molecular biology 1-5
DESCRIPTION
Tissues, Organs and Systems: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Molecular Biology 1-5
put together by: Linda Fahlberg-Stojanovska
Disclaimer: I put these together for my kid for his smartphone.
However, I found most images had very small type and increased the font size. I am posting it because another teacher might find this useful.
The sources are given. If I have used anything illegally, write me and I will take it off.
![Page 2: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Tissues, Organs and Systems
• Connective Tissues
• Cell Adhesion
• Endocrine System + Hormones
• Circulatory System + Blood
Contents
![Page 3: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Tissues, Organs and Systems1. A tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate
between cells and a complete organism.
2. An organ is a collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function.
3. A biological system (or organ system or body system) is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task
4. A group of systems composes an organism, e.g. the human body.
![Page 4: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Systems of Human Body1. Circulatory system
2. Digestive system
3. Endocrine system
4. Integumentary (skin) system
5. Lymphatic system
6. Muscular system/ Skeletal system
7. Nervous system
8. Reproductive system
9. Respiratory system
10.Excretory System / Urinary system
![Page 5: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Tissues - Animal• Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between
cells and a complete organism.
• Four basic types of animal tissue– epithelial tissue
– connective tissue
– muscle tissue and
– nervous tissue
![Page 6: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Epithelial Tissues
Epithelial tissues•one of four basic types of tissue
•line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body,
•form many glands.
Functions of epithelial cells include
•secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport and detection of sensation.
![Page 7: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Connective TissuesConnective tissues (CT)•one of four basic types of animal tissue
•most diverse tissue, found throughout body
CT has 3 main components
•cells,
•fibers, and
•ground substance (non-cellular material of extracellular matrix ECM)
![Page 8: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Connective TissuesFunctions of connective tissues include •Storage of energy•Protection of organs•Provide structural framework for the body•Connection of body tissues.
Fibrous connective tissue proteins– Collagen– Elastin
– Recticular
![Page 9: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Proteins of Connective Tissue - Collagen• Collagen is the main component of connective
tissue, and is the most abundant protein in mammals, making up about 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content.
• Collagen is a fibrous matrix protein found in fibrous tissues such as tendon, ligament and skin, and is also abundant in cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, the gut, and intervertebral disc.
• The fibroblast is the cell which creates collagen.
![Page 10: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Proteins of Connective Tissue - Proteoglycin
• Proteoglycans are the major component of the ground substance (non-cellular parts of ECM).
• They form large complexes, both to other proteoglycans, to hyaluronan and to fibrous matrix proteins (such as collagen).
• They are also involved in binding cations (such as sodium, potassium and calcium) and water, and also regulating the movement of molecules through the matrix.
![Page 11: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Proteins of Connective Tissue - ECM
![Page 12: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Proteins of Connective Tissue - Elastin
• Elastin is a fibrous matrix protein of connective tissue.
• Elastin is elastic - it allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting.
• Elastin helps skin to return to its original position when it is poked or pinched.
• Elastin is also an important load-bearing tissue in the bodies of vertebrates and
• It used in places where mechanical energy is required to be stored.
![Page 13: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Proteins of Connective Tissue - Elastin
![Page 14: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Tissues - PlantThree basic types of plant tissue•epidermis, the ground tissue, and the vascular tissue.
•Epidermis – forms the outer surface of the leaves and of the young plant body.
•Ground tissue - manufactures and stores nutrients.
•Vascular tissue - The primary components are xylem and phloem - transport fluid and nutrients internally.
![Page 15: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Cell Adhesion - Connectivity• Cell Adhesion is the binding of a cell
– to another cell, a surface, or to the extracellular matrix.
• Cell Adhesion uses molecules such as
– selectins,
– integrins, and
– cadherins
• Correct cellular adhesion is essential in maintaining multicellular structure. It can link the cytoplasm of cells and can be involved in signal transduction.
![Page 16: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cell Adhesion - Junctions• A cell junction - is cell-to-cell adhesion in animals
Plants have plasmodesmata.
In vertebrates, 3 major types of cell junctions:
• Tight junctions
• Adherens junctions and Desmosome junctions
(Anchoring Junctions)
• Gap junctions
(Communicating Junction)
![Page 17: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cell Connectivity - Junctions
![Page 18: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Cell Connectivity - Cadherins• Cadherins ("calcium-dependent adhesion") are a
class of type-1 transmembrane proteins.
• They are dependent on calcium (Ca2+) ions to function
• The cadherin superfamily includes
– cadherins,
– protocadherins
– desmosomes …
![Page 19: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Tight JunctionsA tight junction
is virtually impenetrable to
fluid.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junction
![Page 20: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Adherens JunctionA adherens
junction is a “sticky” junction where the
transmembrane protein fibers adhere to each other in the extracellular matrix.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adherens_junction
![Page 21: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Desmosome Junction
• A desmosome junction is an anchoring junction.
• Desmosomes help to resist shearing forces.
• The intercellular space is very wide (about 30 nm).
• Desmosomes are found in epithelial and in muscle
tissue.
![Page 22: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Desmosome Junction• Desmosomes are
molecular complexes of cell adhesion proteins and linking proteins that attach the cell surface adhesion proteins to intracellular keratin cytoskeletal filaments.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmosome
![Page 23: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Gap JunctionA gap junction directly connects the cytoplasm
of two cells allowing various molecules and ions to pass between
cells.
Gap junctions are analogous to the
plasmodesmata that join plant cells.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction
![Page 24: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cell–to–Cell Adhesion in Plants• Plasmodesma is a microscopic channel which goes between
the cell walls of plant cells enabling transport and communication between them.
• Plant cell is surrounded by a polysaccharide cell wall.
• Neighbouring plant cells are therefore separated by a pair of cell walls forming an extracellular domain divided by a lamella.
• The plasmodesmata connected t
![Page 25: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cell–to–Cell Adhesion in Plants
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodesma
![Page 26: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cell–to–Cell Adhesion in Plants
![Page 27: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Endocrine System
The endocrine system is the
system of glands, each of which
secretes a type of hormone directly
into the bloodstream to
regulate the body.(Exocrine system
uses ducts that open into the
environment.)
![Page 28: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hormones• Hormones are substances produced by glands and released into the
bloodstream. They affect activity in cells at other locations of the body. • The binding of a hormone to a receptor speeds up, slows down, or in
some other way alters the cell's function. • Hormones bind to receptors
– on a cell's surface (protein hormone) or – inside a cell (steroid hormone).
![Page 29: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Hormones• Hormones are either proteins or steroids.• Hormones can also be classified by their chemical composition• Monoamine hormones - contain one amino group that is
connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain• Peptide hormones are protein hormones and are synthesized in
cells from amino acids according to an mRNA template, which is itself synthesized from a DNA.
• Lipid and phospholipid –derived hormones
– Mainly steroid hormones.
![Page 30: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Monoamine Hormones• Monoamine hormones
– Histamine
– Catecholamines, e.g. Dopamine
– Adrenaline, e.g. Epinephrine
![Page 31: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Monoamine HormonesTyrosine (amino acid)
![Page 32: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Peptide Hormones• Peptide hormones consist of chains of amino acids.
– Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that controls the reabsorption of molecules in the tubules of the kidneys by affecting the tissue's permeability.
– Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by the pancreas, which is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle.
Vasopressin is nonapeptid (9 amino acids):Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly
![Page 33: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Peptide Hormones• Peptide hormones
![Page 34: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Steroids are lipids with a characteristic arrangement of four cycloalkane rings.
• Steroids can be hormones or sterols (ex: cholesterol)
• Examples of steroid hormones:
Lipid - Steroid Hormones
![Page 35: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• Protein hormones bind with receptors on the surface of cells.
• Steroid hormones are small molecules that are fat-soluble (and thus easily diffuse through cell walls to bind with receptors inside of cells
Hormones
![Page 36: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Protein hormones bind to receptors on surface of cells.
http://www.emcom.ca/faq/ans3.shtml
Protein Hormones
![Page 37: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Protein hormones bind to receptors on surface of cells.
http://www.emcom.ca/faq/ans3.shtml
Protein Hormones
![Page 38: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Protein hormones bind to receptors on surface of cells.
Protein Hormones
![Page 39: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Steroid hormones bind to receptors inside cells.
Steroid Hormones
![Page 40: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Circulatory System
The circulatory system is an organ system helps maintain homeostasis and fight disease bypassing•nutrients such as amino acids, electrolytes and lymph,
•gases such as O2 and CO2
•hormones and •blood cells, etc.
to and from cells in the body.
![Page 41: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Blood Clotting Cascade
• Thrombin is the most important constituent of the coagulation cascade in terms of its feedback and activation roles
• Tissue factor pathway (extrinsic) – primary pathway– The main role of the tissue factor pathway is to generate a "thrombin
burst" in releasing thrombin instantaneously.
• Contact activation pathway (intrinsic) - secondary– formation of complex on collagen
• Common pathway – here thrombin performs its primary role which is to convert fibrinogen to fibrin, the building block of a hemostatic plug.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation
![Page 42: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Blood Clotting Cascade
• Coagulation is the process by which blood forms clots.
• It is an important part of hemostasis, the stopping of blood loss from a damaged vessel.
• In coagulation, a damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a platelet and fibrin-containing clot to stop bleeding and begin repair of the damaged vessel.
• Disorders of coagulation can lead to an increased risk of bleeding (hemorrhage) or obstructive clotting (thrombosis).
![Page 43: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Blood Clotting Cascade
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation
![Page 44: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Blood Cells
• leukocytes WBC (natural immune response)
• thrombocytes - platelets (blood clotting)
• erythrocytes RBC (oxygen transport)
http://shs-bio-6th-wood.wikispaces.com/Topic+16-Blood-+Erythrocytes,+Leukocytes,+Platelets,+%26+Plasma
![Page 45: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Blood Separation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_coat
![Page 46: Molecular Biology 1-5](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554991c9b4c905b96a8b5526/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Blood Separation
• Three anticoagulants can be used to inhibit coagulation in donor blood
• EDTA– removes calcium from the blood, but does not distort blood
cells.
• Heparin– Stops the formation of thrombin from prothrombin therefore
stopping formation of fibrin from fibrinogen
• Na-Citrate – removes calcium from the blood, but not as effective as
EDTA and harder to regulate.