKDs, rcltcs ct geschclts ac prkaudtevet ............................................................27
ABET......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
DKQ AC @CLTCEGLCHCLQ ................................................................................................................................................................................27
@CT HKKDT, BODQCS] ADKLKHECT ; ...............................................................................................................................................25
AS MOSHK@ CBBCDQ @O MKWCLT @OW ...........................................................................................................................7>
@EHEQCT ACT HCTS]CT TQOQETQE_SCT..................................................................................................................................................7=
]CLQCT AC TEQSOQEKL CQ DKH^QEQEKL HKLAEO@C.............................................................................................................74
2. Rcrs ulc HKKD Slevcrsety; ..................................................................................................................... 73
SLC ^K]QC AEBBEDE@C O^^]JCLAC] .........................................................................................................................................73
DKHHSLEDOQEKL, DKLLOETTOLDC CQ ELBK]HOQEKL .........................................................................................................72
HELC]RO .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 77
HKKD SLERC]TEQUCQ AEGEQO@ ACG]CC ...............................................................................................................................................:>
TORKE] CQ TORKE]-BOE]C ....................................................................................................................................................................................:?
CRO@SOQEKL CQ DC]QEBEDOQEKL ....................................................................................................................................................................:=
7. ^kur quc`qucs eleteotevcs curkpcllcs ct loteklo`cs .............................:3
@CS]K^C LC TOETEQ ^OT TO DJOLDC....................................................................................................................................................:3
AET^C]TEKLT ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................:2
SLC TK@SQEKL CS]K^CLLC ; ....................................................................................................................................................................:7
_SC@_SCT EACT ^KS] @O B]OLDC .......................................................................................................................................................:5
Mem`ekgropjec elaedotevc .................................................................................................................................................................54
@outcur ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................53
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7@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
^rbodc
CHE@C !!
@o ldcsset ac rclarc so porboetc cbdodet `clsceglchclt cst aoutolt p`us veacltcquc o drkessoldc que spuesc cxegc ul elvcstesschclt segledoteb aols c dopeto` juhoel.
Ou hkhclt hhc k tkus `cs poys avc`kpps obrhclt `cur vk`klt aoddrktrc `cs
apclscs ac bkrhotekl, `cs roppkrts sc hu`tep`eclt sur `o moessc au levcou, oelse quc
sur `cs eltcrrkgotekls ovker sur acs apclscs audotevcs ac p`us cl p`us `kuracs ct
vedtehcs ac rclachclts adrkessolts.
Bodc dc akum`c prkm`hc aul mcskel holebcstc ct aul kute` aboe``olt pkur `c sotes-
boerc, pkquc lkus kbbrc o pksseme`et aulc sk`utekl por c jout grdc ou avc`kppchclt
acs lkuvc``cs tcdjlk`kgecs ac `elbkrhotekl.
Kum`ecr `o t`vesekl sdk`oerc
@cs kraelotcurs quc Tk`kw vkyoet aols `cs murcoux sols qukl lc `cs vkec aols `cs
stotestequcs sklt cl troel ac rcltrcr aols `cs so``cs ac d`ossc. Dcttc vk`utekl lcst
pos lkuvc``c ct `c avc`kppchclt acs tcdjlequcs ac aebbusekl ct ac troetchclt ac
`elbkrhotekl scst oddkhpogl ac `o vk`klt acs outkrets sdk`oercs acl boerc ulc acsdkhpksoltcs aulc paogkgec rclkuvc`c. Dcst aols `c doarc ac `o mkllc vece``c ]QB
qucst lc cl ?52= `o roaek-t`vesekl sdk`oerc. C``c ouro ulc cxestcldc p`utt dklacl-
tec``c, cldoarc quc``c cst por `cs `kuracurs ac `audotekl loteklo`c ct `cs regeaets au
gou``eshc. Cl ?5:3, `c iculc ct hkacrlc prchecr helestrc ac `pkquc, @ourclt Bomeus,
`oldc `c p`ol elbkrhotequc pkur tkus que obdjc acs eltcltekls bkrtcs aols `c akhoelc
ac `dk`c. Cl portedu`ecr, dc p`ol selsdret dkhhc ulc prekret au ^`ol loteklo`, `c lcu-
vehc au lkh.
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:
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
^or-ac` dcs mkllcs eltcltekls, `c rsu`tot lc scst pos boet ottclarc 9 dc`ue aul djcd
krgoles por `eldopodet oahelestrotevc jometuc``c ct por `elcrtec ac dcux quc `cs lku-
vc``cs tcdjlequcs hclooeclt.
Dcrtcs au djchel o t boet tolt mecl quc ho`, hoes askrhoes lkus djolgckls apkquc.
@c ^`ol o aesporu, chpkrt aols `cs kum`ecttcs ac `jestkerc, elbkrhotequc scst gl-
ro`esc ct ul lkuvcou pjlkhlc vclu acs Ctots-Sles cst opporu, dc`ue acs HKKDs
(hossevc kpcl kl`elc dkurscs).
@kraelotcur o dkhhcld por rchp`odcr c sty`k que scrvoet prclarc cl lktc cs prkpks
au prkbcsscur. ^rkgrcssevchclt, `cs rcgoras acs tuaeolts klt quett `cs tom`coux ac
hkels cl hkels lkers ct klt bue dc`ue au prkbcsscur pkur sc dcltrcr sur acs drols ksc dkldurrcldclt lktcs prescs, moscs ac akllcs dklsu`tcs tetrc ac vredotekl acs
prkpks tclus ku tkut sehp`chclt setcs eltcrlct aevcrs k `kl buet `o aurc aesdep`elc ac
`dkutc. Acvclu aestolt ou pkelt ac resqucr ac acvcler eltc``cdtuc``chclt omsclt,
`clsceglolt sopprtc sc`kl ul prkdcssus askrhoes elcxkrom`c acvcler omsclt pjy-
sequchclt.
@clsceglchclt ac logurc rcpksoet sur `o trolshessekl por ul sodjolt `c prkbcsscur
aul sovker vcrs acs tuaeolts oyolt `o dklvedtekl ac rctercr ac `ottcltekl oddkrac
scs prkpks ulc oh`ekrotekl ac `o quoltet ct ac `o quo`et ac `curs dklloessoldcs. E`
rcpksoet sur ulc bkrhc ac skuhessekl `outkret ct sur ul hklkpk`c gkgropjequc
boesolt au prkbcsscur `c scu` hotrc mkra aols so d`ossc, as `krs que` rcspcdtoet ul
prkgrohhc ac dkltclus trolshcttrc.
Ouikurajue, aoutrcs quc `ue, aklt `cs dkurs klt t clrcgestrs ct hes cl `eglc sur acs
rscoux elbkrhotequcs, vecllclt `ue boerc dkldurrcldc ovcd aoutolt p`us ac bkrdc quc
skl ouaetkerc troaetekllc` o tclaoldc pcrarc dkltodt ovcd scs aesdkurs.
]ctrkuvcr ]kusscou
O tetrc pcrskllc`, ic vkes aols dcttc vk`utekl `c syhmk`c aulc trolgc rcvoldjc ac
]kusscou sur Toelt Icol-Moptestc ac @o To``c. Dc acrlecr ovoet su dklvoeldrc `cs prkdjcs
ac @kues ZER quc `o glro`esotekl ac `clsceglchclt pkuvoet skmtcler rc`otevchclt
boem`c dkt cl eltrkauesolt ulc tcdjlequc paogkgequc bklac sur `o d`ossc rcgrkupolt
ul lkhmrc ehpkrtolt a`vcs. Cltkur ac prcstegc au boet ac skl sovker, prktg por
acs syhmk`cs bkrts dkhhc `o tkgc aols `clsceglchclt suprecur ku `cstroac aols
tkutcs `cs d`osscs, `c prkbcsscur ac @o To``c aestremuoet so pork`c acs `vcs rc`ote-
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5@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
^rbodc
vchclt lkhmrcux hoes rcspcdtucux (roppc`kls quc `tyhk`kgec ac akde`c cst `c vcrmc
akdcrc, que seglec cl otel clsceglcr). Ct dcttc pork`c toet goroltc ac o orgc aebbusekl
au sovker. @c dkltr`c ac dklloessoldc vcloet dklbkrtcr dcttc aebbusekl hoes pkuvoetposscr pkur scdklaoerc ou pkelt quc `kl o pu ossehe`cr `o prscldc aols `cs `ecux
sdk`oercs ulc rc``c odquesetekl ac sovker ct sc hkltrcr ac hkels cl hkels cxegcolt
sur `o bokl ac ro`escr dc dkltr`c (lc seltcrrkgc-t-kl pos oelse sur `o survec au mod-
do`ourot, cxohcl dktcux, pcu s`cdteb ct que veclt dkld`urc acs ollcs ac prscldc
aols `cs `ydcs que o prekre sklt hhc aossurcr `o bkrhotekl acs `vcs ;).
Qolaes que `dk`c sc dklstruesoet sur dc sdjhc ou ZREEEcsed`c, ]kusscou aols `Che`c
avc`kppoet ul hka`c k `c prdcptcur dklsce``c aols `cs `cdturcs, hkltrc `cs pjlk-
hlcs ct vrecel lcac bokl osscz prdesc dc quc c iculc aklt e` ossurc audoteklo rctclu. Oelse, oprs ovker rcdkhhola `o `cdturc aul `evrc akptequc, `c prdcptcur
aChe`c, `ohclolt aols ulc prkhcloac outkur aul `od, `ue acholac acxp`equcr pkur-
quke, quola kl p`klgc ul mtkl aols `cou, kl `c vket doss. E` rclvkec Che`c rcst eltcr-
aet ct huct vcrs `o `cdturc ai sk``edetc au `evrc ct elsestc sur `o ldcsset ac scl
opprkprecr `c dkltclu por ulc ahordjc pcrskllc``c.
Ouikurajue, tolaes quc acs aep`hcs ac p`us cl p`us veas ac `cur scls vecllclt sold-
tekllcr acs jcurcs ac prscldc elottcltevc aols acs so``cs k scltossclt acs `vcs
ac p`us cl p`us askreclts, `cs jretecrs au prdcptcur aChe`c rclvkeclt `cs eglorcs
hkacrlcs que`s drkesclt vcrs cur kraelotcur k cs HKKDs cur bkurlessclt cs hkycls
ac dkhprclarc ct ac rctrkuvcr `cs `kes ac `o rbrodtekl.
Lolhkels, `cs lksto`gequcs ac `jretogc pkurtolt mecl troje ac @o To``c d`ohclt
`ehpksturc acs HKKDs. @o rsestoldc skrgolesc. @cs sylaedots aclsceglolts que
obrhclt quc recl lc souroet boerc djolgcr `c htecr rctrkuvclt `c vecux rcxc `uaaetc
ac tkus dcux quc `c prkgrs tcdjlequc mkusdu`c aols `c dklbkrt hhc areskerc ac `cur
rkutelc prkbcssekllc``c. @cs skdek`kgucs que skutecllclt hkraedus quc quke que` orrevc,`clsceglchclt ac quo`et scro tkuikurs rscrv ulc `etc dklscrvotredc, pkussclt `c
vedc iusqu alkldcr `o vk`klt hhc ac lecr dcttc `ke eltolgem`c ct bklaohclto`c ac
`eliustedc skdeo`c, vk`klt `cur ycux ou hecux voelc, ou perc pcrledecusc.
Aols dcs dklaetekls, e` porot ehpkrtolt ac boerc `c pkelt, dcst--aerc `o bkes ul tot
acs `ecux ct ulc prkspcdtevc acs clicux. Dcst dc quc sc prkpksc dcttc lktc. ]aegc
por ul clsceglolt que cst ou dur hhc ac `vk`utekl ac `Slevcrset, c``c pksc ovcd
srlet `cs prkm`hcs que cltkurclt `o hkltc cl puessoldc acs HKKDs. C``c port au
preldepc que` bout roeskl goracr. @cs spdeo`estcs ohredoels que `krs acs prchercs
hescs cl `eglc ollkloeclt qu `jkrezkl =>4>, e` ly ouroet p`us aols `c hklac quc
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?>
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
?> ulevcrsets, 5 ohredoelcs ct ? djelkesc, sklt prkmom`chclt o``s vetc cl mcskglc.
Hoes dcux que lc vkeclt aols `cs HKKDs quc acs goagcts aelbkrhotedecls klt tkrt.
@cs ulevcrsets, `cs `ydcs ct `cs dk`cs lc vklt pos aesporotrc au ikur ou `clachoel,
hoes clsceglolt uttolt ovcd p`us ku hkels ac sudds dkltrc ulc d`ossc p`us ku hkels
hktevc pkur boerc posscr skl sovker cst rchescr ou husc ac `o paogkgec. Djoquc
prkbcsscur ac pjysequc cltrolt aols ul ohpjetjtrc ac bodu`t aket dkhprclarc quul
prex Lkmc` rodkltc `o hhc djksc quc `ue sur ul drol ovcd ulc aehclsekl ac prcstegc
mecl suprecurc. Djoquc elstetutcur acvclu cl Broldc prkbcsscur acs dk`cs aket
ro`escr quc acs icux `uaequcs ct eltcrodtebs opprcllclt ouikurajue `erc ct dkhptcr
ulc iculcssc asercusc ac skrter ac skl eglkroldc aols acs poys k e` cst aebde`c
ac hoeltcler ul rscou ac `kdoux sdk`oercs ac grolac clvcrgurc.
Dkhhc tkuikurs, c prkgrs tcdjlequc vo ikucr skl akum`c r`c pkseteb 9 ossurcr ul rclku-
vc``chclt au htecr que` tkudjc aols ul scls ac `oh`ekrotekl ac scs dklaetekls
acxcrdedc 6 rauerc skl dkt cl pcrhcttolt aols `o bku`c ul lkhmrc drkessolt ac
pcrskllcs ac mldecr acs bruets au trovoe` oddkhp`e aols c doarc ac dc htecr. _uolt
`o dkldurrcldc quc `cs HKKDs vklt elsto``cr cltrc clsceglolts ct elstetutekls sdk-
`oercs, c``c ouro c``c-hhc dc akum`c cbbct pkseteb ac hoeltcler `o prcssekl ac `cxegcldc
ct akuvrer djodul acs djohps quose-elles aodquesetekl ac `o dklloessoldc. @cs
dkurs au Dk``gc ac Broldc, rscrvs ioaes quc`qucs ^oresecls, sklt hoeltclolt
aespksetekl ac tkus
Cxegcldc
Hoes kl tkudjc ` ul acs pkelts d`s ac `ovcler ac dc aespkseteb. Dc`ue ac `obrhotekl
ac `cxegcldc. C``c sc boet akrcs ct ai cl dc scls quc `o prkhcloac ac ]kusscou cl
qutc acxprecldc akptequc sc hct cl p`odc ul pcu portkut. @cs dkltr`cs ac dklloes-soldc skrgolesclt, `cs aep`hcs sc rcalessclt. E` soget as `krs ac sc acholacr
dkhhclt dcttc cxegcldc sehpkscro aols c dkltclu acs HKKDs. @o vege`oldc sehpksc
pkur vetcr quc acs aep`hs oyolt sueve acs HKKDs ct prkd`oholt quulc vo`cur ac
ac 4,?1 dkhp`equc elute`chclt `cs do`du`s ct quulc pjysequc bklac sur ulc vo`cur ac
1 scroet p`us protequc ct bode`c clsceglcr lc sc g`essclt aols `cs mo`mutechclts au
aespkseteb. Dor se tkut prkgrs o scs bu`guroldcs, e` o ousse scs csdrkds ct scs lobs.
Slc pcrspcdtevc lkuvc``c skuvrc quke que` cl sket. Ct cl ossurolt ulc lkuvc``c krgo-
lesotekl ac `clsceglchclt, c``c eltcrpc``c `c hklac ac `cltrcpresc acux levcoux 9
dc`ue acs kppkrtulets que `ue sklt kbbcrtcs ac acholacr acs dkhptcs ou hklkpk`c
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??@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
^rbodc
ouikurajue d`oerchclt ame`etolt ac `audotekl loteklo`c 6 dc`ue ac `o quo`et acs bkr-
hotekls rcucs ct acs hkao`ets avo`uotekl ac dcttc quo`et ou hkhclt acs ch-
moudjcs.
Dcst pkur dc`o quc por-ac` `o bosdelotekl eltc``cdtuc``c pkur dcs HKKDs aklt, rop-
pc`kls-`c, dcrtoels ljsetclt pos obrhcr que`s vklt chpkrtcr lkl scu`chclt lks
ulevcrsets, hoes hhc lktrc `olguc -, e` dklveclt quc `c hklac ac `cltrcpresc r-
djessc dc que vo sc posscr.
Dcttc lktc cst akld `o prcherc dkltremutekl ulc rcxekl oppc`c ul pcrholclt
avc`kppchclt.
ICOL-HO]D AOLEC@
^rkbcsscur osskde `CTD^ Curkpc
Cdklkhestc `Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc
Aercdtcur ac `o raodtekl ac `o rcvuc Tkdeto`
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?=
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
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?4@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
Tyltjsc
Ollklds ovcd brodos cl =>?=, `cs HKKDT hossevc kpcl kl`elc dkurscs pkrtoeclt
cl cux `cs gcrhcs aulc trep`c rvk`utekl 9 tcdjlk`kgequc mecl sr, puesque` sogessoet,
grdc ou luhrequc, ac ahotreo`escr `o trolshessekl hhc au sovker 6 dklkhequc,
cl hcttolt ul tcrhc `o ho`aedtekl acs dkts drkessolts que obbcdtoet iusquede ul
scdtcur ac clsceglchclt suprecur oux goels ac prkaudtevet elcxestolts 6 paogkgequccll, dor acrrerc dcs kute`s, dtoet ulc dkldcptekl rclkuvc`c ac `opprcltessogc que
sc prk`oet, ou trovcrs ac `o prkhktekl aulc suppksc dk-dklstrudtekl acs sovkers por
`cs tuaeolts cux-hhcs.
Acux ols oprs, e` dklveclt aomkracr dc pjlkhlc ovcd aovoltogc ac rcdu` 6 dcst
aols dcttc pcrspcdtevc quc sc setuc dc trovoe`, que dklstetuc ulc tcltotevc ac rosschm`cr
`clschm`c acs akllcs aklt kl aespksc ouikurajue sur dcs lkuvcoux kute`s ct acl
olo`yscr `cs cbbcts skus ulc trep`c pcrspcdtevc 9 dc``c acs cltrcprescs, acs pkuvkers
pum`eds ct ac `o skdet. Le rquesetkerc, le p`oeakycr, e` soget ovolt tkutc djksc aulc
pjktkgropjec elstoltolc ac `tot aul pjlkhlc loessolt cl Curkpc ct au amot
que` susdetc kutrc-Ot`oltequc.
Aols dc doarc, outcur oppc``c adklstruerc ul dcrtoel lkhmrc ac hytjcs que sc sklt
`omkrs outkur acs HKKDs, tkut cl roppc`olt qukl cst cldkrc `kel ac aespkscr aulc
dklloessoldc tom`ec ac `curs cbbcts.
@c prchecr hytjc cst dc`ue aulc Slevcrset vertuc``c. Dkhhc `klt hkltr dcrtoelcscxprehcltotekls oux rsu`tots hetegs, cs HKKDs lc acvroeclt pos sc sumstetucr tkto-
`chclt `clsceglchclt prscltec` . @o sk`utekl que acvroet trc preve`gec acvroet
p`utt trc dc``c au avc`kppchclt ac dursus jymreacs, ute`esolt cs doto`kgucs ac dkurs
ac quc`qucs-ulcs acs p`otcs-bkrhcs cl odtevet, dkhhc `c prkpksclt ai dcrtoelcs
ulevcrsets poro```chclt `curs dursus troaetekllc`s. @ulc acs `ehetcs dcttc aho-
treo`esotekl teclt `o loturc hhc au sovker ct acs dklloessoldcs, quc dcrtoels tju-
rebroercs acs HKKDs ossehe`clt trkp prkhptchclt ulc sehp`c hkao`et aelbkrhotekl,
vkerc ac dkhhuledotekl. Kr `o aebbusekl aul sovker lc sc `ehetc pos ulc kprotekl ac
trolshessekl 6 c``c ehp`equc ac `o paogkgec, ul opprcltessogc, `c avc`kppchclt
aoptetuacs sopprkprecr `o dklloessoldc ku `cs dkhptcldcs trolshescs. Dcde cst
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?1
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
aoutolt p`us vroe quc tkutcs `cs aesdep`elcs clsceglcs lc sklt pos go`cs acvolt dcs
tcdjlequcs.
@c scdkla hytjc teclt `o ahkdrotesotekl ac `odds ou sovker. Cl tjkrec, `kuvcr-
turc hhc acs HKKDs rcla dc acrlecr oddcssem`c tkus. ^kur outolt, c``c lomk`et pos
`o ldcssoerc hktevotekl pkur ossehe`cr dc acrlecr c``c o rclbkrdc hhc. Kr hcsurc
quc `cs ulevcrsets soarcssclt ul pum`ed ac p`us cl p`us `orgc, c``cs otterclt acs
tuaeolts ac hkels cl hkels hktevs ct akevclt bkurler p`us acbbkrt ct aelvcstesschclts
pkur cs ohclcr ou aep`hc. Aols dc doarc, ct hkels ac mldecr aul cldoarchclt
dkhp`hcltoerc, `cs HKKDs lc souroeclt opporotrc dkhhc ulc sk`utekl herod`c, tolt
pkur `cs tuaeolts ac boem`c levcou que lorrevclt pos kmtcler ul aep`hc aols `c sys-
thc odtuc`, quc pkur dcux ac levcou hkycl que klt mcskel aul oddkhpoglchclt pkurrusser. @cs HKKDs acvroeclt cl rcvoldjc rclbkrdcr cldkrc `cs otkuts aklt aespksclt
`cs tuaeolts `cs p`us mre``olts. Ousse pcut-kl por`cr, o suetc ac `dklkhestc ohredoel
Qy`cr Dkwcl, aulc jypcr-hretkdrotec osskdec o aebbusekl luhrequc acs dklloes-
soldcs.
@c acrlecr hytjc rsu`tc acs acux prchecrs 9 e` rcpksc sur `jypktjsc ac goels ac
prkaudtevet dklsearom`cs pkur `cs ulevcrsets, es o luhresotekl ac clsceglchclt
suprecur. Lkl pos que` sogessc ac lecr o pcrtelcldc adklkhecs pktcltec``cs dc``cs-
de cxestclt ac holerc veacltc. Hoes c``cs lc souroeclt rsu`tcr ac `o glro`esotekl
ac HKKDs purs , aespklem`cs ulequchclt cl `eglc, aklt `o hesc cl p`odc scroet
hktevc ulequchclt por kmicdteb aulc raudtekl acs dkts aols cs ulevcrsets. Dcux-
de louroeclt cl cbbct pkur outrc dklsqucldc quulc aehelutekl au toux akmtcltekl au
aep`hc. @outcur elvetc por oe``curs `o pruacldc quolt ou meoes brquclt que dklsestc
surcstehcr `cs dklkhecs glrcs por `cs HKKDs tkut cl skus-csteholt `cs lkh-
mrcux dkts dodjs ac dcs acrlecrs.
Adklstruerc dcs trkes hytjcs lc seglec pos skppkscr ou avc`kppchclt acs HKKDs.Eldkltcstom`chclt, dcs acrlecrs rpklaclt ulc acholac, sols dkldurrcldcr `clsce-
glchclt akll cl prscltec`. Dcst pkurquke `outcur osskdec `c avc`kppchclt butur
acs HKKDs `o dklvcrgcldc ac `ellkvotekl tcdjlk`kgequc ct ac acux ottcltcs skdeo`cs.
@o prcherc o pkur kregelc ul djolgchclt ac `o skdek`kgec acs tuaeolts, ac hkels cl
hkels lkhmrcux suevrc ul pordkurs ulevcrsetoerc d`ossequc dkhhc dc`ue ac `clsce-
glchclt acs juholets, ct ac p`us cl p`us ottcltebs oux amkudjs prkbcssekllc`s.
@clsceglchclt acs juholets lc sc prtc pos `o ahotreo`esotekl 6 e` ehp`equc mecl
ou dkltroerc `o aesdussekl, `djolgc, `o rcldkltrc pjysequc aul prkbcsscur ct ac scs
tuaeolts. @clsceglchclt vkdotekl prkbcssekllc``c cst, elvcrsc, trs oaopt
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?3@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
Tyltjsc
`ute`esotekl ac htjkacs `cdtrklequcs 6 dc que pcut cxp`equcr quc dcst sur dc scghclt
quc `cs HKKDs sc sklt avc`kpps, dkhhc `c hkltrc lktohhclt `o `estc acs hkau`cs
aclsceglchclts prkpkss por `o p`otc-bkrhc Saodety. Kr, `o hossedotekl ac `clsce-glchclt suprecur aols ul dkltcxtc ac dresc dklkhequc oegu o dklsearom`chclt
rclbkrd, ou dkurs acs acrlercs ollcs, dcttc prcherc ottcltc.
@o scdklac ottcltc cst dc``c ac `o pcrskllo`esotekl acs dursus. @cs tuaeolts sklt ac
hkels cl hkels otters por `cs `ercs troaetekllc``cs (`c arket, `dklkhec, `o gcstekl,
`o hacdelc, `cs `olgucs) oux dursus hklkdk`krcs ct rcdjcrdjclt acs pordkurs aebb-
rcldes que `cur dkrrcspklarklt hecux ct que `cur pcrhcttrklt ousse, `c hkhclt vclu,
ac sc ahorqucr ac `curs dkldurrclts ouprs ac buturs chp`kycurs. Ak `c sudds ac
bkrhotekls que `cur kbbrclt `o pksseme`et akmtcler ul akum`c aep`hc, `cur kuvrclt acsposscrc``cs vcrs acs tom`esschclts aebbrclts ct aevcrseclt `curs dkhptcldcs. @o
hkme`et ku pkur oelse aerc `c mutelogc sklt cltrs aols `cs hurs acs tuaeolts,
que selsdrevclt skuvclt aols p`usecurs `ercs, cxprehcltclt `curs clsceglchclts,
ovolt ac boerc `c djkex ac `ulc ac``cs. @cs HKKDs pcrhcttclt cll djoquc tuaeolt
lkl scu`chclt ac aler ul pordkurs ulevcrsetoerc sur hcsurc hoes cldkrc ac `c suevrc
skl prkprc rytjhc.
^rescs dklikeltchclt, dcs ottcltcs acsselclt `cs dkltkurs pkssem`cs ac `Slevcrset ac
achoel, p`us ottcltevc oux ottcltcs ct oux dopodets ac prkgrcssekl ac djodul. Dc``c-
de acvroet rcpkscr sur acs pordkurs jymreacs dkhmelolt `cs kppkrtulets aulc aho-
treo`esotekl acs tcdjlequcs aopprcltessogc ct `cs vcrtus ac htjkacs ac bkrhotekl
p`us troaetekllc``cs, ehp`equolt `clsceglchclt aul prkbcsscur scs `vcs. C``c acvroet
ousse sc dorodtrescr por ul lkuvcou roppkrt ou tchps que pkurroet mku`cvcrscr `cs
dursus ct dkltroelarc rcpclscr `krgolesotekl acs pordkurs. Ovcd `c avc`kppchclt
acs HKKDs, cl cbbct, dc lc sklt p`us `cs jcurcs ac prscldc sur `c dohpus que
dkhptclt, hoes `odquesetekl cbbcdtevc ac dklloessoldcs soldtekllc por ul aep`hc,
quc` quc sket `c tchps poss.
Cll, aols `c acrlecr vk`ct ac `tuac, `outcur sottodjc bkrhu`cr acs prkpksetekls,
cl elvetolt `cs pkuvkers pum`eds curkpcls sc soeser au suict ac `o luhresotekl ac
`clsceglchclt suprecur bodc ou resquc aul hklkpk`c ohredoel.
Ou levcou loteklo`, ct aols ulc `kgequc ac aebbrcldeotekl el`udtom`c, `cs ulevcrsets
akevclt sc`kl `outcur rcstcr `emrcs ac sc pksetekllcr por roppkrt oux HKKDs 6 e` lc
souroet ede y ovker ac strotgec ehpksc acl jout.
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?2
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
Dcpclaolt, elvetcs prclarc odtc au djolgchclt ac pcrspcdtevc qukuvrclt `cs
HKKDs, `o puessoldc pum`equc ct `cs cltrcprescs sklt ousse elvetcs cl tercr tkutcs
`cs dklsqucldcs 9
- cl `omkrolt acs pordkurs aelscrtekl ku ac relscrtekl aols `cltrcpresc hkels
`eloercs (tchps portec`, opprcltessogc) 6
- cl rcdklloessolt quc `cs aep`hcs odoahequcs, lktohhclt dcux aklt `Ctot o
`c hklkpk`c, pcrarklt prkgrcssevchclt ac `cur ehpkrtoldc aols `cs ollcs
vcler ou prkt ac aep`hcs lkl odoahequcs que pkurrklt trc a`evrs por acs
elstetutekls prevcs 6
- cl elvetolt `cs cltrcprescs ro`escr quc``cs sklt ku pcuvclt trc acs `ecux ac
prkaudtekl ac sovkers ku ac sovker-boerc.
Dcs prkpksetekls akevclt tkutcbkes scltclarc skus `cs rscrvcs suevoltcs que sc a-
gogclt askrhoes ac `cxprecldc lkra-ohredoelc9
- @kute` (`c HKKD) lcst recl sols `dksysthc cltrcprclcureo` que sc avc`kppc
outkur ac `ue 6 ou-ac` acs stort-upque sc sklt drcs outkur acs pkrtoe`s, acs
p`otcs-bkrhcs ku ac `o dkldcptekl ac dkurs cl `eglc, kl vket oelse drktrc, oux
Ctots-Sles lktohhclt, ac lkhmrcuscs skdets spdeo`escs aols `krecltotekl
ku `oddraetotekl. @cxestcldc ct `c avc`kppchclt ac tc``cs cltrcprescs sklt cs-
scltec`s pkur gorolter `cs dklaetekls aul usogc cbbcdteb ct aurom`c acs HKKDs.
- @o luhresotekl ac `clsceglchclt o ul dkt quc scu`s acs tom`esschclts
prcstegecux soppuyolt sur acs bklaotekls p`tjkrequcs klt pu suppkrtcr 6 dc dkt
pkurroet sc rv`cr ropeachclt eldkhpotem`c ovcd `cs dopodets loldercs trs
`ehetcs atom`esschclts apkurvus ac rcsskurdcs prkprcs. Dcde sku`vc clBroldc `o qucstekl au hkltolt acs arkets aelsdreptekl ct por dklsquclt acs
dklaetekls loldercs aodds `clsceglchclt suprecur.
- @c avc`kppchclt ac HKKDs broloes ehp`equc ul cldoarchclt iureaequc spde-
quc. Sl tc` cldoarchclt pkurroet selspercr ac `o `ke vktc cl =>?4 (hoes lkl
opp`equc dc ikur) por `Ctot ac Do`ebkrlec, ehpksolt quc `cs ulevcrsets skeclt
tclucs aoddkracr acs draets (CDQT) oux tuaeolts suevolt dcrtoels dkurs cl
`eglc. Tur dct cxchp`c, kl pkurroet hcttrc cl p`odc ulc cxprecldc loteklo`c, ehe-
tc ul dcrtoel lkhmrc ac dursus pkur `csquc`s `o acholac cst bkrtc, tc`s quc `o
prcherc ollc ac hacdelc ku `cs ESQ.
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?7@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
Tyltjsc
- Cll, `o glro`esotekl ac HKKDs ou scel acs tom`esschclts aclsceglchclt
suprecur broloes sku`vc `o qucstekl ac `o pcrtelcldc au d`osschclt ac Tjol-
gjoe, que survo`kresc `cs odtevets ac rcdjcrdjc ou atrehclt ac `o quo`et ac `cl-sceglchclt. Te dcttc glro`esotekl acvoet trc adeac, e` scroet pruaclt ac sku-
tcler `cs prkicts ac d`osschclts o`tcrlotebs dklauets por `Slekl Curkpcllc ct
akmtcler que`s prcllclt aovoltogc cl dkhptc `kbbrc luhrequc ac djoquc to-
m`esschclt.
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?:
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
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@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1 ?5
^kur cl ler ovcd `o
HKKD holeo
SLC TKDEQ TOLT DK@C ;
@o rvk`utekl acs HKKD (pkur 9 hossevc kpcl kl`elc dkursc), D@KH (pkur 9 dkurs cl
`eglc kuvcrts ct hossebs ? ) ct outrcs B@KQ (pkur 9 bkrhotekls `emrcs kuvcrtcs tkus= )4
ouroet dkhhcld.
C``c scroet `uvrc.
@cldrc acs prchecrs orted`cs pum`es sur `cs HKKDs lcst pos cldkrc sdjc ct `ollc
=>?=, rclkhhc ollc au HKKD oux Ctots-Sles por `c Lcw Ukrf Qehcs cst pcelc
acrrerc lkus, quc `cs HKKDs ouroeclt ai rcacssel `cs dkltkurs acs hkacs ac
aebbusekl au sovker ct aodquesetekl acs dkhptcldcs. Ouikurajue, e`s elsto``croeclt `o
ahkdrotec ac `o dklloessoldc ct dklstrueroeclt ul lkuvc` opprclolt 1.
Dcttc rvk`utekl sc lkurret, `o vret, ac douscs kmicdtevcs 9
- ulc dresc au loldchclt ac `clsceglchclt suprecur 6 acs trolsbkrhotekls prk-
bklacs que mku`cvcrsclt cs systhcs audotebs acpues ulc quoroltoelc aollcs3,
? Qroaudtekl kbdec``c ac HKKD cl broloes.
= Qcrhc glrequc pkur aseglcr acs bkrhotekls aep`holtcs ute`esolt acs HKKDs/D@KHs.
4 De-oprs asegls ac holerc glrequc 9 `cs HKKDs .
1 Dc tcrhc lcst pos bkrdhclt acs p`us jcurcux, hoes e` cst dc`ue cl usogc ouikurajue pkur aseglcr dc lkuvc`
tuaeolt, p`us g quc `tuaeolt lkrho`, ct ai cltr aols `o vec odtevc.3 Tur dcttc dresc, sur `oquc``c kl rcveclaro, vker lktohhclt Horec-D`ouac M`oes, Hordc` Goudjct ct AkhelequcKttove, Qrolshcttrc, Opprclarc, Ttkdf, `cs Cssoes, =>?1.
?
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=>
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
- `cs cbbcts ac `o luhresotekl, que o cu roeskl cl quc`qucs ollcs ac tolt ac scd-
tcurs aodtevets, ac `outkhkme`c `o husequc, ct que obbcdtc askrhoes dcux quc
`kl cl drkyoet prktgs, `ogredu`turc ku `o solt ct hoeltclolt, `clsceglchclt2
,
- ulc acholac skdeo`c ac p`us cl p`us bkrtc, boetc acs ottcltcs aulc iculcssc
auquc aols `o du`turc acs drols ct que lc dkhprcla pos quc cs tcdjlequcs
aopprcltessogc ku `cs htjkacs paogkgequcs lc sy oaoptclt pos, ac `o rcvcl-
aedotekl ac trovoe``curs lkl quo`es, asercux akmtcler ulc scdklac djoldc cl
dkurs ac vec prkbcssekllc``c, ct cll acs cxegcldcs `getehcs ac so`ores skujoe-
tolt odtuo`escr `curs dklloessoldcs tkut ou `klg ac `cur vec ac trovoe`.
E` cl rsu`tcroet `o ldcsset ac rvesekls adjeroltcs acs bkrhcs akrgolesotekl ct acbkldtekllchclt acs elstetutekls cxestoltcs (dk`cs, dk``gcs, ydcs, ulevcrsets, grolacs
dk`cs, krgoleshcs ac bkrhotekl prkbcssekllc``c), iusquou dkltclu acs clsceglchclts
quc``cs akllclt ct oux htjkacs paogkgequcs quc``cs ute`esclt, pkur tcltcr ac
`cs oaoptcr ou hklac lkuvcou que skuvrc 9 dc`ue aulc skdet sols dk`c7, ul
hklac ac o dklloessoldc k djodul opprclaro sc`kl scs mcskels, portkut, tkut elstolt,
odtevchclt ct cbdodchclt, elaeveauc``chclt hoes cl dk``omkrotekl ovcd acs he``ecrs
aoutrcs:.
Evol E``edj `ovoet rv, `cs HKKDs scroeclt sur `c pkelt ac `c boerc !
AH@C] @C R]OE AS BOSZ
Slc gclac lcst-c``c pos cl troel ac sc dklstruerc ; Ct dkhhc dc``c ac Qkh Aklepjkl,
`jkhhc que tuo @emcrty Ro`oldc, `o `gclac acs HKKDs quc `kl pum`ec `Kucst ac
`Curkpc, lcst-c``c pos p`us mc``c quc `o ro`et que`s rcdkuvrclt5;
_uc``cs sklt o loturc, ohp`cur ct o pkrtc vretom`cs acs trolsbkrhotekls quoppkrtclt
`cs HKKDs, D@KHs ct outrcs B@KQs ; ^kur lktrc systhc audoteb ct lktohhclt
2 Tc`kl Dor` Mclcaeft Brcy ct Hedjoc` Ksmkrlc ac Slevcrset aKxbkra, prs ac o hkete (17%) acs htecrs cxestoltsacvroeclt trc outkhotess aols `cs prkdjoelcs ollcs, `eltc``egcldc ortedec``c sc sumstetuolt aletevchclt dc``c ac `jkhhc.
7 Evol E``edj, ?57?, aklt `c tetrc cl olg`oes cst p`us segledoteb cldkrc 9 Acsdjkk`elg Tkdecty.
: Horec-D`ouac M`oes, Hordc` Goudjct ct Akhelequc Kttove, Qrolshcttrc, Opprclarc, kp.det., p.=?:.
5 @cs delpje`cs sc skuvecllclt ac dcttc hoglebequc rp`equc quc c sdlorestc au be`h au Ikjl Bkra oaopt ac`o lkuvc``c ac Akrktjy H. Ikjlskl hct aols `o mkudjc ac `ul acs prktogklestcs au be`h 9 Qjes es tjc Wcst, Ter.Wjcl tjc `cgcla mcdkhcs bodt, prelt tjc `cgcla ( Kl cst aols `Kucst, ede. _uola `o `gclac apossc `o r o`et,o`krs kl pum`ec `o `gclac ).
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=?@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
^kur cl ler ovcd `o HKKD holeo
pkur lks ulevcrsets ct lks grolacs dk`cs ; Hoes go`chclt pkur lks cltrcprescs ct
pkur `Ctot ;
_uc``c draeme`et acs aep`hcs kmtclus, `essuc ac dursus que pkurroeclt lehp`equcr
oudulc rcldkltrc pjysequc, oudul djolgc kuvcrt, oudul aeo`kguc glro`chclt bdkla
acs hotrcs ct ac `curs `vcs ; _uc``cs tcdjlequcs avo`uotekl acs dklloessoldcs
odquescs ;
_uc` pkuvker aelb`ucldc cxcrd por cs ulevcrsets que hcttclt cl p`odc cs prchercs
p`otcs-bkrhcs ct acrrerc c``cs, por `cs berhcs ac dopeto`-resquc que pkurroeclt `cs
beloldcr ct `cs beloldclt ai ; _uc` resquc ac prchptekl por quc`qucs tom`essc-
hclts, prcstegecux ct tkus ohredoels, ac `o bkrhotekl ac `o iculcssc acs poyshcrgclts ;
_uc` ovcler pkur lks systhcs ac bkrhotekl, eleteo`c ku pcrholcltc, `curs hkacs
akrgolesotekl ct ac bkldtekllchclt ku `curs htjkacs paogkgequcs ; _uc`s cbbcts
pksetebs go`chclt se lks tom`esschclts opprcllclt adkuvrer, trovcrs cux, hhc
se dcst ovcd ac lkhmrcuscs `ehetcs, `cs vcrtus ac `o prkaudtevet ;
_uc`s lkuvcoux hordjs pkur `cs cltrcprescs que sy eltrcsscroeclt ; _uc``cs pk`etequcs
lkuvc``cs quc `Ctot acvroet aler ct hcttrc cl uvrc, pkur `cs y oeacr dkhhc pkur
oddkhpoglcr `o hutotekl acs tom`esschclts aclsceglchclt suprecur ;
SLC OLLC CL ACHE-QCELQC
Dcs qucstekls sovrclt aoutolt p`us pcrtelcltcs quc ollc =>?4-=>?1 o t horquc
cl Curkpc ct p`us portedu`erchclt, cl Broldc 9
- por `o rv`otekl ou pum`ed au pjlkhlc acs HKKDs, tc` que` sc holebcstc sur
`c dkltelclt lkra-ohredoel acpues `cxprecldc dklauetc cl =>>: por acux clsce-
glolts cl sdecldc ac `audotekl ac `Slevcrset doloaecllc au Holetkmo?>6
?> Aols `c doarc au dkurs DDF>: Dkllcdtevh ola Dkllcdtevc Flkw`cagc ac Gckrgcs Techcls (SlevcrsetaOtjomosdo) ct Ttcpjcl Akwlcs (Loteklo` ]cscordj Dcltcr).
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==
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
- por `eltrt ehhaeot quc dc pjlkhlc y o susdet??, cl prdepetolt `cs eleteo-
tevcs aSlevcrsets ku ac grolacs dk`cs curkpcllcs, dkhhc dc but ousse `c dos
cl acjkrs ac `Curkpc?=
6 cl elsperolt go`chclt ac lkuvc``cs strotgecs acltrc-prescs ac `o port ac p`otcs-bkrhcs ac aebbusekl ku akprotcurs acs scdtcurs acs
tcdjlk`kgecs ac `elbkrhotekl, ac `o bkrhotekl pcrholcltc, ac `aetekl ku ac `o
aebbusekl acs sovkers 6
- por ulc eleteotevc hoicurc presc por `c gkuvcrlchclt broloes, ovcd `o hesc cl
p`odc aul doto`kguc ac dkurs aespklem`cs sur ulc p`otc-bkrhc tcdjlequc, prkauet
aul portcloreot kregelo`?46
hoes ousse 9
- por `o pum`edotekl ac prchecrs me`ols adcvolts sur `cxprecldc acs HKKDs oux
Ctots-Sles ct sur `c prk` acs opprclolts que sy sklt elsdrets?16
- por `o hu`tep`edotekl aopprkdjcs dretequcs?3, dklauesolt cl quc`qucs hkes `o
hesc cl dousc ac `o pcrtelcldc ac htjkacs ac trolshessekl au sovker, bklacs
?? Oux Ctots-Sles, `c lkhmrc a`vcs que suevclt ou hkels ul dkurs cl `eglc o t hu`tep`e por delq acpues =>>>,ottceglolt 7,? he``ekls a`vcs cl =>?=. Clverkl 4 he``ekls a`vcs sklt ouikurajue elsdrets aols acs dursushoikretoerchclt (ec, ou hkels :>%) cl `eglc. @cs prkicdtekls ac drkessoldc ac dcs prkgrohhcs s`vclt 7%por ol aede =>=>. 3 he``ekls a`vcs acvroeclt trc elsdrets aols acs prkgrohhcs hoikretoerchclt cl `eglc aede=>=>. Ou-ac` acs Ctots-Sles, dc sklt prs ac ?> he``ekls ac pcrskllcs aols `c hklac que sc scroeclt elsdretcs ul dkurs cl `eglc, `o l ac `ollc =>?4 (7 bkes p`us qucl =>?=). Tc`kl `o Dkhhessekl Curkpcllc, klalkhmroet, `c 1 ovre` =>?1, 3?> HKKDs aols `clschm`c acs poys ac `Slekl curkpcllc, aklt 24 cl Broldc.
?= Ou hkes aovre` =>?1, `Slevcrset djelkesc Ieok-Qklg, dc``c au bohcux d`osschclt ac Tjolgjoe, o pres `eleteotevcac barcr ?5 elstetutekls djelkescs aclsceglchclt suprecur pkur pcrhcttrc `curs tuaeolts ac suevrc acsdkurs cl `eglc ct akmtcler acs draets veo so p`otc-bkrhc (dlhkkd.krg). @cs tuaeolts acs ?5 tom`esschclts
portcloercs pkurrklt suevrc ulc scdklac `erc cl `eglc, cl sus ac dc``c que`s suevclt cl prscltec` .?4 O `o bel au hkes aovre` =>?1, kl alkhmroet ul pcu p`us ac =2> >>> pcrskllcs elsdretcs sur `o p`otc-bkrhc Broldc Slevcrset Luhrequc (BSL), `oldc quc`qucs hkes p`us tt (iolvecr =>?1), pkur y suevrc `ulacs 42 HKKDs hes cl `eglc.
?1 Cl =>?4, `Slevcrset ac ^cllsy`volec o pum`e ulc tuac pkrtolt sur `cs dorodtrestequcs ahkgropjequcsacs tuaeolts elsdrets ct prclolt `cur dkurs sur `o p`otc-bkrhc Dkurscro. Dcttc tuac hkltrc quc `cs ute`esotcursac Dkurscro sklt cl hkycllc p`us gs, p`us hosdu`els ct p`us elstruets quc `c grola pum`ed. ^rs ac :>% acstuaeolts aespksclt ou hkels aul Modjc`kr (quevo`clt o @edcldc cl Broldc). Cl rcvoldjc dcs acrlecrs lc skltquc 22% porhe `cs ute`esotcurs aCaZ. Aoutrcs tuacs hkltrclt quc 44% acs elsdrets sur CaZ lc iusteclt qucaul aep`hc au scdklaoerc. Ct mecl quc cs jkhhcs ac p`us ac =2 ols iusteolt aul aep`hc ulevcrsetoerc skeclt`cs ute`esotcurs `cs p`us brquclts aCaZ, e`s lc dkrrcspklaroeclt qu ul tecrs ac `o tkto`et acs ute`esotcurs. Clkutrc kl rc`vc quc =5% acs ute`esotcurs ac `o p`otc -bkrhc CaZ sklt acs bchhcs o`krs quc` cs rcprscltclt 1?%acs tuaeolts ac `Slevcrset ac ^cllsy`volec. Dcs rsu`tots klt o`ehclt ul amot outkur ac `ute`et acs HKKDs 6`cs HKKDs ct `audotekl cl `eglc, ou `ecu atclarc `cs pksseme`ets aaudotekl, `oesscroeclt lo`chclt p`odc
ul systhc `etestc. Cl `tot ac dcs elbkrhotekls stotes tequcs, e` cst akld aebde`c ac tercr acs clsceglchclts acdcs tuacs ct atom`er ul prk`-typc acs ute`esotcurs acs HKKDs, hhc se `c scltehclt akhelc aulcsurrcprscltotekl acs tuaeolts ai aep`hs.
?3 ^kur ul cxchp`c, `orted`c poru aols @c Hklacau =2 iuel =>?1, ^egcs HKKDs , que cl rcdclsc delq.
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=4@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
^kur cl ler ovcd `o HKKD holeo
sur `usogc cxd`useb acs tcdjlk`kgecs ac `elbkrhotekl ct ac tcdjlequcs aopprcl-
tessogc elaeveauc` ku cl rscoux?26
- por ulc vk`tc-bodc spcdtodu`oerc ac Tmostecl Qjrul, bklaotcur ac `o p`otc-bkrhc
Saodety ct ovkdot atcrhel acs HKKDs, adeaolt, `o l ac `ollc =>?4, ac
rcdcltrcr skl odtevet sur `o bkrhotekl prkbcssekllc``c. ^orhe `cs roeskls que` cl
o akllcs, e` o hcltekll `c boet quc `cs tuaeolts suevolt scs dkurs cl `eglc
ovoeclt ac hkels mkls rsu`tots ct omolaklloeclt `c dkurs p`us skuvclt quc dcux
que ovoeclt ul elstrudtcur juhoel.
- por ul sdcptedeshc ouikurajue osscz orgchclt portog?7 `gora ac dc que o t
pkurtolt adret oux Ctots-Sles quc`qucs hkes p`us tt, dkhhc ulc ellkvotekl acrupturc ?:.
@O HKKD HOLEO CTQ-C@@C ]CQKHMC ;
Cl Curkpc ou dkurs acs acrlercs schoelcs, dkhhc oux Ctots-Sles quc`qucs hkes p`us
tt, `cs HKKDs susdetclt skuaoel hkels acltjkuseoshc.
O dc`o, e` y o acux cxp`edotekls pkssem`cs, ouxquc``cs e` cst tkutcbkes aebde`c ac sc r-
skuarc.
- @c pjlkhlc acs HKKDs louroet t quul cbbct ac hkac, ropeachclt tcelt por
ulc `cvc ac rcvclaedotekls dotgkrec``cs, `cs tclolts aul clsceglchclt troae-
tekllc` tolt skuvclt prsclts dkhhc `cs rcltecrs aul systhc ac aebbusekl
acs sovkers mkut ac skubc 6
- Oprs so rv`otekl ct `cs amots que` o susdets, `c pjlkhlc acs HKKDs prk -
aueroet scs cbbcts ac holerc askrhoes aebbrcltc, cl quc`quc skrtc skutcrroelc,
?2 ^or cxchp`c `opprkdjc trs dretequc avc`kppc por Oltkelc Dkhpoglkl, ^osdo` Clgc` ct ]opjoc`c Tehklcaols `o rcvuc @c Amot(Go``ehora) au hkes ac hors =>?1.
?7 Oux Ctots-Sles, Omegoe` Wo`tjouscl o avc`kpp aols `cs dk`kllcs ac Qjc Ot`olted ( Aklt Gevc up kl tjc@cdturc , =? lkvchmrc =>?4) `cs hretcs au dkurs hogestro` cl soppuyolt lktohhclt sur `cs rsu`tots aulctuac pum`ec por `o Jorvoras Fclcay Tdjkk`. Ac lkhmrcux dkhhcltoercs klt t susdets por dcttc outrc tuac
ro`esc por acs djcrdjcurs ac `Slevcrset ac ^cllsy`volec aols =>? poys ct hkltrolt quc `cs HKKDs mldecltpkur `elstolt oux p`us redjcs ct ou p`us auqus.
?: Db. `cs rcxekls ac D`oytkl H. Djrestclscl ct Hedjc``c ].Wcesc aols ulc tremulc poruc aols `o Mkstkl G`kmcau 5 hoe =>?1 skus `c tetrc 9 HKKDs aesruptekl es kl`y mcgellelg.
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=1
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
pkur helcr `clschm`c au systhc audoteb ct prkauerc tcrhc ulc trolsbkrho-
tekl roaedo`c acs bkrhcs akrgolesotekl ct acs htjkacs aopprcltessogc que lc
pcuvclt achcurcr `dort ac `o rvk`utekl que scst clgogc.
KMICQ AC @O ^]TCLQC LKQC
@cs avc`kppchclts que suevclt rsu`tclt aulc clqutc ac p`usecurs hkes dklauetc
cl Broldc ct oux Ctots-Sles.
E`s klt t clredjes ou ` acs hkes dku`s,
- ac dkhhcltoercs lkhmrcux ct trs dklstrudtebs quul prchecr prkict ac lktc o
susdets ou scel au Dklsce` akrecltotekl ac `Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc 6
- aulc srec acltrctecls elaeveauc`s dklauets por `Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc ou amut
ac `ollc =>?1?56
- aul akduhclt aelbkrhotekl, ro`es por `o aercdtekl acs tuacs ac `Elstetut (Cu-
akxc Acles ct @oureolc Dkltohel), Aex qucstekls pkscs por `cs HKKDs=>.
E` bouaro sols oudul akutc dkhp`tcr dcttc clqutc que lc prtcla lu``chclt cxjous-
tevet ct `o rcprclarc, dor `elbkrhotekl ute`c cst lo`chclt osscz pouvrc, lkl sur `cs
HKKDs cux-hhcs que dkhhcldclt boerc `kmict aulc omklaoltc `ettroturc, hoes
sur `o hcsurc kmicdtevc ac `curs cbbcts ct ac `cur pkrtc vretom`cs.
@o prscltc lktc cst bklac sur acs boets ct sur `cs tclaoldcs quc `cur odduhu`otekl
pcrhct aoltedepcr.
C``c o t raegc aols `o pcrspcdtevc acs cltrcprescs, que vklt scl chporcr pkur y
oaoptcr `curs strotgecs, ac `o skdet, que aket cl amottrc ct ac `Ctot, que rcstc ou-
ikurajue `c preldepo` gorolt ac `clsceglolt suprecur cl Broldc.
?5 Ovcd ^je`eppc Te`mcrzojl, prkbcsscur acltrcprclcureot `CH @UKL Muselcss Tdjkk` (=1 iolvecr =>?1) 6 UvcsCpc`mkel, djorg ac hessekl pkur `c avc`kppchclt acs HKKDs ct clsceglolt djcrdjcur `S^HD (1 bvrecr =>?1) 6Icrchy Tedsed, dk-bklaotcur ac Slkw (1 bvrecr =>?1) 6 Hord Hzora, aercdtcur ac `Cdk`c Lkrho`c Tuprecurc ac `o
ruc aS`h (=7 bvrecr =>?1) 6 Brolkes Qoaae, aercdtcur au Dcltrc ac rcdjcrdjcs eltcraesdep`eloercs ct djcrdjcurcl mek`kgec (2 hors =>?1) 6 Mcrlora Ttecg`cr, pje`kskpjc, bklaotcur ct prseaclt au grkupc ac rcxekl pje`kskpjequcOrs elaustreo`es (=7 bvrecr =>?1).
=> Dc akduhclt cst aespklem`c sur `c setc ac `Elstetut ac `cltrcpresc.
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=3@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
^kur cl ler ovcd `o HKKD holeo
C``c lcst le ul rquesetkerc cldkltrc acs HKKDs, le ul p`oeakycr cl cur bovcur, o`krs
quc aols aoutrcs poys, preldepo`chclt oux Ctots-Sles, e`s adjolclt `cs posseklsaols `cs tom`esschclts aclsceglchclt suprecur ct aevesclt `cs aetkreo`estcs aols
`o grolac prcssc.
C``c prkpksc ulc pjktkgropjec elstoltolc ac tot aul pjlkhlc loessolt cl Curkpc,
cl Osec ct aols ac lkhmrcux poys hcrgclts, ct au amot que` susdetc kutrc-Ot`oltequc.
C``c olo`ysc suddcssevchclt ou-ac` ac dcs prkpks eltrkaudtebs (?) 9 c dkltcxtc ac dresc
acs systhcs audotebs que cl bovkresc `c avc`kppchclt (=), `cs dorodtrcs kregeloux
acs HKKDs (4), `cs hka`cs dklkhequcs ct `cs strotgecs elaustrec``cs aklt e`s prk-vkquclt `opporetekl (1), `cur pkrtc skdeo`c ct pkur oelse aerc, skdek`kgequc (3), `cs
pcrspcdtevcs que`s kuvrclt cll pkur `Slevcrset, `cltrcpresc ct `Ctot (2).
Dcttc lktc amkudjc sur quc`qucs prkpksetekls (7) pkur elvetcr `cs poys aCurkpc, ct `o
Broldc cl portedu`ecr, lc dacr le ou skhlolmu`eshc ohmeolt pkur por`cr dkhhc
Horsjo`` Hd@ujol=?, le oux eak`kgecs sehp`estcs.
=? Slacrstolaelg Hcaeo 9 Qjc Cxtclsekl kb Hol, HEQ ^rcss Caetekl, ?521/?551.
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=2
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
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@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1 =7
Dresc au systhc audoteb
ct ellkvotekl ac rupturc
ACT HKA@CT CL D]ETC
Jrets ac dcux au ZEZhcsed`c, lks hka`cs ac aebbusekl acs sovkers ct aodquesetekl
acs dkhptcldcs ouroeclt-e`s ottcelt `curs `ehetcs elstetutekllc``cs, krgolesotekllc``cs
ct htjkak`kgequcs ;
Sl lkhmrc drkessolt aeltc``cdtuc`s ku ac aeregcolts hklaeoux ljsetclt p`us `obr-
hcr==, oltedepolt acs rvesekls adjeroltcs, pkrtcuscs ac drescs loldercs, dklk-
hequcs, pk`etequcs ct hhc, skdeo`cs.
Ac dc dt-de ac `Ot`oltequc, `cs dkltroaedtekls sc hu`tep`eclt, que sklt outolt ac
syhpthcs aul ho` p`us prkbkla quc `c systhc broloes aclsceglchclt suprecur
dresto``esc.
@cs dkltroaedtekls eljrcltcs `o dkcxestcldc aulevcrsets ct ac grolacs dk`cs 9
- @cs ulevcrsets, oddcssem`cs tkus `cs modjc`ecrs, que protequclt clsuetc ulc
s`cdtekl ehp`edetc aklt `c toux adjcd cl `edcldc, hhc se o t sclsem`chcltrauet aols ac lkhmrcuscs ulevcrsets, cst `ulc acs holebcstotekls `cs p`us el-
quetoltcs 6
- @cs grolacs dk`cs protequclt ulc s`cdtekl `cltrc que `cs rcbcrhclt sur c``cs-
hhcs, dcst--aerc sur ulc d`ossc skdek-dklkhequc ajoppy bcws, trs aebde`c-
hclt oddcssem`c oux iculcs `vcs essus ac he`ecux abovkress. Dkhhc `ovoet
== @krs au skhhct olluc` ac Aovks au hkes ac iolvecr =>?4, `cs HKKDs klt boet `kmict ac amots olehs, oudkurs acsquc`s Me`` Gotcs ct @orry Tuhhcrs klt ollkld aede quotrc ku delq ols, ulc trolsbkrhotekl prkbklacacs hkacs ac aebbusekl au sovker.
=
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=:
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
eltc``egchhclt oltedep ]edjora Acsdkelgs, kl lc pcut oesscr p`us klgtchps dcs
acrlecrs `dort atom`esschclts aklt ``eteshc hct cl pre` `o prcllet.
@cs dkltroaedtekls prkprcs ac djoquc dkhpksoltc 9
- @cs ulevcrsets sklt prtclauhclt outklkhcs, hoes `curs muagcts trojessclt `cs
`ehetcs ac `elapclaoldc, ovcd acs horgcs mrutcs aoutkloldchclt acvclucs
elcxestoltcs acpues =>>: ct ulc apclaoldc quose tkto`c oux aktotekls ac `Ctot.
Cl aoutrcs tcrhcs, `cur vu`lrome`et oux prkgrohhcs adklkhecs muagtoercs
cst oddruc, aols ul dkltcxtc aclacttchclts pum`eds acvclus o`orholts, que
dkltroelt `cs gkuvcrlchclts `o rorct acs loldchclts pum`eds.
- @cs grolacs dk`cs sklt cl ho` aoutklkhec, vedtehcs ac rbkrhcs obbcdtolt `c
rclachclt ac o toxc aopprcltessogc, ulc ac curs preldepo`cs rcsskurdcs, pcl-
aolt quc `cs arkets aelsdreptekl klt ottcelt acs levcoux tc`s que`s ad`cldjclt
ac `o port acs `vcs acs cxegcldcs `getehcs ac quo`et acs clsceglchclts ct
por dklsquclt, acs clsceglolts eldkhpotem`cs ovcd `cs hkycls aklt c``cs
aespksclt.
Ac `outrc dt ac `Ot`oltequc=4, dc lcst gurc hecux ct pcut-trc perc, ovcd ulc hclodc
que psc askrhoes sur `dklkhec tkutc clterc, dc``c ac `clacttchclt acs tuaeolts
(? ?=> he``eoras ac ak``ors ou prchecr schcstrc ac `ollc =>?1, cl drkessoldc ac
7 he``eoras ac ak``ors por roppkrt `ollc prdacltc=1) pkur loldcr acs dkts ac
sdk`oret acvclus aroeskllom`cs=3.
Ol ac hoeltcler `curs d`osschclts lotekloux ct eltcrlotekloux ct aottercr `cs iculcs
to`clts au hklac cltecr, cs grolacs ulevcrsets ohredoelcs sc aesputclt cs hce``curs
prkbcsscurs, elvcstessclt aols acs dohpus acxdc``cldc ct odduce``clt acs quepcs ac
rcdjcrdjcs prcstegecuscs. E` cl rsu`tc dkrr`otevchclt `o ldcsset aul rclbkrdchcltacs hkycls oahelestrotebs. @cs ulevcrsets sc vkeclt `kgequchclt dkltroeltcs ac rpcr-
dutcr `c dkt ac dcs apclscs sur `cs tuaeolts, aklt `cs arkets aelsdreptekl sklt acvc-
=4 ^kur ulc acsdreptekl dkhp`tc ac `clsceglchclt suprecur oux Ctots-Sles, vker lktohhclt `kuvrogc ac AcrcfMkf, oldecl prseaclt ac `ulevcrset aJorvora Jegjcr Caudotekl el Ohcredo, ^reldctkl Slevcrsety ^rcss, =>?4.
=1 Qjc Wo`` Ttrcct Ikurlo`, ?3 okt =>?1.
=3 @ehpkrtoldc odtuc``c ac clacttchclt acs tuaeolts acs dk``gcs ohredoels ct scs lkhmrcuscs dklsqucldcspktcltec``cs sklt tc``cs quc``cs klt atcrhel `c Dklgrs ohredoel `ue oppkrtcr ul amut ac rpklsc `ges`otevc,cl vktolt cl iue``ct =>?4 acs aespksetekls que doltkllclt `cs toux aeltrt acs chprults dklscltes oux tuaeolts
ct to`clt `o aurc ac rchmkurschclt. @ollc =>?1 o t horquc por ul rcdu` au pkurdcltogc ac `clacttchcltaols `c loldchclt ac `o sdk`oret acs tuaeolts ohredoels, que lc dkhptc p`us quc pkur ?3% au hkltolt audkt hkycl ac `o sdk`oret, `o hoicurc portec cl tolt ouikurajue dkuvcrtc por `o dkltremutekl acs bohe``cs (4>%)ct `cs oeacs dklscltecs oux tuaeolts (4?%) (Qjc Wo`` Ttrcct Ikurlo`, 4? iue``ct =>?1).
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=5@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
Dresc au systhc audoteb ct ellkvotekl ac rupturc
lus prkjemetebs (4> >51 ak``ors cl hkycllc pkur `ollc ulevcrsetoerc =>?4-=>?1 dkltrc
?: 53> ak``ors aex ols p`us tt)=2.
C``cs y sklt aoutolt p`us pkrtcs quc``cs lklt dcss ac sumer, ou dkurs acs acrlercs
ollcs, `cs dklsqucldcs arohotequcs pkur mcoudkup acltrc c``cs preldepo`chclt
`cs ulevcrsets pum`equcs aulc moessc arostequc acs dkldkurs loldecrs acs Ctots
(loldchclts, sumvcltekls, oeacs dklscltecs oux tuaeolts).
Aols ulc dklkhec ac drkessoldc cldkrc broge`esc por `o dresc hklaeo`c acs ollcs
=>>:-=>?? ct akhelc por `o prdoret acs chp`kes, `elstome`et ct `o aesdklteluet acs
dorrercs prkbcssekllc``cs, dcs tclaoldcs sc troauesclt ouikurajue por ulc prbrcldc
pkur acs bkrhotekls dkurtcs, aulc acux ollcs=7, kbbrolt acs pcrspcdtevcs ehh-aeotcs achmoudjcs ou prex aul elvcstesschclt rauet aols `elsdreptekl ul dcrte-
dotc ct `o moessc dkrr`otevc acs elsdreptekls oux bkrhotekls `klgucs, `cs tuacs ac
arket por cxchp`c.
@ulc ct `outrc dklbrkltclt askrhoes ac lkhmrcux tom`esschclts ou djkex dkrl`ecl 9
- au hoeltecl ac `o quo`et ac `curs clsceglchclts ou prex ac dkupcs segledotevcs
aols `curs apclscs ( dkhhcldcr por dc``cs ac `curs pcrskllc`s clsceglolt ku
oahelestroteb) 6 ku,
- ac `omoesschclt ac `curs dretrcs ac s`cdtekl, cl prclolt `c resquc ac sodrecr
`c levcou ac `curs bkrhotekls ct por dklsquclt, `cur d`osschclt por `cs krgo-
leshcs aoddraetotekl.
=2 Tkurdc 9 Qjc Wo`` Ttrcct Ikurlo`, ?2-?7 okt =>?1. @cs arkets aelsdreptekl aols `cs ulevcrsets ohredoelcs kltoughclt cl velgt ols ac ?=7%, dcpclaolt quc `c rcvclu hkycl acs ohredoels o quosehclt stogl acpues `camut acs ollcs ?55=-?55= (+7%). @cs oeacs pum`equcs (grolts, `kols, tox mrcofs) dklscltecs cl bovcur acstuaeolts ku ac `cur bohe``c, tolt ou levcou baro` qu dc`ue acs Ctots, klt akum` ou dkurs ac `o acrlercadcllec. @cbbkrt suppkrt por `c dkltremuom`c ohredoel cl bovcur ac `clsceglchclt suprecur ohredoel o thu`tep`e por trkes ou dkurs ac `o hhc prekac ac tchps. @c ^rseaclt Kmoho, trs ottclteb `o setuotekl acsd`osscs hkycllcs ohredoelcs, o boet ac `oddcsseme`et ac `clsceglchclt suprecur `ul acs preldepoux kmicdtebsac skl acuxehc holaot. @c dkt acs tuacs suprecurcs oux Ctots-Sles boet tkutcbkes `kmict aul amot aklt e`rsu`tc lktohhclt quc cs elaedotekls djebbrcs que derdu`clt scroeclt elcxodtcs (Aovea @ckljorat, Jkw GkvcrlhcltCxogcrotcs Dk``cgcs Dkst, Qjc Lcw-Ukrf Qehcs, =5 iue``ct =>?1).
=7 Aols skl aetekl au 4? iue``ct =>?1, `c Wo`` Ttrcct Ikurlo` akllc `cs elaedotekls suevoltcs dkldcrlolt `cs dkts
olluc`s acs aebbrcltcs bkrhot ekls oux Ctots-Sles 9 pkur ulc bkrhotekl ac acux ollcs 9 ?? >?= ak``ors (=>?4-?1)ct ?> 22: ak``ors (=>?=-=>?4) ct pkur ulc bkrhotekl ac quotrc ollcs 9 =? >7= ak``ors (=>?4-=>?1) ct ?5 752ak``ors (=>?=-=>?4) aols ulc ulevcrset pum`equc ct 41 :33 ak``ors (=>?4-?1) ct 45 141 (=>?=-?4) aols ulculevcrset prevc.
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4>
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
TKDEQ AC Q]OAEQEKL CQ TKDEQ AC DKLLOETTOLDC
Cldkrc lc soget-e` quc acs holebcstotekls `cs p`us veacltcs ac aebdu`ts aklt kldklstotc quc``cs tkudjclt oux bklachclts hhcs au systhc audoteb ct quc``cs bklt
pcscr ul akutc srecux sur `c hoeltecl ac skl krgolesotekl odtuc``c.
Aols `cur kuvrogc prdet, Horec-D`ouac M`oes, Hordc` Goudjct ct Akhelequc Kttove=:
cl akllclt `cxp`edotekl 9 dcs aebdu`ts sklt `ecs ulc trolsbkrhotekl prkbklac sur-
vcluc ou amut acs ollcs skexoltc-aex 9 `c possogc a ulc skdet ac troaetekl ulc
skdet ac `o dklloessoldc.
@o prcherc cst dcltrc sur `cxestcldc aul sovker troaetekllc` ct ehhuom`c, dc queehp`equc `oddclt hes sur so trolshessekl ct portolt, sur `cs htjkacs paogkgequcs
(rcdjcrdjc aulc prkgrcssekl `kgequc aols `o ahordjc aodquesetekl acs dklloes-
soldcs). Ak go`chclt `ehpkrtoldc oddkrac `elstetutekl ct skl rcspcdt. Aols
`o skdet ac `o dklloessoldc, `c sovker cst cl pcrptuc` hkuvchclt puesque` cst `c
rsu`tot ac o rcdjcrdjc. Ac , ehpkrtoldc oddkrac odtc aopprclarc ct por dkls-
quclt, `polkuesschclt ac `elaeveau, suict ac roeskl.
Dc possogc o prkauet acs cbbcts aoutolt p`us avostotcurs sur cs elstetutekls cl p`odc
(dk`c, dk``gc, `ydc, ulevcrset), que` o bovkres ku dkrrcspklau ovcd `opporetekl
ac trkes vlchclts hoicurs 9
- `elaeveauo`esotekl roaedo`c, `kmict au systhc audoteb tolt askrhoes aoeacr
`cs clbolts ct `cs iculcs acvcler cux-hhcs 6
- ul rclbkrdchclt ac `o acholac oarcssc oux elstetutekls, dkhhcldcr por dk`c
askrhoes djorgc ac dcrtoelcs acs bkldtekls audotevcs troaetekllc``chclt avk-
`ucs `o bohe``c 6
- ulc prkddupotekl go`etoerc ou rcgora ac `oquc``c `cs sovkers ct `cs opprcltes-
sogcs, cl portedu`ecr akrarc `ettroerc, que hkme`esoeclt ulc bkrtc aehclsekl ac trols-
hessekl mosc ac dkllevcldc du`turc``c, lklt p`us mkllc prcssc.
=: Qrolshcttrc, Opprclarc, Ttkdf, =>?1.
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4?@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
Dresc au systhc audoteb ct ellkvotekl ac rupturc
@o rvk`utekl luhrequc o oddcltu dcs cbbcts, cl boesolt lotrc `cspker ac lkuvc``cs
htjkacs paogkgequcs, oaoptcs ulc lkuvc``c dotgkrec aelaeveaus=5ct dcltrcs
sur dc lkuvc` kute` aodds `o dklloessoldc qucst `c rscou eltcrlct. Dc lcst posscu`chclt `c systhc audoteb que cl rcsskr t mku`cvcrs, dcst `odtc aopprclarc aklt
`c mecl-bkla cst rches cl dousc 9 ac ` opprclarc outrchclt, kl possc ropeachclt
dcttc qucstekl cxestcltec``c, cst-e` cldkrc ldcssoerc aopprclarc ;
Ak dcttc dretequc pcrholcltc ac `o bokl aklt `clsceglchclt cst akll, lktohhclt
aols `clsceglchclt suprecur, que soikutc oux aebdu`ts prdachhclt vkqucs ct
let por dklaohlcr `cs `ercs ac bkrhotekl quc dc`ue-de prkpksc oux tuaeolts 9
- acs dkurs hogestroux que lc bovkresclt le `cspret ac rcspklsome`et, le o drotevetku hhc `c roeskllchclt pcrskllc` ac djoquc tuaeolt ku `vc, quola e`s sklt
aklls por `cur tetu`oerc ct lkl por `ul ac scs ossestolts4>6
- o protequc rcstredtevc acs olgucs ct acs du`turcs trolgrcs, tolt aols c dursus km`ego-
tkerc ac djoquc tuaeolt quc aols `cs clsceglchclts bodu`totebs que `ue sklt prkpkss 6
- `ohpjetjtrc, scu` dkhpotem`c ovcd ul clsceglchclt ac hossc ou `ecu ct p`odc
ac `o so``c ac dkurs, p`us bovkrom`c oux djolgcs ct `ute`esotekl ac suppkrts ku
ac tcdjlequcs aopprcltessogc p`us cbdodcs.
Dcs dretequcs, ac p`us cl p`us brqucltcs gora acs `ercs ulevcrsetoercs, acvecllclt
ac hkels cl hkels oddcptom`cs aols ul ulevcrs akhel por 9
- `eltcrloteklo`esotekl acs ouaetkercs ct acs dursus 6
- opporetekl ac glrotekls atuaeolts p`us ottcltebs oux djolgcs sur cs rscoux
skdeoux4?qu ``kqucldc ku oux optetuacs paogkgequcs aul prkbcsscur 6
=5 _uc adret `c pje`kskpjc Hedjc` Tcrrcs aols skl kuvrogc ^ctetc ^kudcttc(Holebcstcs @c ^khhecr =>?4) ct que`prkpksc aoppc`cr bohe`erchclt ^ctet ^kudct ku ^ctetc ^kudcttc , cl roeskl ac `cur vertukset aols `o `cdturc ct`dreturc ou pkudc.
4> E` soget aul prkm`hc portedu`erchclt sclsem`c, ai sku`cv por Oaoh Thetj aols @o ]edjcssc acs Lotekls,`krsque` dkhporoet `o quo`et acs dkurs aespclss aols `cs Slevcrsets ac G`osgkw ct aKxbkra, ct que dklauet p`usprkbklahclt pkscr `o qucstekl ac `o sporotekl acs bkldtekls aclsceglchclt ct ac rcdjcrdjc, o`krs quulprkbcsscur aulevcrset cst ouikurajue ul clsceglolt-djcrdjcur. @cs HKKDs pkurroeclt oeacr `o hesc cl p`odc achdoleshcs aeldetotekl, lktohhclt loldecrs, clsceglchclt ct ac rcvo`kresotekl acs bkldtekls aclsceglchclt.
4? Aols skl kuvrogc Dk``cgc (Sl)Mkula,Qjc Buturc kb Jegjcr Caudotekl ola Wjot Et Hcols bkr Ttuaclts , Lcw Jorvcst
(Ohozkl um`esjelg), =>?4, Icbbrcy I.Tc`elgk roppc``c trs iuaedecuschclt quc cs bklaotcurs acs trkes p`us ehpkr toltcscltrcprescs au scdtcur acs tcdjlk`kgecs ac `elbkrhotekl ac dc amut ac sed`c, Me`` Gotcs (Hedrkskbt), Ttcvc Ikms(Opp`c) ct Horf Yudfcrmcrg (Bodcmkkf), klt cl dkhhul aovker quett prhoturhclt `Slevcrset ct por dklsquclt,ac lc pos cl trc aep`hs.
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4=
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
- o rcvclaedotekl ac o iculcssc ac poys abovkress, ouikurajue cxd`uc ac odds
ou sovker ct atcrhelc lc p`us `oddcptcr. Kl lc pkurro p`us eglkrcr trkp `klg-
tchps dcttc rcvclaedotekl `jcurc k `odds ou sovker dklstetuc askrhoes ularket bklaohclto` ac `o pcrskllc juhoelc.
CASDOQEKL, ELLKROQEKL CQ D]KETTOLDC DKLKHE_SC
Kr, `audotekl, dkhhc `o bkrhotekl cl dkurs ac vec prkbcssekllc``c ct aulc holerc
glro`c, `o dklstetutekl, `odduhu`otekl ku `o trolshessekl ac sovkers dklaetekllclt
`ellkvotekl que cst c``c-hhc ul bodtcur ac drkessoldc dklkhequc. C``cs dklaetekllcltousse, `ulc ct `outrc, `cs goels ac prkaudtevet que cl rsu`tclt. C``cs sklt p`us cldkrc
ul bodtcur ac prkgrs ct por dklsquclt, aque`emrc skdeo` 9
- aols `cs dklkhecs hcrgcltcs k c``cs bovkresclt `opporetekl ac d`osscs
hkycllcs, ldcssoercs ou hoeltecl ac `o dklskhhotekl ct por dklsquclt, acs
hordjs acxpkrtotekl 6
- aols cs dklkhecs elaustreo`escs, que akevclt soddkhhkacr pkur ul tchps p`us
ku hkels `klg aulc drkessoldc olhequc. C``cs pcuvclt y dklstetucr ul hkycl
trs cbdodc ac `uttc dkltrc `cs cbbcts aul djhogc ac hossc ct dkltrc `cxd`u-
sekl quc `c avc`kppchclt ac dc typc ac djhogc cst susdcptem`c ac prkvkqucr.
C``cs `c sklt p`us quc iohoes `jcurc ac `dklkhec ac `o dklloessoldc, dklkhec
aols `oquc``c tkutcs `cs lotekls sklt cltrcs.
_uc `cs bkrhotekls prkpkscs aols `cs ulevcrsets ku `cs grolacs dk`cs lc dkrrcs-
pklaclt pos oux mcskels au hordj ct lc bkurlessclt pos cs dkhptcldcs rcdjcrdjcs,ct dcst `o `getehet acs apclscs pum`equcs quc `cs cltrcprescs suppkrtclt trovcrs
`cs ehpts que pcut trc aesdutc.
Dcst akld pkur mcoudkup ac dcs cltrcprescs `krgolesotekl ct por dklsquclt `cxes-
tcldc au systhc aclsceglchclt suprecur que akevclt trc rchescs cl dousc. Dcr-
toelcs acltrc c``cs lc sy trkhpclt pos, que drclt ai curs prkprcs bkrhotekls4=ku
4= Dcst `c dos ac 1= , eleteot evc ac Zovecr Lec` ou hkes aovre` =>?4 cl vuc ac `o drotekl aulc dk`c acstelc bkrhcr ? >>> spdeo`estcs au luhrequc por ol ou prex aul elvcstesschclt segledoteb ac quc`qucs 7> he``eklsacurks.
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44@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
Dresc au systhc audoteb ct ellkvotekl ac rupturc
elvcstessclt aols acs dohpus prevs quc``cs ljsetclt pos oppc`cr ulevcrsets
44. C``cs c bklt cl alklolt kuvcrtchclt elcbdodet ac clsceglchclt suprecur,
sols ovker tkuikurs `c dkurogc, e` cst vroe, ac seltcrrkgcr cl rctkur sur `cbdodet acssumstetuts quc``cs hcttclt cl p`odc.
SLERC]TEQ ^]KASDQERC, SLERC]TEQ LSH]E_SC ;
Dcst aols dc dkltcxtc quc `eac prksprc aul systhc aclsceglchclt suprecur
aebbrclt, que scroet pkur rcprclarc `cs tcrhcs aul aetkreo` rdclt 41 ul scdtcur
prkaudteb, bkrtc vo`cur oikutc, eltclseb cl tcdjlk`kgec, tkurl vcrs `cxdc``cldc ct
`cxpkrtotekl.
@cs HKKDs dklstetus por acs dklskrteuhs aulevcrsets ct `emrchclt oddcssem`cs
trolsbkrhcroeclt o`krs `elstetutekl ulevcrsetoerc ct `o hcttroeclt sur `o vkec ac `Slevcr-
set au =?hc sed`c, ellkvoltc43, `emrc ac scs abouts odtuc`s, oyolt aposs `c
ae`chhc au rcspcdt ac scs troaetekls sdu`oercs ct au djkex aul hka`c aebbrclt, ou
prkt aul lkuvcou hka`c, `Slevcrset luhrequc.
Tmosteol Qjrul, dk-bklaotcur aSaodety, sku`eglc oelse aols ul cltrctecl pum`e aols
`o rcvuc ohredoelc Bkrcegl Obboersou hkes ac adchmrc =>?4 `cs prkm`hcs au sys-
thc audoteb cl p`odc aebdu`t aodds, ehpksseme et ac dklsodrcr ul scu` tutcur
djoquc tuaeolt, ehpksetekl aul hhc rytjhc pkur tkus ct elsestc sur `cs ovol-
togcs ac paogkgecs aul lkuvcou typc ute`esolt acs dkurs cl `eglc (pcrskllo`escr `c
rytjhc ac `clsceglchclt, vk`ucr vcrs `cxp`krotekl vk`kltoerc, bovkrescr `opprcltessogc
`uaequc).
Hoes ou-ac` ac dct oppkrt paogkgequc, `cs HKKDs scroeclt ulc ellkvotekl ac rup-
turc (aesruptevc ellkvotekl), ollklolt ulc trolsbkrhotekl roaedo`c ac lks systhcsaudotebs, dkhhcldcr por `krgolesotekl ac `clsceglchclt suprecur42.
44 E` y cl o 1 >>> aols `c hklac ct prs ac 7> cl Broldc, `o p`uport `ehogc ac `ulevcrset au Grkupc DoesscaCporglc, aSle`kg ku ac Lursys, drcs aols `o adcllec =>>>.
41 Ledk`os Movcrcz, @audotekl cl `eglc, hoeltclolt ku iohoes , @c ^kelt =?4>, ?? iue``ct =>?4, p.??.
43 D`oytkl H. Djrestclscl ct Jclry I. Cyrelg, Qjc Ellkvotevc Slevcrsety, Djolgelg tjc ALO kb Jegjcr Caudotekl brkh
Elseac Kut, Iksscy Moss, =>??.42 Db. `tuac ac @e Uuol ct Ttcpjcl ^kwc`` au DCQET (Dcltrc bkr Caudoteklo` Qcdjlk`kgy ola Eltcrkpcrome`etyTtolaora) ac Slevcrset ac Mk`tkl, HKKDs ola Kpcl Ellkvotekl 9 Ehp`edotekls bkr Jegjcr Caudotekl, oddcssem`c sur`c pkrtoe` curkpcl Kpcl Caudotekl Curkpo.
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41
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
QJC ELLKROQK]T AE@CHHO
D`oytkl H. Djrestclscl, ac `o Jorvora Muselcss Tdjkk`, cst ossurhclt `ul acs hce`-`curs dklloesscurs hklaeoux au prkdcssus aellkvotekl, ct lktohhclt acs ellkvotekls
ac rupturc, aklt e` kmscrvc `cs eldeacldcs strotgequcs, acpues p`usecurs ollcs, aols
ac lkhmrcux scdtcurs aodtevets dklkhequcs.
E` mldec ouikurajue aulc vretom`c lktkret hklaeo`c, `ec `o porutekl cl ?557
ac kuvrogc Qjc Ellkvotkrs Ae`chho, que o dkllu ul grola sudds ouprs ac lkhmrcux
djcbs acltrcprescs ct que rcstc, prs ac velgt ols p`us tora, ulc rbrcldc pkur `cs
spdeo`estcs.
Cl thkeglc lktohhclt `o prscldc au ^rkbcsscur Djrestclscl oux dts aOlay Grkvc,
sur `o dkuvcrturc aulc aetekl au hogozelc ohredoel Bkrmcs que dklsodroet skl orted`c
ac ttc ou aeregcolt aEltc`. Dc acrlecr, sueve por p`usecurs ac scs jkhk`kgucs ohre-
doels, y boesoet port ac `o pcrtelcldc acs tjkrecs au ^rkbcsscur Djrestclscl ct ac `cur
ute`et aols o aletekl ac `o strotgec au prchecr bomredolt hklaeo` ac hedrkprkdcsscur.
Kr, boet segledoteb, `cs trovoux au ^rkbcsscur Djrestclscl `klt rdchhclt dklauet
tclarc c djohp ac scs elvcstegotekls elstetutekl ulevcrsetoerc, k c avc`kppchclt
acs HKKDs, ellkvotekl ac rupturc sc`kl `ue, `ue schm`c acvker dklauerc oux hhcs
dkld`usekls quc dc``cs avc`kppcs sur `c dkhpkrtchclt acs cltrcprescs47.
MCQQC] OLA MEGGC]
@c pkelt ac aport cl cst `c dklstot aulc olkho`ec 9 sur ul hordj atcrhel, akhel
por acs cltrcprescs aklt `cs aeregcolts sklt acs pcrskllcs eltc``egcltcs ct dkhptcltcs,
rkhpucs oux sumte`ets au hologchclt, que elvcstessclt aols `o rcdjcrdjc pkur oh-`ekrcr `o quo`et ac `curs prkauets ct o``cr ou-acvolt acs mcskels ac `curs d`eclts, que
survce``clt `curs dkldurrclts ct oaoptclt cl pcrholcldc `curs strotgecs oux eleteotevcs
que`s prcllclt, dkhhclt sc boet-e` quul kprotcur cltrolt aespksolt ac hkycls skuvclt
`ehets, puessc sy eltrkauerc, rcpkusscr `cs kprotcurs cl p`odc ct porbkes hhc, `cs
`ehelcr au hordj dkldcrl ;
47 Qjc Ellkvotevc Slevcrsety Djolgelg tjc ALO kb Jegjcr Caudotekl brkh tjc Elseac Kut (Iksscy Moss =>??), dk-dretovcd Jclry I. Cyrelg ct Aesruptelg D`oss Jkw Aesruptevc Ellkvotekl We`` Djolgc tjc Woy tjc Wkr`a @corls(HdGrowJe``, =>??), dk-dret ovcd Hedjoc` M.Jkrl ct Durtes Ikjlskl.
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43@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
Dresc au systhc audoteb ct ellkvotekl ac rupturc
@o roeskl cl cst, sc`kl `c ^rkbcsscur Djrestclscl, qucl apet ac `curs quo`ets, `cs
aeregcolts cl p`odc lklt pkur scu` kmicdteb quc ac acvcler hce``curs ct p`us grks
( mcttcr ola meggcr).
Dct kmicdteb dkllc `kmscssekl ct omskrmc tkutc `cur lcrgec ou pkelt ac `cs chpdjcr
ac pkrtcr ulc ottcltekl subsoltc acux acs ro`ets que akhelclt ac lkhmrcux hordjs
ac prkauets aols ulc dklkhec acvcluc trs sclsem`c oux tcdjlequcs ct cur vk`utekl 9
- o dkjkrtc, skuvclt segledotevc, acs dklskhhotcurs, zoppcurs, osss ku hdkl-
tclts que sc atkurlclt ac `curs prkauets ct que grksset brquchhclt `o dkjkrtc
ac dcux que lc pcuvclt sc `cs kbbrer 6
- o bkrdc aottrodtekl outolt quc `o dopodet acstrudtredc aulc ellkvotekl ac rupturc.
^or ellkvotekl ac rupturc, e` bout cltclarc lkl scu`chclt ul prkauet ku ulc tcdjlequc
lkuvc``c, hoes go`chclt, ac lkuvcoux hkacs ac gcstekl ku ac dkhmeloeskl acs bod-
tcurs ac prkaudtekl. Dcst oelse quc `c `kw dkstbut ulc ellkvotekl ac rupturc aols ac
lkhmrcux scdtcurs aodtevets, lktohhclt `c trolspkrt orecl. ^kurtolt e` lc dkldcrlc
quc `c prkdcss (ulc dkhmeloeskl kpteho`c, p`us dklkhc, acs `hclts au scrvedc
bkurle ou dklskhhotcur `c pcrskllc`, ul opporce`, ulc rktotekl) ct lkl `c prkauet (`c
vk` `ue-hhc).
Bkrt ac skl ellkvotekl ac rupturc, `cltrolt pltrc `c hordj, ro``ec so dousc `cs
dklskhhotcurs a`oesss por `cs kprotcurs cl p`odc ct cl quc`qucs hkes, hkaec
prkbklahclt skl ovoltogc `cs dklaetekls ac `o dkldurrcldc. Oux cxchp`cs askrhoes
d`ossequcs ac dc typc ac setuotekl qukbbrclt `o searurgec, `outkhkme`c, `elbkrhotequc
ct `c trolspkrt orecl, e` lkus bout oikutcr pkur `o Broldc dc`ue acs t`dkhhuledotekls,
ovcd `pkpc vedtkrecusc ac `kprotcur Brcc ct ac so Brccmkx sur ul hordj rpu-
t eloddcssem`c tkut cltrolt.
TQ]OQGECT ACLQ]C^]ETCT CQ ^K@EQE_SCT ASLERC]TEQT
^kur `c ^rkbcsscur Djrestclscl, `cs roeskllchclts que prdaclt sklt ouikurajue
trolspksom`cs oux ulevcrsets.
@cs ulevcrsets ou hkels pkur `cs p`us grolacs vk`uclt askrhoes sur ul hordj
g`kmo`, dc`ue ac `o bkrhotekl acs `etcs eltcrloteklo`cs. C``cs sy dkhpkrtclt dkhhc
ac grolacs cltrcprescs, trs ottcltevcs `cur horquc dkhhcrdeo`c ct boesolt pr-
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42
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
vo`ker `curs ovoltogcs dkhporotebs por roppkrt `curs dkldurrclts ouprs aulc
d`eclt`c , dcrtcs loteklo`c hoes go`chclt pkur ulc `orgc port askrhoes eltcrlo-
teklo`c. C``cs vclaclt acs prkauets aul typc trs portedu`ecr, puesque` soget ac bkr-hotekls eltcrloteklo`chclt rcdkllucs, dklbrolt acs dkhptcldcs ct amkudjolt sur
acs chp`kes, aquepcs paogkgequcs outkur ac prkbcsscurs prcstegecux ct aul clve-
rkllchclt ac trovoe` ottrodteb (`kdoux, mem`ektjquc, hkycls elbkrhotequcs, prts, ch-
p`kes, `kgchclt). C``cs `cs rclkuvc``clt rgu`erchclt dkhhc `c bklt `cs cltrcprescs que
elvcstessclt aols `oh`ekrotekl dklstoltc ac `curs prkauets, mecls ku scrvedcs (sustoe-
lom`c ellkvotekl).
C``cs sklt akld aols ulc setuotekl trs dkhporom`c dcs kprotcurs cl p`odc, pcrsuo-
as ac `cur prcllet ct au hoeltecl ac `cur pkuvker ac hordj, ac hkels cl hkelsottcltebs ou lkhmrc acs tuaeolts que omolakllclt `curs bkrhotekls ku dcux que lc
pcuvclt sc `cs kb brer, ct ac p`us cl p`us vu`lrom`cs `eleteotevc aul kprotcur cltrolt.
@CT HKKDT, ELLKROQEKL AC ]S^QS]C
Kl kmicdtcro pcut-trc quc `o setuotekl que veclt atrc adretc lc dkldcrlc quc `cs
ulevcrsets ohredoelcs, p`us portedu`erchclt `cs grolacs ulevcrsets ac `Evy @coguc.
Dc`o lcst pos cxodt. @cs tom`esschclts aclsceglchclt suprecur curkpcls sc
dkhpkrtclt ac holerc cxodtchclt dkhporom`c `curs jkhk`kgucs ohredoels ct
sklt guctts por `cs hhcs aolgcrs.
Cl Broldc, `cs ulevcrsets acvclucs outklkhcs klt skuvclt hes cl uvrc acs pk`etequcs
ac horqucs dkhhcrdeo`cs, hcttolt cl ovolt `curs spdeo`ets, `curs aep`hcs ct `cur
ottrodtevet dkhhc outolt aotkuts sur ul hordj dkldurrcltec`. Ct se acs cbbkr ts ehpkr-
tolts klt t oddkhp`es cl bovcur ac `o `uttc dkltrc `djcd cl `edcldc, dc`ue-de rcstc
cldkrc ehpkrtolt, tolaes quc `cs ulevcrsets dkldcrlcs lc sovclt recl acs tuaeoltsque lc pcuvclt selsdrerc `curs bkrhotekls ku `cs omolakllclt.
@o prbrcldc que scxprehc ouikurajue oux Ctots-Sles pkur acs bkrhotekls dkurtcs,
akllolt odds ou mkut aul ol ulc quo`edotekl ct por dklsquclt, ul chp`ke, sc
holebcstc go`chclt cl Curkpc, k e` scroet, por cxchp`c, eltrcssolt ac dkllotrc `c
toux ac dolaeaoturc oux aep`hcs aulevcrset (AS). @cs ulevcrsets curkpcllcs djop-
pcroeclt-c``cs dc dklstot elquetolt quc `kl boet ouikurajue oux Ctots-Sles, k dc
sklt `cs bkrhotekls `cs p`us dktcuscs que bklt `kmict acs toux adjcd `cs p`us ehpkr-
tolts ; Ossurhclt lkl. Mecl ou dkltroerc 6 `o tclaoldc cst `o hhc.
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47@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
Dresc au systhc audoteb ct ellkvotekl ac rupturc
Aols dc dkltcxtc, `c ^rkbcsscur Djrestclscl ovcrtet tkus `cs tom`esschclts aclsce-
glchclt suprecur 9 `cs HKKDs sklt `ellkvotekl ac rupturc que, dkhhc aols `c
sdjho prdachhclt adret, pcrhct acs cltrolts ac seltrkauerc sur `c hordj ac `o bkrhotekl acs `etcs, ac mku`cvcrscr `cs tom`esschclts cl p`odc, surtkut `cs
tom`esschclts `cs p`us prcstegecux, ct ac `cs rcpkusscr vcrs `cs cxtrhets, cl dr-
holt `c hordj trs `udroteb acs bkrhotekls dkurtcs ct pcu aespclaecuscs, ct cl `cs
dklaohlolt lc p`us scrver quc acs prkauets ac `uxc, trs dktcux, que leltrcsscrklt
quulc d`eclt`c ac p`us cl p`us rauetc, hhc eltcrloteklo`c.
ELLKROQERC SLERC]TEQU, AET]S^QELG D@OTTCQOAO^QERC@CO]LELG
@o dkld`usekl au ^rkbcsscur Djrestclscl cst apkurvuc aohmegut 9 dcst oux tom`es-
schclts aclsceglchclt suprecur, bkrts ac dc dklstot, que` rcveclt ac tercr tkutcs `cs
dklsqucldcs ute`cs,
- cl sopprkpreolt `cs HKKDs, aols `c rcspcdt ac `cur jestkerc prkprc ct ac `curs
troaetekls ( ellkvotevc ulevcrsety), hoes ovcd `clschm`c ac `dksysthc que sc
hct cl p`odc ct que ehp`equc ulc hkaedotekl prkbklac acs htjkacs ac bkldtekl-
lchclt aul tom`esschclt aclsceglchclt suprecur4:6
- cl ehogelolt acs dursus jymreacs, que trolsbkrhclt ct, se ldcssoerc, rcdkls-
truesclt `cs htjkacs paogkgequcs `cs p`us prkuvcs ( aesruptelg d`oss) 6
- cl soesessolt cs lkhmrcuscs kppkrtulets quc cs HKKDs kbbrclt por roppkrt oux
bkrhcs aclsceglchclt p`us d`ossequcs (dc``c au dkurs hogestro` cl portedu`ecr)
pkur odduhu`cr `c hoxehuh aelbkrhotekls sur `o bokl aklt `cs clsceglchcltssklt rcus ct pcrus, sur cs aebdu`ts ac dkhprjclsekl c p`us skuvclt rcldkl-
trcs por `cs opprclolts, ct sur `cs qucstekls que`s pksclt, pkur pkuvker oaoptcr
cl pcrholcldc `c dkltclu acs clsceglchclts aklls ( oaoptevc `corlelg) 6
- cl bovkresolt ulc p`us grolac dk``omkrotekl acs clsceglolts lkl scu`chclt `o
aletekl ac `kbbrc ac bkrhotekl ac djoquc tom`esschclt, hoes p`us cldkrc so
4: Dkhhc `elaequclt Hedjc``c ]. Wcesc ct D`oytkl H. Djrestclscl aols ulc tuac aebbusc ou hkes aciue``ct =>?1, skus `c tet rc prkvkdotcur Jerc Caudotekl Hostcry, Hkau`orezotekl ola tjc Wkrfbkrdc ]cvk`utekl 6jttp9//djrestclsclelstetutc.krg/wpdkltclt/up`koas/=>?1/>7/JercCaudotekl.pab
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4:
@cs HKKDs 9 rvk`utekl ku ase``usekl ; @c sovker `jcurc au luhrequc
prkhktekl, puesquovcd `cs HKKDs, djoquc clsceglolt aespksc askrhoes aulc
tremulc hklaeo`c ( odtevc corlelg).
ET QCDJLK@KGU QJC OLTWC] ;
@cs HKKDs kbbreroeclt oelse oux systhcs ac aebbusekl acs sovkers ct aodquesetekl acs
dkhptcldcs `kppkrtulet ulequc aulc rcxekl sur `curs hkacs akrgolesotekl ct
`curs htjkacs45. E`s lc `cs dklaohlcroeclt pos, e`s `cs elvetcroeclt rcvcler sur `curs
bklachclts ct `cs pkusscroeclt sy oaoptcr.
Te`s lc `c bklt pos, dcs systhcs prcllclt `c resquc ac rvesekls adjeroltcs ac `o
pcrtelcldc ac `curs pksetekls ct ac cur strotgecs, pkuvolt o``cr iusqu cur aesporetekl,
skus `cs dkups ac mkutkers acltrolts vclus ajkrezkls trs aevcrs que ro``ecrklt, ou
hkycl ac HKKDs iuaedecuschclt ogclds, `cs a`oesss acs htjkacs ct acs dursus
troaetekllc`s.
E`s scrklt aoutolt p`us vu`lrom`cs quc `c scdtcur ac `clsceglchclt cst troaetekllc`-
`chclt pcru dkhhc ul pkstc ac apclscs, ul dkt, que lc pcut trc dkhpcls por
acs goels ac prkaudtevet.
Boet segledoteb, dcst We``eoh G. Mkwacl, dk -outcur ovcd We``eoh I. Mouhk` aul kuvrogc
aoltjk`kgec1>ct surtkut oldecl prseaclt ac `Slevcrset ac ^reldctkl, que rcveclt
prkpks acs HKKDs sur scs dcrtetuacs au he`ecu acs ollcs skexoltc aols ul kuvrogc
rdclt ou tetrc vkdotcur, Jegjcr Caudotekl el tjc Aegeto` Ogc1?.
@ulc acs qucstekls que` y pksc cst trs eltrcssoltc se `kl sc rbrc oux prescs ac
pksetekl posscs ac skl outcur1= c``c cst aoe``curs `c tetrc ac `o dklbrcldc 9 QjcDkst Aescosc el Jegjcr Caudotekl 9 Es Qcdjlk`kgy tjc Olswcr ;.
45 ^kur ulc prscltotekl acs preldepo`cs vk`utekls htjkak`kgequcs ehputom`cs oux HKKDs, vker lktohhcltOrlk`a F`elg, Holy-tk-Klc vs Klc-tk-Holy 9 ol Kpeleklotca Gueac tk Caudoteklo` Qcdjlk`kgy, Qjc Ohcredol, ?=scptchmrc =>?=. Rker ousse `cs avc`kppchclts ac `tuac prdetc acs Hedjc``c ].Wcesc ct ac D`oytkl H.Djrestclscl, que dklbrkltclt `cs HKKDs dc que`s oppc``clt ` Odoached Elcrteo ct olo`ysclt trkes hka`csdklkhequcs avk`utekl aebbrclts 9Tk`u tekl sjkp, Ro`uc-oaaelg prkdcss muselcss, ct Bode `etotca uscr lctwkrf.
1> ^crbkrhelg Ort s, Qjc Cdklkhed Ae`chho 9 o Ttuay kb rkm`chs Dkhhkl tk Qjcotcr, Kpcro, Hused ola Aoldc, LcwUkrf, Qwcltectj Dcltury Bula, ?522
1? We``eoh G. Mkwcl, Jegjcr Caudotekl el tjc Aegeto` Ogc, EQJOFO ct ^reldctkl Slevcrsety ^rcss, =>?4. Dct kuvrogc
cst essu aulc dklbrcldc akllc por `c ^rkbcsscur Mkwcl `Slevcrset ac Ttolbkra cl =>?= aols `c doarc acsQollcr @cdturcs kl Juhol Ro`ucs. Kl `ue o chprult quc`qucs rbrcldcs aols `cs avc`kppchclts que suevclt,lktohhclt aols `c djopetrc 4.
1= We``eohs G. Mkwcl ct ovcd We``eoh I. Mouhk` sklt `kregelc ac `o tjkrec au dkst aescosc.
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45@CT LKQCT AC @ELTQEQSQ Tcptchmrc =>?1
Dresc au systhc audoteb ct ellkvotekl ac rupturc
E` y rpkla ac holerc derdklstoldec ct lo`chclt pksetevc, elvetolt cs tom`esschclts
aclsceglchclt suprecur sc prporcr acs trolsbkrhotekls prkbklacs.
Kl avc`kppc de-oprs dc quc sklt dcs dkurs, cur lkuvcout ct o pkrtc ac curs cb bcts
sur `krgolesotekl, `c bkldtekllchclt ct p`us cldkrc, sur `cs htjkacs ac bkrhotekl
eleteo`c ku dklteluc14. Kl hkltrc ousse `cs kppkrtulets quc `cur avc`kppchc