Kyoto Protocol&

COP

Takatoshi AKAI

KWS Malindi Marine Park

JOCV/JICA

Outline

• What is COP?• What is Kyoto Protocol?• Achievement• Assignment to achieve target• Kyoto Mechanism• Movement towards post Kyoto

What is COP?

• COP = “Conference Of Parties”

• Conference (meeting) about how to stop global warming by countries

• This conference held almost every year, in one of the countries, which participating this COP.

What is Kyoto Protocol?• Decided by COP3 held in Kyoto in 1997

• To reduce amount of chemical emission, which cause of global warming, compare with in 1990.

• In the case of developed countries, they must reduce 5.2% of chemical emission within 2008 ~2012.

Achievement

①Set up target amount of chemical to reduce

②It has “Legal Binding Force”

Each countries must reduce emission, by…

①Encourage to saving energy in each industries

②Absolve CO2 by afforestation/tree planting

③Develop Renewable Resource technology

④Achieve target by “Kyoto Mechanism”

Assignment to achieve target

• There are 194 countries participating COP, but only 40 developed countries faced to “Legal Binding Force”.

• USA was only 1, which did not follow COP within developed countries in 1997.

• 150 developing countries, only required to set uptarget, but not requiredto achieve it.

Case Study: China• China emitted the biggest amount of emission

in 2007（ 21% of total amount)

• But, China still acknowledged as a developing country, so they don’t have to reduce emission.

• Global Warming depends on Chinese stance.

Total amount of emmision in 2007

OtherCountri

es79%

China21%

Case Study: US• USA is 2nd biggest amount of GHG emittin

g country (19.9%)

• Ex-vice president Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr., rolled well to summary Kyoto Protocol.

• But, people in US government against Kyoto Protocol and refuse to participate it.

• Because of president Bill Clinton, most of his supporters were oil producers.

Kyoto Mechanism

• It set up aimed to achieve Kyoto Protocol more easily.

• Such as CDM, ET, JI.

Those are…

CDM

ETJI

CDMDev.ed country will gain reduced amount of emission by joint investment in dev.ing country

I will help you about I will help you about development,development,

So, give me CO2 credit!So, give me CO2 credit!Hakuna shida.

So, help to develop our country

Once developing countries become

developed countries, they also have to

reduce amount of CO2.

So, maybe they have to buy CO2 credit from

other developed countries.

Please give me back CO2 credit!

Its cost a lot, you know!?

Emission Trading (ET)

• Trade amount of emission available between developed countries.

• If amount of emission below the maximum, the country can sell to another country, through the market.

• It called “Cap Trading”

Availab

le

Availab

le

BuyBuy SellSellShortage Surplus

Joint Invention (JI)

• Country practice project in another country to reduce emission of GHGs. Then, gain reduced amount of GHGs.

Venezuela receives $14 billion joint investment from Japan, South Korea

Unified Energy System Co.,

Ltd.Russia

Toyota Tsusho Co.,

Ltd.Japan

Unified Energy System Co.,

Ltd.Russia

Toyota Tsusho Co.,

Ltd.Japan

Post Kyoto: Forward Step

Reduce GHGs 20% compare with 1990, before 2020.

Reduce GHGs 14% compare with 2005, before 2020.

Reduce GHGs 25% compare with 1990, before 2020.

2 June 2010, he quit prime minister

…

Japan has to reduce 25% of GHGs even he quit prime minister, but its difficult to do it.Technology is already high standard in Japan, but required to more spec to reduce GHGs.

I don’t know how to reduce GHGs…Maybe someone can do it.

I’m not prime minister anymore, anyway…

Japan throw awayCOP17 and Kyoto

COP17 held in 28 Nov to 10 Dec 2011 in Durban.

In results,• To create new protocol, which join all

countries such as US and China before 2015.

• If a country follow Kyoto Protocol, must indicate certain target amount of reduction.

• Japan refused continue of Kyoto Protocol and breakaway from it.

Because,• If the most emitted countries, US and

China do not participate to Kyoto Protocol, its useless.

• However, Japan did not express what should do after escaped from Kyoto Protocol.

• So, many countries criticize Japanese government.

What about in Kenya?• Kenya is developing country, so you don’t

have any “Legal Binding Force”.

• Because, Kenya has rights to develop own country, so exceed reduction of chemical amount may stop its development.

Oh, yea!

Lucky!!

But, mkenya should get interested in global movement, and awareness.

Then in the future, you should help to reduce amount of chemical to emit.

Conclusion

• To know about what is happening in the world is important.

• COP is conference to discuss about how to reduce amount of chemical to emit.

• Developing countries such as Kenya, does not have “Legal Binding Force” to reduce chemical to emit, but in the future you will be.