MOLECULAR BIOLOGYMOLECULAR BIOLOGY

IntroductionIntroduction

Dr. drh. C. A. Nidom, MS.

Genetic VariationCCCCATCCCCACCCCCGTGGGAACACTGGGAGCCTGCACTCCACAGACCCTCTCCTT CCTCTTCCCTCACCTCAGCCTCCGCTCCCCGCCCTCTTCCCGGCCCAGGGCGCCG GCCCACCCTTCCCTCCGCCGCCCCCCGGCCGCGGGGAGGACATGGCCGCGCACAG GCCGGTGGAATGGGTCCAGGCCGTGGTCAGCCGCTTCGACGAGCAGCTTCCAATAA AAACAGGACAGCAGAACACACATACCAAAGTCAGTACTGAGCACAACAAGGAATGTC TAATCAATATTTCCAAATACAAGTTTTCTTTGGTTATAAGCGGCCTCACTACTATTTTAA AGAATGTTAACAATATGAGAATATTTGGAGAAGCTGCTGAAAAAAATTTATATCTCTCT CAGTTGATTATATTGGATACACTGGAAAAATGTCTTGCTGGGCAACCAAAGGACACAA TGAGATTAGATGAAACGATGCTGGTCAAACAGTTGCTGCCAGAAATCTGCCATTTTCT TCACACCTGTCGTGAAGGAAACCAGCATGCAGCTGAACTTCGGAATTCTGCCTCTGG GGTTTTATTTTCTCTCAGCTGCAACAACTTCAATGCAGTCTTTAGTCGCATTTCTACCA GGTTACAGGAATTAACTGTTTGTTCAGAAGACAATGTTGATGTTCATGATATAGAATTG TTACAGTATATCAATGTGGATTGTGCAAAATTAAAACGACTCCTGAAGGAAACAGCAT TTAAATTTAAAGCCCTAAAGAAGGTTGCGCAGTTAGCAGTTATAAATAGCCTGGAAAA GGCATTTTGGAACTGGGTAGAAAATTATCCAGATGAATTTACAAAACTGTACCAGATC CCACAGACTGATATGGCTGAATGTGCAGAAAAGCTATTTGACTTGGTGGATGGTTTTG CTGAAAGCACCAAACGTAAAGCAGCAGTTTGGCCACTACAAATCATTCTCCTTATCTT GTGTCCAGAAATAATCCAGGATATATCCAAAGACGTGGTTGATGAAAACAACATGAAT AAGAAGTTATTTCTGGACAGTCTACGAAAAGCTCTTGCTGGCCATGGAGGAAGTAGG CAGCTGACAGAAAGTGCTGCAATTGCCTGTGTCAAACTGTGTAAAGCAAGTACTTACA TCAATTGGGAAGATAACTCTGTCATTTTCCTACTTGTTCAGTCCATGGTGGTTGATCTT AAGAACCTGCTTTTTAATCCAAGTAAGCCATTCTCAAGAGGCAGTCAGCCTGCAGATG TGGATCTAATGATTGACTGCCTTGTTTCTTGCTTTCGTATAAGCCCTCACAACAACCAA CACTTTAAGATCTGCCTGGCTCAGAATTCACCTTCTACATTTCACTATGTGCTGGTAAA TTCACTCCATCGAATCATCACCAATTCCGCATTGGATTGGTGGCCTAAGATTGATGCT GTGTATTGTCACTCGGTTGAACTTCGAAATATGTTTGGTGAAACACTTCATAAAGCAG TGCAAGGTTGTGGAGCACACCCAGCAATACGAATGGCACCGAGTCTTACATTTAAAG AAAAAGTAACAAGCCTTAAATTTAAAGAAAAACCTACAGACCTGGAGACAAGAAGCTA TAAGTATCTTCTCTTGTCCATGGTGAAACTAATTCATGCAGATCCAAAGCTCTTGCTTT GTAATCCAAGAAAACAGGGGCCCGAAACCCAAGGCAGTACAGCAGAATTAATTACAG GGCTCGTCCAACTGGTCCCTCAGTCACACATGCCAGAGATTGCTCAGGAAGCAATGG AGGCTCTGCTGGTTCTTCATCAGTTAGATAGCATTGATTTGTGGAATCCTGATGCTCC TGTAGAAACATTTTGGGAGATTAGCTCACAAATGCTTTTTTACATCTGCAAGAAATTAA CTAGTCATCAAATGCTTAGTAGCACAGAAATTCTCAAGTGGTTGCGGGAAATATTGAT CTGCAGGAATAAATTTCTTCTTAAAAATAAGCAGGCAGATAGAAGTTCCTGTCACTTTCCCCCAGCCTCCTTGCCAACGCCCCCTTTCCCTCTCCCCCTCCCGCTCGGCGCTGACC

CCCCATCCCCACCCCCGTGGGAACACTGGGAGCCTGCACTCCACAGACCCTCTCCTT GCCTCTTCCCTCACCTCAGCCTCCGCTCCCCGCCCTCTTCCCGGCCCAGGGCGCCG GCCCACCCTTCCCTCCGCCGCCCCCCGGCCGCGGGGAGGACATGGCCGCGCACAG GCCGGTGGAATGGGTCCAGGCCGTGGTCAGCCGCTTCGACGAGCAGCTTCCAATAA AAACAGGACAGCAGAACACACATACCAAAGTCAGTACTGAGCACAACAAGGAATGTC TAATCAATATTTCCAAATACAAGTTTTCTTTGGTTATAAGCGGCCTCACTACTATTTTAA AGAATGTTAACTATATGAGAATATTTGGAGAAGCTGCTGAAAAAAATTTATATCTCTCT CAGTTGATTATATTGGATACACTGGAAAAATGTCTTGCTGGGCAACCAAAGGACACAA TGAGATTAGATGA CTGCCATTTTCT TCACACCTGTCG TCTGCCTCTGG GGTTTTATTTTCT GCATTTCTACCA GGTTACAGGAAT GATATAGAATTG TTACAGTATATCA GGAAACAGCAT TTAAATTTAAAGC AGCCTGGAAAA GGCATTTTGGAA TGTACCAGATC CCACAGACTGAT TGGATGGTTTTG CTGAAAGCACCAA TCTCCTTATCTT GTGTCCAGAAAT AACAACATGAAT AAGAAGTTATTTC GAGGAAGTAGG CAGCTGACAGAA CAAGTACTTACA TCAATTGGGAAGA GTGGTTGATCTT AAGAACCTGCTT AGCCTGCAGATG TGGATCTAATGAT CACAACAACCAA CACTTTAAGATCT

TGTGCTGGTAAA TTCACTCCATCGA AAGATTGATGCT GTGTATTGTCACT TTCATAAAGCAG TGCAAGGTTGTGGAGCACACCCAGCAATACGAATGGCACCGAGTCTTACATTTAAAG AAAAAGTAACAAGCCTTAAATTTAAAGAAAAACCTACAGACCTGGAGACAAGAAGCTA TAAGTATCTTCTCTTGTCCATGGTGAAACTAATTCATGCAGCTCCAAAGCTCTTGCTTT GTAATCCAAGAAAACAGGGGCCCGAAACCCAAGGCAGTACAGCAGAATTAATTACAG GGCTCGTCCAACTGGTCCCTCAGTCACACATGCCAGAGATTGCTCAGGAAGCAATGG AGGCTCTGCTGGTTCTTCATCAGTTAGATAGCATTGATTTGTGGAATCCTGATGCTCC TGTAGAAACATTTTGGGAGATTAGCTCACAAATGCTTTTTTACATCTGCAAGAAATTAA CTAGTCATCAAATGCTTAGTAGCACAGAAATTCTCAAGTGGTTGCGGGAAATATTGAT CTGCAGGAATAAATTTCTTCTTAAAAATAAGCAGGCAGATAGAAGTTCCTGTCACTTTC

Structure of DNAStructure of DNA

Make copies (extend primers)

Starting DNA Template

5’

5’

3’

3’

5’

5’

3’

3’

Add primers (anneal) 5’3’

3’5’

Forward primer

Reverse primer

DNA Amplification by PCR

Separate strands

(denature)

5’

5’3’

3’

After 32 cycles will be resulted 1.07 miliyar copy of DNA

After 32 cycles will be resulted 1.07 miliyar copy of DNA

DNA result of PCR After several cycles

Regio target DNA asli

Cycles PCR

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

is the study of : STUCTURES TRAITS FUNCTION………of life

BIOMOLEKUL DALAM PELAKSANAAN SEGALA ASPEK FUNGSI KEHIDUPAN

MOLECULAR BIOLOGYMOLECULAR BIOLOGY

BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY

PHYSIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

BIOLOGI : IS THE STUDY OF ORGANISM ( ALL LIVING ASPECTS)

BIOCHEMISTRY is the study of structure & process of chemistry in a life organism

BIOLOGI SEL IS THE STUDY OF Cells are the basic units of life and all the chemical reactions of life occur in cells

POSITION OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGYPOSITION OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

SAINS, SCIENCE * BASIC SCIENCES) * APPLIED SCIENCES VETRINARY SCIENCE : APPLIED SCIENCES & CLINICAL : DIAGNOSIS, PATHOGENESIS TREATMENT

ORGANISMORGANISM

LIFE FUNCTIONS : 1. REPRODUCTION/REPLICATION 2. HEREDITER OF TRAITS 3. GROWTH 4. METABOLISM FOR ENERGY 5. HOMEOSTASIS 6. TRANSPORTS 7. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CELLS.

BASE ON ENERGY SOURCES, ORGANISM :BASE ON ENERGY SOURCES, ORGANISM :

AUTOTROPHIC :

Organism need INORGANIC Compound (CO2, H2O, NH3) for energy synthezising.

HETEROTROPHIC : Organism need ORGANIC (CARBON) for

their life. They can not synthezise all biomoleculs.

MODERN CELL THEORYMODERN CELL THEORY

1. All living things are made of one or more cells

2. Cells are the basic units of life and all the chemical reactions of life occur in cells

3. All cells arise from preexisting cells

Cell RequirementsCell Requirements

1. take in materials2. extract useful energy 3. make their own molecules 4. grow in an organized manner5. respond to stimuli6. reproduce themselves7. Plasma membrane to maintain

integrity

Prokaryotes Prokaryotes vsvs EukaryotesEukaryotes All Bacteria No membrane bound

organelles No microtubules flagella are single

filaments single circular DNA

molecule (not associated w/histone proteins).

No true sexual reproduction

Defined nucleus DNA stored as

chromosomes (w/ histone proteins)

Chromosomes regularly divide by Mitosis

Flagella & cilia have 9-plus-2 pattern of microtubules

Specialized organelles Integrated

multicellularity Sexual reproduction

(different types)

Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell

VIRUS?VIRUS?

UNCOMPLETED ORGANISM !

VIRUS CAN GROW & REPLICATE IF THEY ARE IN A CELL.

VIRUSVIRUS

OUTSIDE OF CELL VIRION SIMPLE VIRION : * NUCLEUS (CORE) : DNA/RNA * NUCLEOCAPSID : PROTEIN UNSIMPLE VIRION : NUCLEUS, NUCLEOCAPSID, ENVELOP (LIPID BILAYER), ENZYMES Example : FMD (DNA), AI virus (RNA)

Influenza VirusInfluenza Virus

BIOMOLECULE:BIOMOLECULE:

CHEMICAL COMPOUND IS NATURALLY FOUND IN LIVING ORGANISM OR IN JUST DEATH ORGANISM

BASIC ATOMS FOR BIOMOLECULE : C, H, O, N, S, P

FUNCTIONS :FUNCTIONS :

A. As STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF CELL : CONSTRUCT ORGANISM BODY, Ex: CELL MEMBRANE, CITOSCELETON, CELL MATRIX B. As FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT OF CELL : NEEDED FOR LIVE FUNCTIONS Ex : ENZYMES , HORMONES, ANTIBODIES, DNA, RNA, ATP.

C. As STORED ENERGY ;C. As STORED ENERGY ; Ex : TRIACYLGLYCEROL, GLYCOGEN Ex : TRIACYLGLYCEROL, GLYCOGEN

D. As WASTE : NON SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS METABOLIC WASTE Ex : UREUM , URIC ACID

BASED ON STRUCTURE & BASED ON STRUCTURE & MOLECULAR WEIGHT, MOLECULAR WEIGHT,

BIOMOLECULE :BIOMOLECULE :

A. SIMPLE COMPOUND : AMINO ACID, FATTY ACID

B. MACROMOLECULE : POLYSACCARIDE, POLYPEPTIDE (PROTEIN) POLYNUCLEOTIDE (DNA, RNA)

BIOMOLEKUL BERDASAR BIOMOLEKUL BERDASAR KELARUTANNYAKELARUTANNYA

1. SENYAWA HIDROFILIK : PROTEIN, GLUKOSA, ASAM AMINO 2. SENYAWA HIDROFOBIK : TRIASILGLISEROL, KOLESTEROL ESTER 3. SENYAWA AMPIFILIK : PENYUSUN MEMBRAN SEL : SFINGOMIELIN, KOLESTEROL, SEREBROSIDA

MACROMOLECULE :MACROMOLECULE :

As POLYMER : - HOMOPOLYMER : - HETEROPOLIMER :

Herediter traits organismHerediter traits organism

GENE : 1865 MENDEL:

(HEREDITARY FACTOR).

1944 AVERY, MAC LEOD &1944 AVERY, MAC LEOD & Mc. CARTHY Mc. CARTHY

GENE IS A DNA

1953 WATSON & CRICK STRUCTURE OF DOUBLE HELIKS DNA

HOW IS DNA INFLUENCE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS??

Language of GeneticsLanguage of GeneticsCentral Dogma

Genotype ProteinsPhenotype

DNA RNA Protein

Transcription Translation

DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)

Composition : BASE : ADENIN (A) GUANIN (G) TIMIN (T) SITOSIN (C) SUGAR : 2- DEOXY RIBOSE DOUBLE HELIX : - COMPLEMENTER - ANTIPARALLEL

DIFFERENT BETWEEN DNA & RNADIFFERENT BETWEEN DNA & RNA

PENTOSE : DEOXY RIBOSE ( DNA) & RIBOSE (RNA) NITROGEN BASE: ADENIN, TYMIN, GUANIN, CYTOSIN ( DNA) ADENIN, URASIL, GUANIN, CYTOSIN (RNA)

MUTATION ON DNAMUTATION ON DNA

MUTASI : POINT (DELETION, INSERTION) FRAME SHIFT MUTATION

SEKIANSEKIAN

DAN

TERIMA KASIH