montreal and kyoto protocol

7/28/2019 Montreal and Kyoto Protocol

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Montreal ProtocolOVERVIEW


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*a protocol submitted to the Vienna

Convention for the Protection of theOzone Layer

*is an international treaty designed to

protect the ozone layer by phasing out theproduction of numerous substancesbelieved to be responsible for ozonedepletion.


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The largest Antarctic ozone hole recorded as of September 2006


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*Opened for signature on September 16,

1987*Entered into force on January 1, 1989

*all United Nation members, as well as Niue,

the Cook Islands, the Holy See andthe European Union


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*First Meeting: Helsinki, May 1989

*it has undergone seven revisions, in 1990(London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992

(Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995(Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), and 1999(Beijing)


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*The treaty is structured around several

groups of halogenated hydrocarbons that havebeen shown to play a role in ozone depletion.

*All of these ozone depleting substances

contain either chlorine or bromine*the treaty provides a timetable on which the

production of those substances must be

phased out and eventually eliminated


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*Many CFCs have been widely used

as refrigerants propellants (in aerosolapplications), and solvents.

* Applications exploit the low toxicity, low

reactivity, and low flammability of the CFCsand HCFCs.


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*the treaty provides a timetable on which the

production of those substances must bephased out and eventually eliminated


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Montreal Protocol

Year to be

Implemented

% Reduction in

Consumption and

Production, Using

the Cap as a

Baseline2004 35.0%

2010 75.0%

2015 90.0%

2020 99.5%

2030 100.0%


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The Montreal Protocol

on Substancesthat Deplete the Ozone Layer


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Importance of Ozone

Ozone is present in the stratosphere.

The stratosphere reaches 30 miles above the

Earth, and at the very top, it contains

ozone. The suns rays are absorbed by theozone in the stratosphere and thus, do not reach

the Earth.

Although ozone composes a small part of the

atmosphere's total mass, it absorbs more than

99% of the sun's ultraviolet radiation.


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Ozone DestructionOzone is destroyed by chlorine in the

upper atmosphere, a major contributor to

this are the CFC's

When UV light hits CFC's in the

atmosphere the molecules dissociate and

pure chlorine molecules that separate

react with ozone.

Cl + O3 ---> ClO + O2


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Effects of Ozone DepletionA 1% depletion in the ozone layer allows 2% more

ultraviolet radiation to reach the earth's surface.

Scientists predict that this would raise the incidenceof skin cancer by 4% to 5%. It can also cause

increase in cases of cataracts, suppress human

and animal immune systems, damage fish larvae,

kill off micro-organisms on the ocean floor thatserve as food for larger marine life, decrease crop

yield, and damage man made products such as

paints and plastic.


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The ProtocolThe Protocol brought together parties to phase out

their production and consumption of a group of

ODS

Whilst progressive, the system put in place by the

Protocol had the potential to be difficult to adhere

to. For this reason, the text made provision for the

possibility of trading ODS production quotas

between parties, to offer a degree of flexibility.


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Effects and ApplicationOriginally, the Protocol planned for a 50% reduction in CFCproduction and consumption, in about 10 years.

But the adjustments and amendments subsequently

adopted have increased the number of substances andtightened the schedule, with the aim of eliminatingcompletely the production of the majority of the regulatedsubstances.

It was agreed, from then on, to ban completely numerousCFCs, halons, carbon tetrachlorides, and methyl chloroform(1,1,1-trichloroethane), as well as several transitionsubstances. These included HCFCs and HBFCs,substitution products for CFCs which had the potential to

damage the ozone layer.


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Special ArrangementsDuring the implementation, specific

arrangements were made for developing

countries. These countries were

becoming significant ODS consumers,especially in developing their cold chains

(temperature controlled supply chains).

They are therefore entitled to a 10 yeardelay period, linked to the Protocols fixed

schedule.


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Innovativeness of the ProtocolThis system is essentially based oncooperation. If one party is having difficultiesfulfilling its obligations, or has reservationsregarding their fulfilment towards another

party, they can inform the Secretary, who canbegin a mediation process. This procedure isthen reviewed by the ImplementationCommittee, which is composed ofrepresentatives from parties to the Protocol.

Several outcomes are possible: the adoptionof the recommendation, a caution,proposals of technical, technological orfinancial assistance.


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Philippine Implementation

The DENR, through the Philippine Ozone

Desk (POD) of the Environmental

Management Bureau (EMB), is the

national coordinator for the

implementation of the Montreal Protocol in

the Philippines.


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NCPPs Voucher SystemOne particular system used to phase out

ODS, as implemented by the DENRsNational CFC Phaseout Plan (NCPP)

Project, was the voucher system, wherequalified refrigeration and air conditioningservice shops were given fund assistanceto acquire equipment they could use for

recovering refrigerants.In turn, the recovered refrigerants wereturned over to a Collection, Transport andStorage (CTS) facility.


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ResultsAs of August 2012, the facility has

collected more than 8,045 kilograms of

ODS, almost half of which were mixed

refrigerants.

These were re-processed and prepared

for disposition by legitimate importers,

dealers, resellers and end-users.


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Efforts madePOD continuously conducted information campaign

and other activities to drum up awareness on the

protection of the ozone layer. Among these are

the conduct of lectures in schools, publication of

information materials, and free testing of mobile

air conditioners (MAC).

In 2010, the Philippine Postal Corporation alsoreleased a series of postal stamps depicting the

Montreal Protection and the ozone layer.


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Philippines has been able to phase out 3,300

ozone depleting potential (ODP) tons in the

manufacturing and servicing sectors from 1991

to 2011.

Of these, CFCs constituted 97.8%; halons,

2%; and methyl bromide, 0.2 %.


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Philippines Next Step

To phase out the remaining group:

hydrochlorofluorocarbons or HCFCs

(used in foam sprays, fire extinguishers,

solvents, and air conditioning units)


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*The Kyoto Protocol to the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC) sets binding obligations on

industrialized countries to reduce emissions

of greenhouse gases

*"stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrationsin the atmosphere at a level that would prevent

dangerous anthropogenic interferences with the

climate."


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*The Protocol was adopted on December

11, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, and enteredinto force on 16 February 2005

*As of September 2011, 191 states have

signed and ratified the protocol*The United States signed but did not ratify

the Protocol and Canada withdrew from it

in 2011.


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*The targets cover emissions of the six

main greenhouse gases, namely: Carbon dioxide (CO2);

Methane (CH4);

Nitrous oxide (N2

O);

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs);

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)


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*A greenhouse gas (sometimesabbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmospherethat absorbs and emits radiation withinthe thermal infrared range.

*Since the Industrial Revolution, the burningof fossil fuels have contributed to a 40%increase in the concentration of carbon

dioxide in the atmosphere from 280 ppm to397 ppm


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*A greenhouse gas (sometimesabbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmospherethat absorbs and emits radiation withinthe thermal infrared range.

*Since the Industrial Revolution, the burningof fossil fuels have contributed to a 40%increase in the concentration of carbon

dioxide in the atmosphere from 280 ppm to397 ppm


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To achieve stabilization ofgreenhouse gas concentrations in

the atmosphere at a level thatwould prevent dangerous

anthropogenic interference with the

climate system.


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*a protocol to the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

*Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992

*Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC (COP 3) in

1997 in Kyoto, Japan


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*COP 1 Berlin Mandate, Berlin

1995

- called upon Annex I countries to

set limits

*COP 2 Minesterial Declaration, Geneva

1996

- set legally binding measures

*COP 3 Kyoto Protocol, Japan

1997

- specified targets and timetables

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The Parties included in Annex I shall

pursue limitation or reduction ofemissions of greenhouse gases notcontrolled by the Montreal Protocol

- Aviation fuels- Marine fuels

Reduction by at least 5% below 1990levels

Commitment period 2008 to 2012

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*Energy

*Fuel combustion

* Energy industries

* Manufacturing industries

and construction* Transport

* Other sectors

* Other

*Fugitive emissions fromfuels

* Solid fuels

* Oil and natural gas

* Other

Industrial processes Mineral products

Chemical industry

Metal production

Other production Production of

halocarbons andsulphur hexafluoride

Consumption of

halocarbons andsulphur hexafluoride

Other


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*Solvent and other product use

*Agriculture

*Enteric fermentation

*Manure management

*Rice cultivation

*Agricultural soils

*Prescribed burning of savannas

*Field burning of agricultural residues

*Other

*Waste

*Solid waste disposal on land

*Wastewater handling

*Waste incineration

*Other


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Land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sinkactivities

*can provide a relatively cost-effective way of offsetting

emissions by:

* increasing the removals of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere

* planting trees

* forest management

* reducing emissions

* stopping deforestation

Joint Implementation

*an Annex I Party may implement projects that increase removals

by sinks in another Annex I country.


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