Monday Dec. 5, 2011L.O.: SWBAT to explain the reasons for Confederation.

• Chapter 7/8 Quiz• Chapter 9 Introduction + Notes• Work Period (HW):

– Major Assignment due tomorrow– Reasons for Confederation WS due tomorrow– Vocabulary Chpt 7/8 + TEST due Friday– Pre-Confederation Assignment due Friday

Where are your paragraphs?

Chapter 9: Confederation

Vocabulary:Confederation Rep By PopFederal Union Deadlock

Coalition

Chapter 8 Review• Lord Durham made two recommendations• The British Government passed one in 1841• Upper Canada became _________ and is now

called ______________• Lower Canada became _________ and is now

called ______________• Responsible government:

– Members of the Executive Council (today called the Cabinet) are chosen from the group with the most elected members in the Legislative Assembly (rather than the governor)

– If the Cabinet loses the confidence of most people in the Legislative Assembly, it must resign

Chapter 8 Review

• The first test for responsible government was in 1849 – Rebellion Losses Bill

• Tories opposed this bill, why?• Lord Elgin personally opposed to this, but was

committed to responsible government (follow wishes of the majority)

Chapter 8 Notes• Education:

– Only for those who could pay for it in the 1800s– Wrote on slates (bluish-grey rock)– Canada West 1871 made education universal (for

everyone) and compulsory (required)– Need for more teachers; suitable for women

• Egerton Ryerson– A Loyalist– Influenced this change in education

Chapter 8 Notes

• Nova Scotia– 1847 - First colony to achieve

responsible government– Joseph Howe:

• Politician; good oratory (public speaking)

• Newspaper to support changes in the gov’t

• 1835 charged with libel (printed picture that unjustly injures a person’s reputation)

Chapter 8 Notes

• New Brunswick 1854 RG• Newfoundland asked for it in 1846, granted in

1855• Prince Edward Island

– Petitioned for it, but nothing changed– Legislative did not pass laws or vote for the

money needed to run the government– Granted in 1851

Chapter 9 Introduction

• Canada West (formerly Upper Canada) grew rapidly after the rebellions

• Toronto developed its buildings, businesses, banks, and busy roads

• New roads linked bigger towns to the interior• Many new towns• Canada West became a

place of growth and opportunity

Introduction Continued• British government became less interested in the

colonies• Too expensive for them to run• Colonies now responsible for raising cash to

develop• Why not unite all of the colonies to make them

stronger and richer?

CONFEDERATION

“Rep by Pop” Pg. 181

• Act of Union 1841 was not successful– The Canadiens (French) believed the English were

trying to make them lose their cultural identity– The English Canadians accused the Canadiens of

trying to run everything their way• Representation By Population

– The number of elected members of the Legislative Assembly (the representatives) is based on the number of voters (based on the population)

– Create a visual representation

“Rep by Pop” Pg. 181

• Reformers in Canada West• Led by George Brown and his Clear Grit party• Wanted “rep by pop” because their

population was the largest

• Reformers in Canada East• Led by George-Etienne Cartiers and Le Parti

Bleus against “rep by pop”• In the past when their population was bigger,

it was equal representation

“Rep by Pop” Pg. 181

“Political Deadlock” Pg. 181

• Disagreement in the Legislative Assembly• Equal number of representatives from

Canada West and Canada East• Two groups voted against each other• No laws could be passed

= deadlock

“Political Deadlock” Pg. 181• George Brown (leader of the Clear Grits)• John A. Macdonald (leader of the Tories)• George Brown said he would work with

Macdonald and Cartier (even though they were bitter enemies)

• Together to form a federal union – A political union; certain powers to

own affairs and certain powers to a central gov’t

– Canada West and Canada East join– Coalition: a gov’t where the political

parties work together– This agreement was called The Great Coalition

(the Clear Grits, Tories, and Parti Bleus)

Reasons for Federal Union (Confederation)

• In 1867, BNA colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (Canada East and Canada West) agreed to join together to form a nation

• Responsibility to local affairs and federal affairs

• Central government located in Ottawa, Canada

Reason #1: Political Deadlock and the Great Coalition

• No laws could get passed in the Legislative Assembly because the politicians from Canada East and Canada West would not work together

• Great Coalition formed– Goal was to unite the BNA

colonies into one country– Confederation

Reason #2: A Railway Was Needed• During the winter, boats could not transport

goods in Canada because the water froze• Moving goods by horse was very slow and

expensive• The colonies required a railway to be built so

trade and communication between the BNA colonies could be easier

• If Confederation, couldshare the costs

Reason #3: Trade with USA• In 1846, Britain stopped charging tariffs (a tax on

paid goods brought into a country or colony) on goods coming to Britain

• Previously, the colonies had no tariffs put on their goods; this increased competition

• Whichever country sold them at the lowest price; no more special status with Britain

• In 1854, USA and Britain signed the Reciprocity Treaty– Started free trade with USA (no tariffs)– In 1864, this ended and it became more expensive to

trade• The BNA colonies began to trade with each other

because it was less expensive; started to unite

Reason #4: Threat of American Expansion into BNA

• In the 1860s, USA was fighting a civil war (North vs. South – against each other)

• The North accused Britain of helping in the war• In 1866, Fenians, group of Irish people in the

USA who hated Britain, attacked BNA • USA started expanding in the West• BNA colonies scared that USA wanted to control

everything• If united, could protect themselves and prevent

expansion

Manifest Destiny

Reason #5: Changing British Attitudes

• Britain losing interest of the BNA colonies• Too expensive to maintain• If united, the BNA colonies could defend

themselves against the USA without Britain’s help

• Britain encourages them to unite• Important because people still very loyal to

Britain and would support if Britain did too

Tuesday Dec. 6, 2011L.O.: SWBAT to describe the events leading up to

Confederation.

• Chapter 7/8 Quiz + Collect Newspapers• Chapter 9 Atlantic Colony + Conferences Notes• Work Period (HW):

– Atlantic Colonies WS due tomorrow– Vocabulary Chpt 7/8 + TEST due Friday– Pre-Confederation Assignment due Friday

Wednesday Dec. 7, 2011L.O.: SWBAT to describe the events leading up to

Confederation.

• Newspapers + Atlantic Key• Chapter 9 Atlantic Colony + Conferences Notes• Work Period (HW):

– Confederation Debates WS due tomorrow– Vocabulary Chpt 7/8 + TEST due Friday– Pre-Confederation Assignment due TBD

Chapter 9: Confederation

Vocabulary:Maritime ConferenceHouse of Commons Senate

Atlantic Colonies: 1854 – 1864 Pg. 186

• Read vocabulary terms on the worksheet• Atlantic Colonies:

– Newfoundland– Nova Scotia– Prince Edward Island– New Brunswick

• These colonies were facing serious problems

Atlantic Colonies Problems: Cause & Effect

• Little Industrial Development > Little Population Growth> Leave to look for work elsewhere

• Trade> 1866 planning to end Reciprocity Treaty> 1846 Britain’s free trade meant less demand in Britain for goods from the Atlantic colonies> Need to develop new markets

• Threat of American Expansion> Need to unite together

Maritime Union Pg. 189

• Conference scheduled for September 1864 in Charlottetown, P.E.I. to discuss possibly union of the Atlantic colonies

• Nova Scotia, P.E.I. and New Brunswick meet on Sept 1, 1864

• Newfoundland not invited• Province of Canada took this opportunity to promote

a federal union

Maritime Union Pg. 189• George Brown promised

– “that our farmers and manufacturers and mechanics shall carry their wares into every village of the Maritime Provinces and that they shall with equal freedom bring their fish, and their coal and their…produce to our three millions of inhabitants.”

• By the end, decided to meet again in Quebec

Quebec Conference 1864 – Pg. 190

• All of the BNA colonies attended• Result was the list of the 72 Resolutions

– A list of guidelines or rules that are to be followed as a basis for ruling a group of people

72 Resolutions• Major Ideas:

– A strong central government (federal government) would handle common affairs, economic development, and defence

– Provinces would have limited powers (weaker than federal gov’t) to handle local affairs, social, and cultural issues

– Federal Parliament composed of a lower house called the House of Commons and an upper house called the Senate

– House of Commons elected by “rep by pop”– Senate appointed

• Canada East, Canada West, Atlantic Canada considered a region (each with 24 members; protection for the small Atlantic colonies because few elected members in the House of Commons)

Wednesday Dec. 7, 2011L.O.: SWBAT to explain the debates surrounding

Confederation for each colony.

• Atlantic Colonies Worksheet KEY• Read Page 191 as a class• Confederation Debates• Work Period (HW):

– Confederation Debates WS due tomorrow– Vocabulary Chpt 7/8 + TEST due Friday– Pre-Confederation Assignment due TBD

Canada West• Arguments in support of Confederation:

– Solve the problem of political deadlock by creating a new province and a new legislative assembly

– Need for a railway (trade + defense)– Better defense against American invasion– Easier to expand and claim territory– Would have a stronger voice in the federal gov’t

• Arguments against of Confederation:– Little to gain by uniting with the Atlantic colonies– Including the Atlantic colonies would increase taxes for all

• Decision: Strongest supporter of Confederation

Canada East• Arguments in support of Confederation:

– Solve the problem of political deadlock by creating a new province and a new legislative assembly

– Need for a railway (trade + defense)– New provincial gov’t would allow for the protection of French language

+ culture– Better defense against American invasion

• Arguments against of Confederation:– House of Commons in the federal gov’t would mostly be English-

speaking; threaten French– Including the Atlantic colonies would increase taxes for all

• Decision: Parti Bleu convinced most that the new province, Quebec, would protect the Frecnch-speakers; also had support of the Church

New Brunswick• Arguments in support of Confederation:

– Need for a railway (trade + protection)– Better defense against possible American invasion– Great Britain encouraged a political union

• Arguments against of Confederation:– New central gov’t would be “rep by pop”; NB’s small population

would equal little power– Afraid they would lose their connection with Britain

• Decision: In 1865, many against; by 1866 views changed because of Fenians and Britain’s encouragement; economic benefits of joining

• Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley– Father of Confederation – convinced people of New Brunswick to join

Nova Scotia• Arguments in support of Confederation:

– Need for a railway (trade + protection) – link Halifax– Move goods into the larger markets of Ontario and Quebec

• Arguments against of Confederation:– New central gov’t would be “rep by pop”; NS’s small population

would equal little power– Afraid the costs of the railway would be taxed onto the people who

did not live close to it– Liked the idea of Atlantic union rather than union with the Canadas

• Decision: In favour of the economic development• Joseph Howe against Confederation (small province + taxes)• Charles Tupper support – Father of Confederation

Prince Edward Island• Arguments in support of Confederation:

– Little support• Arguments against of Confederation:

– New central gov’t would be “rep by pop”; PEI’s small population would equal little power

– Afraid the costs of the railway would be taxed onto the people who did not live close to it (island!)

– Other colonies refused to support idea to buy out the land from absentee landlords who owned most of the farmland

• Decision: – PEI would only have five representatives in the new House

of Commons and the railway would not benefit them, saw no advantages.

– Would join later

Newfoundland• Arguments in support of Confederation:

– Little support• Arguments against of Confederation:

– New central gov’t would be “rep by pop”; Nfld’s small population would equal little power

– Afraid the costs of the railway would be taxed onto the people who did not live close to it (island!)

– Many people happy with British control and were not interested in joining an Atlantic or federal union

• Decision: – Little in common with the people of the United Canadas– No interest; would join later

Tuesday Dec. 13, 2011L.O.: SWBAT understand the BNA Act.

• Confederation Quiz• British North America Act 1867 Notes• Work Period (HW):

– BNA Act WS due tomorrow Wed. Dec 14– Debate Assignment due Thur Dec. 15– Vocabulary Chpt 9 + TEST Monday Dec. 19

CHAPTER 9 KEY CONCEPTS• Confederation• Rep by Pop• George Brown/Clear

Grit• J.A.M./Tories• A.A. Dorion/ Parti

Rouge• George-Etienne

Cartiers/ Parti Bleus• Political Deadlock +

Great Coalition

•Railway•Reciprocity Treaty + Free Trade•Threat of USA + Fenians•Changing British Attitudes•Atlantic Colonies + Maritime Union•Quebec Conference + 72 Resolutions•Colonies Debates

London Conference• 16 delegates from the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and

New Brunswick sailed to London to present the 72 Resolutions• Some changes were made:

– New Brunswick got assurances for the intercontinental railway (railway between colonies)

– Provincial government subsidies (loan of money that the government contributes for a given year’s budget) were increased

• Dominion of Canada becomes a nation on July 1, 1867• John A. Macdonald becomes the first Prime Minister of Canada

BNA Act

• Created the Dominion of Canada July 1, 1867• Stated the powers of the provincial and

federal governments• Outlined the way in which the government

would be structured and guaranteed protection for minority groups

BNA Act – See Pg. 196

• Aim:– To create a federal union (Confederation) of the

colonies of BNA, associated with Great Britain

• Federalism– Two levels of government– National or Federal (or central) and Provincial– Federal government handled matters affecting

everyone– Provincial government handled matters only affecting

the people it governs

BNA Act – See Pg. 196• Form of Central Government

– Legislative Branch (also called PARLIAMENT – the LAW-MAKING body)• SENATE appointed by the Governor General (representative of British gov’t)

– Made and approved laws– 24 senators from Ontario, Quebec, Atlantic colonies

• HOUSE OF COMMONS elected by people through rep by pop– Political party with the most MP’s will become the leading party and its leader will be the Prime

Minister– Make and Debate laws

– Executive Branch• Cabinet appointed by the Prime Minister (PM)

– Propose laws and the PM influences/advises the Governor General– Judicial Branch

• The law enforcing part of the gov’t• It interprets and carries out the constitution (written laws)• Punishes those who break the rules of the constitution• Made up of lawyers, judges, and the courts• Separate from the gov’t to prevent corruption

HOMEWORKL.O.: SWBAT understand the BNA Act.

Work Period (HW):– BNA Act WS due tomorrow Wed. Dec 14– Debate Assignment due Thur Dec. 15– Vocabulary Chpt 9 + TEST Monday Dec. 19

Wednesday Dec. 14, 2011L.O.: SWBAT understand the issues raised by

Confederation + the Cultural Groups.

• Confederation Quiz+ Check HW• Issues + Cultural Groups Notes• Work Period (HW):

– Issues WS due tomorrow Thurs. Dec 15– Debate Assignment due tomorrow Thur Dec. 15– Vocabulary Chpt 9 + TEST Monday Dec. 19

Division of Powers in the Constitution Act , 1867

• Constitution: rules that govern a country• Two types:

– Written– Unwritten (the courts make decisions based on customs and

traditions and previous court rulings)• Federal Government Powers:

– Trade and commerce, Taxation, Postal Service, Military, Economy, Divorce, Criminal Law, Jails

• Provincial Government Powers:– Taxation, Public lands, Provincial Jails, Hospitals and Asylums,

Education, Local Affairs, Courts, Licenses• Some powers were shared between the two

First People and Minorities

• Constitution Act, 1867 only had one direct reference to Aboriginal peoples– Section 91 (24) gave the Parliament of Canada exclusive

authority over “Indians and lands reserved for the Indians”

• Province of Canada:– Aboriginal land acquired by treaty– They were to settle on reserves– Government department created to manage them

• Minorities would be assimilated

The Years After Confederation• Read Pg. 200-1• Not everyone felt like cheering on July 1, 1867• Nova Scotia

– Second thoughts– “The free and intelligent Province of NS died last night at

twelve o’clock” – Morning Chronicle– Pro-Confederation politicians were burned in effigy (an

imitation, made of cloth, of a person who is disliked)– September elections: anti-Confederates won 36 of 38 seats– Anti-Confederates led by Joseph Howe– Went to Britain in 1866 to lobby (represent special interest

to the gov’t) against the union of NS

The Years After Confederation

• Separatist Movement– Nova Scotian members of Parliament, led by Howe,

presented a motion in the House of Commons– It stated that NS should be released from

Confederation– Rejected by the Conservative majority– Public discontent expressed by petitions and

discussions in the provincial gov’t– Howe and members went to London again to ask

The Years After Confederation

• Compromise– Howe returned to Nova Scotia from London and decided

to compromise (an agreement in which each side gives up some of its demands)

– Wanted to “accept the situation, repair the mischief, and make the best of a bad buisness”

– Prime Minister MacDonald increased yearly grants by $20 000 and asked Howe to become a member of the Federal Cabinet

– Howe left the anti-Confederation movement leaderless, so it died down

Cultural Groups in Canada

• Germans– Arrived to the colony of Quebec as soldiers in the

French army– After their military service ended, stayed in New

France– Hans Bernard, first German settler, 1664– Skilled farmers and Protestant

Cultural Groups in Canada• Germans

– King George II of England wanted to bring German newcomers to NS, so he offered free land and supplies for one year

– Must become British subjects and go to BNA– American Revolution: many soldiers in the British army

were German mercenaries– Many Loyalists after the AR were German– Settled around Lake Ontario and Lake Huron, St. Lawrence

River– By 1867, 200 000 German speaking people in Canada

Cultural Groups in Canada

• Ukrainians– First were mercenary soldiers who came to fight

in the War of 1812– Andrew Yankovsky and Peter Komdrovsky were

among the Selkirk Settlers who settled in the Red River area in 1812

– In 1874, Mennonites settled in Manitoba– In the 1880s, many left US and went to Winnepeg

Cultural Groups in Canada• Blacks

– By 1850, 40 000 in UC; roughly 1000 taken to Quebec as slaves under French rule

– Any slave that joined the army were granted freedom– After the AR, 3500 black Loyalists, all achieving

freedom, moved to NS (and later NC)– No land or the right to vote (many thought they would)– In 1793 only banished in UC– In 1834, new law stopped slavery– 30 000 came to Canada by the Underground Railroad

金山 – “ Gold Mountain”• The first Chinese settlers

to North America came in 1848 for the California gold rush.

• At this time Southeast China was had many problems: economic, political and natural disasters.

• By 1852, over 25,000 Chinese had made their way to California.

• The majority of them came from the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian.

The Chinese go to BC

• The discovery of gold in 1858 on the Fraser River in British Columbia attracted Chinese immigrants from California.

• Unfortunately, the Chinese immigrants in BC were only allowed to mine claims that white miners had already abandoned.

Resentment and racism begin

• Upon arriving in North America, the Chinese men would work hard, long hours for low pay.

• How do you think this made local people feel? What do you think they did about it? What would you do about it?

What does this cartoon tell you?

Or this one?

The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)• Between 1880 and 1885

almost 17,000 Chinese immigrants arrived in BC from China and the United States to work on the CPR.

• Chinese labour (noun) was cheap and most Chinese were very hard-working.

• They were paid $1/day and they had to buy their own equipment.

Revelstoke to Vancouver

The stretch of CPR line that the Chinese built was the most

dangerous.Many died from cold

weather, disease and terrible working

conditions.

However, after the CPR is finished…

• Head tax is introduced: $50/person in 1885, $100 in 1900, $500 in 1903.

• Chinese were the only group of people that had to pay a tax to enter Canada.

• Chinese immigrants still came to Canada though. The Federal Government collected a total of $23 million from this tax.

How do we stop Chinese immigration?• On July 1,1923 the Chinese

Immigration Act (also known as the Exclusion Act) was passed. Chinese communities called it “Humiliation Day” and did not celebrate Canada for many years after.

• It was not repealed until 1947. This was also the year that Chinese-Canadians were allowed to vote.

• During this time only 50 Chinese people were allowed to come to Canada.

How do you think the Exclusion Act affected Chinese people?

• The Exclusion Act made the Chinese communities only grow stronger• Labour unions and community organizations were developed to

support each other Community and Support• After the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, Chinese-Canadian

communities raised $5 million dollars to help

Strength of mind

Homework

1. Debates Assignment2. Issues + Cultural Groups Worksheet3. Vocab Chpt 9 + Test Monday