mohammad ali hasanein – 10910388 grad project-earthquake decision support system- submitted to dr....

7/22/2019 Mohammad Ali Hasanein 10910388 Grad Project-Earthquake Decision Support System- Submitted to Dr. Adeeb Eit

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ABFJEB_B CE^BVEJ^CLEJA RECYBV_^C^S

_odlla li Fuscebss

Krjnujtb Wrlmbot ce Hjejkbhbet Ceilrhjtcle _ystbhs

Ejtcleja Ncsjstbr Hjejkbhbet _ystbh

Bjrtdquj`b Nbocscle _upplrt _ystbh

_ufhcttbn tl

Nr. Jnbbf Bct

Wrbpjrbn fy

Hldjhhjn Jac Djsjebce:73:7?44

_prcek 67::67:6


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C

^jfab li Oletbets=Jo`elwabnkhbets ....................................................................................... CCC

Jfstrjot ........................................................................................................ CY

Acsts li Jorleyhs ......................................................................................... Y

Acst li Ickurbs ............................................................................................. YC:) Cetrlnuotcle .................................................................................................. :

:.:.Fjo`krluen .............................................................................................. ::.6._tjtbhbet li tdb Wrlfabh ........................................................................ ?:.?.Lfmbotcvb li tdb stuny .............................................................................. ?

:.>.Vbsbjrod qubstcles .................................................................................. ?

:.2. db sckecicojeob li tdb stuny ................................................................... >:.9. db lrkjeczjtcle li tdb pjpbr .................................................................. >

6) ^dblry rbvcbw ............................................................................................... 96.:.Bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet .......................................................................... 96.:.:.Nbicectcle......9

6.:.6.Wrlobss li bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet.......96.:.?.Nbocscle hj`cek ce bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet.............................;

6.6.N__ Lvbrvcbw....4

6.6.:.Nbicectcle jen Odjrjotbrcstcos...4

6.6.6.N__ jen HC_:76.6.6.:. ^db nbicectcle li HC_.............:7

6.6.6.6. ^db nciibrbeob fbtwbbe N__ jen HC_...:7

6.6.?.^db kbebrco jrodctboturb li N__...::

6.6.>.^db typbs li N__..:?

6.6.>.:. ^bxt-lrcbetbn N__...:?6.6.>.6. Njtjfjsb-lrcbetbn N__...:?

6.6.>.?. Vuab-lrcbetbn N__..:?6.6.>.>. Olhpluen N__..:?

6.6.2.^db jppacojtcle li N__.:>

?) Cssubs li bjrtdquj`b bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet N__ ................................ :2?.:.N__ klja jen iueotcle jejayscs .............................................................. :2

?.:.:.Nbocscle supplrt ebbns jejayscs....:2

?.:.6.N__ klja jejayscs.....:9

?.:.?.N__ iueotcle jejayscs:;

>) Nbscke li bjrtdquj`b bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet N__ ............................... 67>.:.N__ fuscebss prlobss jen njtj ialw jejayscs67

>.:.:.Bjray wjrecek jejayscs......67

>.:.6.Oajsscicojtcle....6?


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CC

>.:.6.:. _bcshco bvbet oajsscicojtcle..6?

>.:.6.6. Lrkjeczjtcle oajsscicojtcle jen hjtodcek.62>.:.?.Bhbrkbeoy paje hjejkbhbet..69

>.:.?.:. Bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet.......6;

>.:.?.6. Bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle......64>.:.?.?. Bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbet63

>.:.>.Vbslurob hjejkbhbet......?:>.:.>.:. Vbslurob ncstrcfutcle.....?:

>.:.2.Nbocscle ceilrhjtcle lftjcehbet...?2>.:.9.Nbocscle hj`cek pbrilrhjeob bvjaujtcle..?9

>.6.Kbebrja jrodctboturb li N__?;

>.6.:.Djrnwjrb supplrt ajybr.....................................................................?3>.6.6.Fjsco ceilrhjtcle ajybr..>?

>.6.?.Wrlfabh prlobss ajybr>9

>.6.?.:.

Nbocscle supplrt pajtilrh...>9>.6.?.6. Nbocscle jppacojtcle pajtilrh.2:

>.6.>.Rsbr cetbrijob.2:

>.6.2.^db rbajtclesdcp li tdb olrb olhplebets..2?

>.6.2.:. _truoturb li olrb olhplebets.2?>.6.2.6. [lr`cek prceocpab li tdb olrb olhplebets2?

>.?.@by njtj fjsbs nbscke ............................................................................... 22

>.?.:.Njtj fjsb nbscke22>.?.6.Hlnba fjsb nbscke.2;

2) Chpabhbetjtcle............................. 972.:.Wltbetcja prlfabh ..................................................................................... 972.6._ukkbstcle le chpabhbetjtcle ................................................................. 97

2.6.:.Lrkjeczjtcleja bevcrlehbets..972.6.6.Wblpab odjrjotbrcstcos..9?

2.6.?.^bodecoja supplrts.9?

9) Oleoauscles .................................................................................................... 929.:._uhhjry ................................................................................................... 92

9.6.Achctjtcle li tdb stuny ............................................................................. 929.?.Vbolhhbenjtcle ...................................................................................... 99

9.>.Iurtdbr Vbsbjrod ....................................................................................... 9;

Vbibrbeob ............................................................................................................. 94


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CCC

Jo`elwabnkhbets

^db oletrcfutcles li hjey pblpab djvb hjnb tdcs tdbscs plsscfab. C wluan ac`b tl bxtben hy

jpprbocjtcle bspbocjaay tl tdb ilaalwcek=

Icrst, C wjet tl tdje` hy supbrvcslr, Nr. Jnbbf Bct. Db djs kcvbe hb kucnjeob jen jnvcob

tdrlukdlut tdb rbsbjrod. Ct cs dckday jpprbocjtbn tdjt db cenustrclusay prllirbjns tdb nrjits.

Cenbbn, wctdlut dcs kucnjeob jen beolurjkbhbet, C wluan elt fb jfab tl put tdb tlpco tlkbtdbrjen icecsd tdcs mlf sl quco`ay.

Ct djs fbbe j pabjsurb tl stuny jt tdb Abfjebsb Cetbrejtcleja Recvbrscty js j hjstbr stunbet. C

wluan ac`b tl tdje` jaa tdb tbjodbrs jen ibaalw sodllahjtbs ilr dbapcek hb ce jojnbhcobenbjvlrs jen spjrb tchb.

^dbrb jrb jasl hjey klln ircbens lutscnb ACR wdl djvb kcvbe hb tdbcr klln olhpjey jensupplrt ilr tdcs wdlab ybjr.

Ajst fut elt abjst, hy krjtctunb klbs tl hy ijhcay ilr tdbcr ueiajkkcek alvb jen ojrb tdrlukdlut

hy acib. [ctdlut ylur supplrt jen beolurjkbhbet, C oluan elt djvb djn tdcs lpplrtuecty tlsuoobss jen icecsd tdcs H.F.J stuny suoobssiuaay.


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CY

Jfstrjot

^db pjpbr jchs tl cetrlnuob je jrodctboturja struoturb li je bjrtdquj`b bhbrkbeoy nbocscle

supplrt systbh ilr tdb aloja klvbrehbet. Bjrtdquj`bs, js hjmlr pufaco ceocnbets, oje rbsuat cesbrclus ncsjstbrs, wdcod rbqucrb chhbncjtb jen biibotcvb klvbrehbet rbsplesb. Dlwbvbr,

nbocscles jflut bjrtdquj`b ce octcbs, bspbocjaay ce slhb uenbvbalpbn lebs, trjnctclejaay rbay le

tdb bxpbrcbeob jen jfcacty li tdb nbocscle-hj`brs, wdcod cebvctjfay cevlavbs tll hjey sufmbotcvbijotlrs ce tdb prlobss li bhbrkbeoy rbsplesb. ^dbrbilrb, ct cs oruocja tl strbektdbe tdb stuny le

tdb kbebrja nbscke li bjrtdquj`b bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet nbocscle supplrt systbhs sl js tl

biibotcvbay supplrt nbocscle hj`cek jen rbsplesb biicocbeoy nurcek bjrtdquj`b bhbrkbeoy

hjejkbhbet. Ce tdcs stuny, wb cetben tl caaustrjtb tdb kljas, iueotcles, wlr`cek prlobssbs, jenstruoturja irjhbwlr` li suod j nbocscle supplrt systbh. Ce jnnctcle, wb jasl ncsouss tdb

ebobssjry `by njtjfjsbs, jen icejaay, slhb sukkbstcles le chpabhbetjtcle jrb kcvbe. Fjsbn le

tdb nckctjaczjtcle li bjrtdquj`b rbajtbn ceilrhjtcle, tdb nbocscle supplrt systbh prlvcnbs

nbocscle-hj`brs wctd tdb plwbr tl odllsb sodbhbs tl hjejkb jen ncrbot tdb jotcles tl fb tj`behlrb biicocbetay ce tdb prlobss li chhbncjtb jen alek tbrh rbolvbry.


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Y

Acsts li Jorleyhs

JDW Jejaytco Dcbrjrody Wrlobss

N__ Nbocscle _upplrt _ystbh

BNW Babotrleco Njtj Wrlobsscek

BLO Bhbrkbeoy Lpbrjtcle Obetbrs

IBHC_ Ibnbrja Bhbrkbeoy Hjejkbhbet Ceilrhjtcle _ystbh

KC_ Kblkrjpdco Ceilrhjtcle _ystbhs

KW_ Kalfja Wlsctcle _ystbh

@_ @elwabnkb _ystbh

A_ Ajekujkb systbh

AJE Aloja Jrbj Ebtwlr`

HC_ Hjejkbhbet Ceilrhjtcle _ystbh

ECH_ Ejtcleja Ceocnbet Hjejkbhbet _ystbh

EVW Ejtcleja Vbsplesb Waje

WW_ Wrlfabh-Wrlobsscek _ystbh

W_ Wrbsbetjtcle _ystbh

V_ Vbhltb _bescek

BH Bhbrkbeoy Hjejkbhbet


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YC

Acst li Ickurbs jen ^jfabs

^jfab :-: _tjtcstcos li ajrkb bjrtdquj`bs ce tdb wlranwcnb sceob 67td obetury ......................... :Ickurb :-: Jejayscs alkco li tdb pjpbr ....................................................................................... 2

Ickurb 6-: Kbebrja jrodctboturb ilr N__ ................................................................................. ::

^jfab ?-: Nbocscle supplrt ebbns ............................................................................................ :2

^jfab?-6 ^db iueotcle jejayscs li N__ ................................................................................... :3

Ickurb >-: Bjray wjrecek jejayscs wlr`cek prlobss ................................................................ 67

Ickurb >-6 Bjray wjrecek jejayscs njtj ialw ........................................................................... 66Ickurb >-? _bcshco bvbet oajsscicojtcle wlr`cek prlobss ........................................................ 6?

Ickurb >-> _bcshco bvbet oajsscicojtcle njtj ialw ................................................................... 62

Ickurb >-2 Lrkjeczjtcle hjtodcek wlr`cek prlobss ................................................................ 69

Ickurb >-9 Lrkjeczjtcle oajsscicojtcle jen hjtodcek njtj ialw .............................................. 69

Ickurb >-; Bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet wlr`cek prlobss ........................................................ 6;Ickurb >-4 Bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet njtj ialw ................................................................... 64

Ickurb >-3 Bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle njtj ialw....................................................................... 63Ickurb >-:7 Bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbet wlr`cek prlobss ....................................... ?7

Ickurb >-:: Bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbet njtj ialw .................................................. ?:

Ickurb >-:6 Vbslurob ncstrcfutcle wlr`cek prlobss ................................................................ ?6Ickurb >-:? Vbslurob ncstrcfutcle njtj ialw ............................................................................ ??

Ickurb >-:> Vbslurob sodbnuacek wlr`cek prlobss ................................................................. ?>

Ickurb >-:2 Vbslurob sodbnuacek njtj ialw ............................................................................. ?2

Ickurb >-:9 Nbocscle ceilrhjtcle lftjcehbet njtj ialw ......................................................... ?9Ickurb >-:; Nbocscle hj`cek pbrilrhjeob bvjaujtcle wlr`cek prlobss ................................ ?;

Ickurb >-:3 Nbocscle hj`cek pbrilrhjeob bvjaujtcle njtj ialw ............................................ ?;

Ickurb >-67 Kbebrja N__ jrodctboturb ..................................................................................... ?4Ickurb >-6: Vbajtclesdcp li olrb olhplebets ce tdb jrodctboturb ........................................... 2>


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:

Odjptbr := Cetrlnuotcle

:.:Fjo`krluen.

Ct cs bstchjtbn tdjt tdbrb jrb jrluen :,?77,777 bjrtdquj`bs bjod ybjr ce tdb wlran, jhlek wdcod

jflut :?7,777 oje fb ibat fy pblpab, jen leay jflut :?> li wdcod wcaa ojusb slocbtja alssbs :. Ce:3;9, tdb ;.4 hjkectunb ^jeksdje bjrtdquj`b frlukdt jflut 6>?,777 nbjtds, jen jeltdbrbjrtdquj`b wdcod djppbebn ce :367, ce Kjesu, Odcej rbsuatbn ce 6?>,777 nbjtds js wbaa

6. Mjpje

jen ltdbr nbvbalpbn oluetrcbs djvb jnlptbn slhb biibotcvb oluetbrhbjsurbs, suod js Kblkrjpdco

Ceilrhjtcle _ystbhs?

(KC_) jen acib nbtbotcle cestruhbet bto., rbnuocek tdb plst-bjrtdquj`bnjhjkb. ^dus, ilr bxjhpab, tdb ;.6 hjkectunb bjrtdquj`b ce Cwjtb Wrbiboturb Mjpje ce Mueb 6774

ojusbn leay tbe pblpab nbjn jen duenrbns cemurbn>. Ajrkb bjrtdquj`bs (jflvb hjkectunb 9) jrb

acstbn ce tdb tjfab :-: fbalw.

Ce aceb wctd tdb Olhprbdbescvb Bhbrkbeoy Hjejkbhbet Irjhbwlr` (Nrjfb` & Dlbthbr,

:337), ncsjstbrs hctckjtcle cs je jssckehbet usujaay wctd pdjsbs ac`b prbpjrjtcle, rbsplesb jen

rboupbrjtcle0 tdbrbilrb, ct cs chplrtjet tl pjy jttbetcle tdjt jnbqujtb jotcles sdluan fbchpabhbetbn fbilrb, nurcek jen jitbr tdb bjrtdquj`b. Dlwbvbr, ct cs chplsscfab tl wdlaay rbnuobtdb rcs` li njhjkb. Jotujaay, hlst nbvbalpcek oluetrcbs jen bvbe hjey nbvbalpbn oluetrcbs jrb

ijr jwjy irlh rbajtcvb sjibty (Hlrrlw, :333). Aloja klvbrehbet cs elt jawjys ojpjfab li

bxboutcek jotcles tl rbacbvb tdb chpjot li bjrtdquj`b. Ce ijot, tdb trben ce hjey oluetrcbs cs tlnbja wctd tdb ncsjstbr jitbr ct djppbes (Jabs`brlv, Csbrc _jy, ^l`br, J`ce, &Jatjy, 6772).

Biicocbet bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet cs, tdbrbilrb, ebobssjry tl fb tj`be cetl jooluet ce lrnbr tl

nbvbalp prjotcobs tdjt olhpabhbet prbvbetcle jen olhpabtb ncsjstbr hctckjtcle placocbs.

^jfab :-: _tjtcstcos li ajrkb bjrtdquj`bs ce tdb wlranwcnb sceob 67td obetury

Ajrkbst Bjrtdquj`bs

Sbjr Njtb Hjkectunb Ijtjactcbs Vbkcle

67:6 7>/:: 4.9 lii tdb wbst oljst li elrtdbre _uhjtrj

67:: 7?/:: 3.7 67439 Ebjr tdb Bjst Oljst li Dlesdu, Mjpje

67:7 76/6; 4.4 27; Liisdlrb Hjuab, Odcab

6773 73/63 4.: :36 _jhlj Csajens rbkcle

6774 72/:6 ;.3 4;24; Bjstbre _coduje, Odcej

677; 73/:6 4.2 62 _lutdbre _uhjtbrj, Cenlebscj

: Ceilpabjsb (677;). Irbqubeoy li Bjrtdquj`bs [lranwcnb. Vbtrcbvbn leaceb le : Jukust, 67:7 irlh

dttp=//www.ceilpabjsb.olh/cpj/J7:3;4?;.dtha.6Wblpab (677?). ^db Nbvjstjtcek Bjrtdquj`bs ce tdb [lran. Vbtrcbvbn leaceb le : Jukust, 67:7 irlh

dttp=//www.pblpab.olh.oe/KF/kulmc/:763/66;>>;4.dtha. ?KC_ cs jey systbh tdjt ojpturbs, stlrbs, jejayzbs, hjejkbs, jen prbsbets njtj tdjt jrb ace`bn tl alojtcle.

>_cej (6774). Cwjtb bjrtdquj`b. Vbtrcbvbn leaceb le : Jukust, 67:7 irlh

dttp=//ebws.scej.olh.oe/l/6774-79-:2/:324:>76:737s.sdtha.


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6

Ajrkbst Bjrtdquj`bs

Sbjr Njtb Hjkectunb Ijtjactcbs Vbkcle

6779 ::/:2 4.? 7 @urca Csajens

6772 7?/64 4.9 :?:? Elrtdbre _uhjtrj, Cenlebscj

677> :6/69 3.: 66;434 Lii [bst Oljst li Elrtdbre _uhjtrj

677? 73/62 4.? 7 Dl``jcnl, Mjpje Vbkcle

6776 ::/7? ;.3 7 Obetrja Jajs`j

677: 79/6? 4.> :?4 Ebjr Oljst li Wbru

6777 ::/:9 4.7 6 Ebw Crbajen Vbkcle, W.E.K.

:333 73/67 ;.; 663; ^jcwje

:334 7?/62 4.: 7 Fjaabey Csajens Vbkcle

:33; :7/:> ;.4 7 _lutd li Icmc Csajens

:33; :6/72 ;.4 7 Ebjr Bjst Oljst li @jhodjt`j

:339 76/:; 4.6 :99 Crcje Mjyj Vbkcle Cenlebscj

:332 7;/?7 4.7 ? Ebjr Oljst li Elrtdbre Odcab

:332 :7/73 4.7 >3 Ebjr Oljst li Mjacsol Hbxcol

:33> :7/7> 4.? :: @urca Csajens

:33? 74/74 ;.4 7 _lutd li Hjrcjej Csajens

:336 :6/:6 ;.4 62:3 Ialrbs Vbkcle, Cenlebscj

:33: 7>/66 ;.9 ;2 Olstj Vcoj

:33: :6/66 ;.9 7 @urca Csajens

:337 7;/:9 ;.; :96: Auzle, Wdcacppceb Csajens

Bjrtdquj`b hjejkbhbet jen hctckjtcle cs elt je bjsy tjs` jen usujaay rbqucrbs j ajrkb jhluetli jejayscs jen rbslurobs. Ce lrnbr tl rbnuob tdb njhjkb jen lptchczb tdb lvbrjaa pbrilrhjeob li

klvbrehbet, tdb rbsplescfab abjnbrs djvb tl hj`b nbocscles quco`ay jen biibotcvbay. Ourrbetay,

dlwbvbr, nbocscles jrb usujaay hjnb fjsbn le pbrsleja munkhbet li abjnbrs lr bxpbrts, rjtdbr

tdje fjscek tdbcr nbocscles ce tdb nciibrbet stjkbs li rbacbi biilrts le ijotuja bvcnbeob. Ce jnnctcle,tdb ceilrhjtcle jt tdb icrst hlhbet must jitbr ncsjstbr loours tbens tl fb oleiusbn, chprbocsb jen

ceolhpabtb. Fbscnbs tdb ajo` li joourjtb ceilrhjtcle, tdb sctujtcle cs iurtdbr olhpacojtbn fy tdb

prbsscek tchb. Jt je bhbrkbeoy hlhbet, tchb cs acib jen nbocscle hj`brs ebbn tl hj`b nbocsclequco`ay.

_uod olhpabxcty sukkbsts tdb cetrlnuotcle li j Nbocscle _upplrt _ystbh (N__) j oajss li

ceilrhjtcle systbhs tdjt supplrt fuscebss jen lrkjeczjtcleja nbocscle-hj`cek jotcvctcbs. ^dcs


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?

systbh oluan fb usbn tl dbap jejayzb tdb ncsjstbr jen jsscst tdb abjnbrs ce hj`cek sbescfab

nbocscles fy hbjes li je ceibrbeob tlla ojpjfab li liibrcek je jssbsshbet li tdb olesbqubeobs li

jahlst bvbry olhfcejtcle li jnvbrsb pdbelhbej, fjsbn le tdb jvjcajfab ceilrhjtcle ce tdbachctbn tchb.

:.6 _tjtbhbet li tdb Wrlfabh.

Wrbsbetay, tdb hjmlr supplrt tdb klvbrehbet kjces babotrlecojaay cs stcaa ajrkbay oleicebn tl

ceilrhjtcle systbhs wdcod nl elt kcvb jotcvb nbocscle supplrt. Ejturja ncsjstbrs jawjys djvb tdbodjrjotbrcstcos suod js je jn-dlo ejturb, ueprbncotjfcacty jen nbstruotcvbebss, jen dlw tl hj`b

tdb rckdt nbocscle ce j achctbn tchb fbolhbs chplrtjet tl tdb abjnbrs. ^db N__ wluan fb j

plwbriua tlla ilr tdb nbocscle hj`brs, js ct oje dbap tl sjvb tchb jen bedjeob tdb biibotcvbebss

li nbocscles, wdcod hbjes tdjt tdb bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet wluan fb hlrb biicocbet jen hlrbacvbs wcaa fb sjvbn ce je bjrtdquj`b.

^dcs stuny cs hjceay ilousbn le tdb N__ li aloja klvbrehbet. ^db rbjsles ilr odllscek aloja

klvbrehbet jrb acstbn fbalw= Icrstay, bjrtdquj`bs irbqubetay loour ce rbhltb jrbjs, wdbrbjnhcecstrjtcvb ojpjfcacty cs rbajtcvbay alw, jen, jppaycek tdb N__ oje dbap tl bedjeob

klvbrejeob ojpjocty nurcek tdb bjrtdquj`b. _bolenay, hlst li tdb aloja klvbrehbets nl elt bvbe

djvb j N__ ilr njcay hjejkbhbet, abt jaleb ilr tdb bhbrkbeoy sctujtcle0 tdus, tdb ebbn li tdbN__ cs ajrkb. Ajst fut elt tdb abjst. Ci tdb lvbrjaa ojpjfcacty li tdb aloja klvbrehbet cs chprlvbn,

tdbe tdb klvbrehbets bhbrkbeoy rbsplesb jfcacty wcaa fb chprlvbn hlrb kbebrjaay.

:.? Lfmbotcvb li tdb stuny.

^db kbebrja klja li tdcs rbsbjrod cs tl ilrhuajtb je jrodctboturb ilr j olhputbr-fjsbn N__

irjhbwlr` wdcod oje fb usbn tl jcn aloja klvbrehbets ce tdbcr nbocscle hj`cek prlobss prclr tl

tj`cek jey jotcle ce bjrtdquj`b bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet. Nub tl tdb achctbn solpb li tdcs stuny,ct bxpacoctay rbstrcots ctsbai tl nbvbalpcek je jrodctboturb faubprcet ilr tdb N__, rjtdbr tdje

bekjkcek ce tdb nbtjcas li cts olestruotcle, suod js prlkrjhhcek. ^db spbocico lfmbotcvbs jrb=

^l fucan je jrodctboturb li N__

^l cnbetciy tdb ceilrhjtcle prlobsscek hbodjecshs li bjod hlnuab

^l oleobcvb li pltbetcja prlfabhs tdjt hjy loour nurcek tdb chpabhbetjtcle li tdb N__jen kcvb slautcles tl jvlcn tdbh

:.> Vbsbjrod qubstcles.

Ce lrnbr tl iuaicaa tdb hjce lfmbotcvb li tdcs tdbscs, tdb hjce rbsbjrod qubstcle cs=

[djt cs je cnbja jrodctboturb ilr j N__ le bjrtdquj`b bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet, jen dlwsdluan ct fb chpabhbetbn->. Irlh N6.:, N__ oje kbt tdb fjsco ceilrhjtcle jflut je bjrtdquj`b

chhbncjtbay. Hbjewdcab, N__ ojaas tdb oajsscicojtcle cenbx systbh njtjfjsb (N6.6) jenolhfcebs tdb twl ceilrhjtcle slurobs, wdcod jaalws N__ tl nl tdb jejayscs jen oajsscicojtcle

jutlhjtcojaay. Icejaay, tdb oajsscicojtcle rbsuats jrb kbebrjtbn jen rbplrtbn tl nbocscle hj`brs.


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62

Ickurb >-> _bcshco bvbet oajsscicojtcle njtj ialw.

>.:.6.6 Lrkjeczjtcle oajsscicojtcle jen hjtodcek.

Lrkjeczjtcle oajsscicojtcle cs je jssbsshbet li tdb bhbrkbeoy rbsplesb lrkjeczjtcles jfcacty tldbap prltbot pblpab jen prlpbrty. ^db jch li tdcs oajsscicojtcle cs tl fbttbr uenbrstjen tdb

prltbotcle jen prlfabh slavcek jfcacty li bjod lrkjeczjtcle wctd tdb bhbrkbeoy rbsplesb

rbslurob. Leob je bjrtdquj`b loours, tdb olhhjen dbjnqujrtbr oje quco`ay munkb tdb abvba li

tdb bjrtdquj`b jen tdbe sben tdb olrrbsplencek abvba lrkjeczjtcle tl pjrtcocpjtb ce tdb rbacbi.

(:) Lrkjec zjtcle oajssci cojtcle jen hjtodcek wlr`cek prlobss

^db kbebrja alkco li lrkjeczjtcle oajsscicojtcle cs jahlst tdb sjhb js sbcshco bvbet oajsscicojtcle.

^db oajsscicojtcle ijotlrs jrb tdb hjmlr nciibrbeob, wdcod ce tdcs ojsb jrb hlrb oleobrebn wctd

ajflr ilrob, rbsoub bqucphbet, trjesplrtjtcle, tbodecoja abvba jen jnhcecstrjtcvb jfcacty. C wcaa eltncsouss ce nbtjca tdb oajsscicojtcle wlr`cek prlobss, joolrncek tl tdb jch li lrkjeczjtcle

oajsscicojtcle, tdb lrkjeczjtcle hjtodcek wlr`cek prlobss oje fb caaustrjtbn js ce ickurb >-2.

^db klja li lrkjeczjtcle oajsscicojtcle cs tl nbtbrhceb tdb hlst suctjfab lrkjeczjtcle tlbxboutcek j kcvbe pjrt li je bhbrkbeoy paje0 tdbrbilrb dlw tl hjtod tdb lrkjeczjtcle wctd tdb

bjrtdquj`b jen bhbrkbeoy pajes ebbns tl fb jejayzbn. Joolrncek tl tdb jejayscs jflvb, tdb

wlr`cek prlobss sdluan fb= icrstay, joolrncek tl tdb sbcshco bvbet oajsscicojtcle ceilrhjtcle,

nbtbrhceb je bhbrkbeoy paje0 fjsbn le tdb kcvbe paje, tdb lrkjeczjtcle ojpjoctcbs ebbnbn jrbcnbetcicbn0 tdbe olhpjrb tdb nbtbrhcebn lrkjeczjtcle ojpjocty wctd tdb lrkjeczjtcle

oajsscicojtcle ceilrhjtcle tl icen tdb hlst suctjfab lrkjeczjtcle ilr tdb tjs`s.


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Ickurb >-2 Lrkjeczjtcle hjtodcek wlr`cek prlobss.

(6) Lrkjeczjtcle oajssci cojtcle jen hjtodcek njtj i alw

Ilaalwbn fy tdb wlr`cek prlobss, lrkjeczjtcle oajsscicojtcle jen hjtodcek njtj ialw cs sdlwe ce

ickurb >-9. Le tdb fjscs li tdb lrkjeczjtcle ceilrhjtcle jen tdb oajsscicojtcle cenbx systbhnjtjfjsb (N6.>), lrkjeczjtcle oajsscicojtcle wluan fb nleb jutlhjtcojaay ce tdb N__. Ajtbr,

olhfcek tdb oajsscicojtcle rbsuat wctd tdb Waje sbabotcle rbsuat (N?.9), wdcod nbtbrhcebn fy tdb

_bcshco bvbet oajsscicojtcle rbsuat (N6.?), tdb hjtodcek rbsuat wluan fb kbebrjtbn jensufhcttbn tl nbocscle hj`brs tdrlukd N__.

Ickurb >-9 Lrkjeczjtcle oajsscicojtcle jen hjtodcek njtj ialw.

>.:.? Bhbrkbeoy paje hjejkbhbet.

Bhbrkbeoy paje hjejkbhbet rbibrs tl j wdlab wlr`cek prlobss tdjt jejayzbs hlectlrcekceilrhjtcle, prbncots tdb nbvbalphbet trben li bjrtdquj`b jen hj`bs olrrbsplencek pajes. Leob

tdb bjrtdquj`b djppbes, jotcle sdluan fb tj`be joolrncek tl tdbsb bhbrkbeoy pajes. ^dbe fjsbn

le tdb tbrhs li tdb spbocico sctujtcle, bhbrkbeoy pajes ebbn tl fb jnmustbn tl hcechczb tdbplsscfab alss. Joolrncek tl [u & Acu (677?j), tdrbb iueotcles wdcod jrb rbajtbn tl N__ ce

bhbrkbeoy paje hjejkbhbet wcaa fb ncsoussbn ce nbtjca dbrb. ^dbsb jrb bhbrkbeoy paje

jssbsshbet, bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle jen bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbet.


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>.:.?.: Bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet.

Bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet cs tdb bvjaujtcle li bxcstcek bhbrkbeoy pajes rjtclejacty jenlpbrjfcacty. Cts klja cs tl icen pltbetcja prlfabhs jen chprlvb tdb qujacty li bhbrkbeoy pajes.

(:)Bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet wlr`c ek prlobssJe bvjaujtcle hlnuab jen j olhputbr schuajtcle hlnuab ebbn tl fb cetbkrjtbn ce bhbrkbeoypaje jssbsshbet prlobss. ^db wlr`cek prlobss cs sdlwe ce Ickurb >-; fbalw.

Ickurb >-; Bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet wlr`cek prlobss.

^dbrb jrb twl wjys tl jssbss tdb bhbrkbeoy pajes= leb cs bvjaujtcle, tdb ltdbr cs olhputbr

schuajtcle. [ctd tdb sjhb wlr`cek alkco js oajsscicojtcle, tdb bvjaujtcle cs rbjaczbn ce N__ fy

uscek bvjaujtcle hbtdlns tl olhpjrb tdb ceput bhbrkbeoy pajes wctd tdb bvjaujtcle cenbx jentdbe kbt tdb bvjaujtcle rbsuat jutlhjtcojaay. Hbjewdcab, tdb olhputbr schuajtcle hlnuab oje

jasl fb usbn tl schuajtb tdb chpabhbetjtcle li tdb bhbrkbeoy pajes ce tdb N__ jen tdb dbap tl

lptchczb tdb bhbrkbeoy pajes. Joolrncek tl tdb rbsuats li twl jssbsshbets, j olhprbdbescvbbvjaujtcle jen hlncicojtcle tj`bs pajob. Icejaay, tdb bvjaujtcle rbsuats jen hlncicojtcle

sukkbstcle jrb sbet tl nbocscle hj`brs.

(6) Bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet njtj i alw

Joolrncek tl tdb wlr`cek prlobss ncsoussbn jflvb, tdb bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet njtj ialw oje

fb nbsckebn js ce ickurb >-4. Le tdb leb djen, jitbr chplrtcek tdb bhbrkbeoy paje ceilrhjtcle,tdb kbebrja bvjaujtcle hlnuab wcaa nl slhb jssbsshbet fy olhfcecek tdb bhbrkbeoy paje

ceilrhjtcle wctd bhbrkbeoy paje bvjaujtcle cenbx systbh (N?.:), jen tdbe tdb bxpbrt bvjaujtcle

rbsuat (N?.6) wcaa fb kbebrjtbn. Le tdb ltdbr djen, ceputtcek tdb bhbrkbeoy paje ceilrhjtcle wcaa

jasl fb utcaczbn tl schuajtb tdb chpabhbetjtcle jen prlnuob j olhputbr schuajtcle rbsuat (N?.?).Fjsbn le tdb rbsuats irlh tdb kbebrja bvjaujtcle hlnuab jen tdb schuajtcle hlnuab, N__ oje nl

j olhprbdbescvb bvjaujtcle li tdb bhbrkbeoy pajes jen kbebrjtb je bvjaujtcle rbsuat jen slhb

hlncicojtcle sukkbstcles. Icejaay, nbocscle hj`brs oje bjscay kbt jaa tdb bhbrkbeoy pajebvjaujtcle rbsuats jen sukkbstcles irlh tdb N__ tl dbap tdbh hj`b j nbocscle.


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Ickurb >-4 Bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet njtj ialw.

>.:.?.6 Bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle.

(:) Bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle wlr`cek prlobss

Bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle cs jotujaay j nbocscle, joolrncek tl tdb rbsuat li sbcshco bvbet

oajsscicojtcle, tl odllsb tdb hlst jpprlprcjtb rbsplesb paje ce tdb bhbrkbeoy paje fjsb. ^db

wlr`cek prlobss li bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle cs hjnb up li j olhpjrcsle fbtwbbe tdb rbsuats lisbcshco oajsscicojtcle wctd tdb usb olenctcle jen solpb li bjod bhbrkbeoy paje jen tdbe j odlcob

li tdb hlst suctjfab leb.

(6) Bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle njtj i alw

^db njtj ialw li tdb bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle wlr`cek prlobss oje fb olestruotbn js ce ickurb >-

3. Icrstay, ceputtcek tdb sbcshco bvbet oajsscicojtcle rbsuat cetl tdb bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotclehlnuab, N__ wcaa ojaa ilr j rbabvjet bhbrkbeoy paje irlh tdb bhbrkbeoy paje njtjfjsb (N?.>).

Fy cevl`cek tdb prlpbr munkhbet hbtdln (N?.2) jen olhpjrcek tdb rbsuat li oajsscicojtcle wctd

tdb usb olenctcles jen solpb li bjod bhbrkbeoy paje, je bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle rbsuat (N?.9)

wcaa fb prlnuobn. Icejaay tdb rbsuat wcaa fb sufhcttbn tl nbocscle hj`brs.


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Ickurb >-3 Bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle njtj ialw.

>.:.?.? Bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbet.

Bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbet cs pjrt li tdb prlobss li bhbrkbeoy paje chpabhbetjtcle.

Joolrncek tl tdb nbvbalphbet li bjrtdquj`b, tdcs stjkb jssbssbs tdb biibots li chpabhbetjtclejen pltbetcja rcs`s jen jnmusts je bhbrkbeoy pajes kljas, oletbets jen rbslurob jaalojtcle

nyejhcojaay.

(:)Bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbet wlr` cek prlobss^db bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbet wlr`cek prlobss cs bxprbssbn ce tdb ickurb >-:7. Fjsbn

le bjray wjrecek ceilrhjtcle jen oajsscicojtcle li tdb sbcshco bvbet, tdb prlpbr bhbrkbeoy pajewluan fb sbabotbn irlh tdb paje njtjfjsb. ^db sbabotbn bhbrkbeoy paje cs olescnbrbn js tdb

cectcja bhbrkbeoy paje. ^dcs prlobss sdluan fb rbpbjtbn pbrclncojaay tl jodcbvb nyejhcojnmusthbet. Ilr cestjeob, jitbr j obrtjce tchb, tdb chpabhbetjtcle li bhbrkbeoy paje ebbns tl fb

jssbssbn joolrncek tl tdb upnjtb hlectlrcek ceilrhjtcle. Ci tdb lrckceja bhbrkbeoy paje csbiibotcvb, ct oluan oletceub tl fb ilaalwbn0 ltdbrwcsb, N__ sdluan wlr` cetl tdb ebxt stbp, jen

joolrncek tl tdb nbvbalphbet trben li tdb bjrtdquj`b, odllsb j ebw bhbrkbeoy pajes tl nbja

wctd bjrtdquj`b. Ce tdb nyejhco jnmusthbet prlobss, N__ ebbns tl `bbp hj`cek jssbsshbetpbrclncojaay jen jnmustcek tdb bhbrkbeoy pajes uetca tdb biibots li tdb bjrtdquj`b ijnb jwjy (Mcb,

Abc, & Dlek, 6772).


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Ickurb >-:7 Bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbet wlr`cek prlobss.

(6) Bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbet njtj ialw

^db bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbet njtj ialw cs caaustrjtbn ce tdb ickurb fbalw. Icrst, N__

tj`bs tdb paje sbabotcle rbsuat (N?.9) js je cectcja bhbrkbeoy paje. ^dbe pbrclnco jssbsshbet li

tdb bhbrkbeoy paje chpabhbetjtcle cs ojrrcbn lut. Fy olhpjrcek Bxpbotbn bhbrkbeoy paje

chpabhbetjtcle rbsuat (N?.;) wctd hlectlrcek ceilrhjtcle li tdb jotuja bjrtdquj`b sctujtcle,N__ oje tbaa wdbtdbr tdb bhbrkbeoy paje cs wbaa bxboutbn lr ebbns tl fb jnjptbn. ^db

bhbrkbeoy paje chpabhbetjtcle biibot rbplrt:6

(?.4) cs prlnuobn ce tdcs prlobss js wbaa. Ci tdb

bhbrkbeoy paje cs elt wbaa bxboutbn, tdbe N__ klbs tl tdb bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbethlnuab. Fy ojaacek up tdb jnmustcek hlnba (N?.3), tdb bhbrkbeoy paje oje fb jnmustbn jen je

bhbrkbeoy paje jnmusthbet rbplrt (?.:7) kbebrjtbn, wdcod wcaa fb sbet tl nbocscle hj`brs tl jen

dbap tdbh kucnb tdb bhbrkbeoy rbacbi prlobss.

:6^dcs rbplrt hjy ceoaunb tdb ceilrhjtcle le wdbtdbr tdb bhbrkbeoy paje cs wbaa bxboutbn, wdjt cs tdb rbsuat li

ojrrycek lut tdb bhbrkbeoy paje (suod js, dlw hjey pblpab jrb rbsoubn), tdb pltbetcja prlfabhs le chpabhbetjtcle.


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Ickurb >-:: Bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbet njtj ialw.

>.:.> Vbslurob hjejkbhbet.

Vbslurob hjejkbhbet cs tdb bssbetcja olhplebet li bhbrkbeoy paje, jen rbslurob hjejkbhbet

iueotcle sdluan fb uenbr paje hjejkbhbet iueotcle, Nub tl tdb ceilrhjtcle sdlrtjkb, nbocscle

hj`brs jawjys ibba nciicouat tl hj`b nbocscles le rbslurob hjejkbhbet. ^dbrbilrb, uscek N__tl jsscst nbocscle hj`brs wluan fb dbapiua. ^dus, tdbsb twl hjmlr cssubs - rbslurob ncstrcfutcle

jen rbslurob sodbnuacek - ce rbslurob hjejkbhbet ebbn tl fb ncsoussbn ce nbtjca. Vbslurob

ncstrcfutcle cs, joolrncek tl tdb rckdt wjy, pajocek tdb rckdt jhluet jen rckdt typbs li rbslurobstl tdb rckdt pajob ce jnvjeob. Vbslurob sodbnuacek cs j wlr`cek prlobss lrkjeczcek j obrtjcejhluet li rbslurobs jen sbencek tdbh tl j spbocico alojtcle ce j achctbn tchb.

>.:.>.: Vbslurob ncstrcfutcle.

^db hlst bssbetcja rbslurobs tdjt tdb klvbrehbet ebbns tl kujrjetbb jen ncstrcfutb jrb=

olhhuecojtcle, trjesplrtjtcle, hbncoja trbjthbet, kllns jen hjtbrcjas, bebrky (babotrcocty jenwjtbr), duhje rbslurob (placobhbe jen slancbrs) jen ojpctja iuen. Ce tdcs stuny, ct cs fbttbr tl

ilous rbslurobs le hbncoja trbjthbet, kllns jen hjtbrcjas, jen duhje rbslurob icrstay0 sceob

tdby jrb tdb hlst chplrtjet hjttbrs tdjt oje sjvb lr dbap vcotchs. ^dbrb jrb tdrbb nbocscle

hj`cek iueotcles wdcod jrb rbajtbn tl rbslurob ncstrcfutcle ce bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet= rbslurobalojtcle, rbslurob olvbrjkb jen rbslurob jaalojtcle.

Vbslurob alojtcle cs, kcvbe obrtjce nbhjens, je jejayscs li dlw tl sctb ijocactcbs ce kcvbe pajobs

jen tdbe hcechczb tdb ncstjeob fbtwbbe nbhjens jen ijocactcbs. Ilur olhplebets

odjrjotbrczb rbslurob alojtcle prlfabhs, wdcod jrb oustlhbrs prbsuhbn tl fb jarbjny alojtbn0ijocactcbs wcaa fb sctbn0 pajob wdbrb oustlhbrs jen ijocactcbs jrb alojtbn0 jen j hbtrco


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sdlwcek tdb ncstjeob jen tchb fbtwbbe oustlhbrs jen ijocactcbs. Ce tdcs rbsbjrod, oustlhbrs oje

fb olescnbrbn js tdb vcotchs, ijocactcbs js tdb rbslurobs ebbnbn fy tdb vcotchs jen tdb

nbhjens rbibr tl tdb pltbetcja vcotch ebbns uenbr bjrtdquj`b bhbrkbeoy.

Vbslurob olvbrjkb sukkbsts slhb kcvbe stjenjrns (hjceay oleobrebn wctd jiibotbn pblpab) tdjt

ebbn tl fb sjtcsicbn fy tdb ijocactcbs jen rbslurob. Ilr cestjeob, ci 67,777 pblpab jrb jiibotbn ceje bjrtdquj`b, tdb rbslurob sdluan olvbr tdlsb pblpab. Vbslurob jaalojtcle cs jawjys rbajtbn tlrbslurob alojtcle, tdbrbilrb scttcek ijocactcbs jen jssckecek rbslurob tl tdbsb ijocactcbs jrb jotcles

tj`be schuatjeblusay wctd tdb jch li lptchczcek tdb rbslurob utcaczjtcle.

(:)Vbslurob ncstrc futc le wlr`c ek prlobss^db rbslurob ncstrcfutcle wlr`cek prlobss oje fb suhhjrczbn js sdlwe ce ickurb >-:6.Lrncejrcay, joolrncek tl tdb bhbrkbeoy rbsplesb hbodjecsh jen pltbetcja bjrtdquj`b abvba, tdb

nbhjen li rbslurob oluan fb rlukday ojaouajtbn. ^db kbebrja nbhjen li rbslurob cs ceputtbn cetl

j hjtdbhjtcoja hlnba (suod js, lptchczjtcle hlnba lr acebjr prlkrjhhcek hlnba) tl ickurb lut

dlw tl ncstrcfutb rbslurobs. Vbslurob alojtcle, olvbrjkb jen jaalojtcle sdluan jaa fb iuaayolescnbrbn ce tdcs nbocscle hj`cek prlobss. Ce lrnbr tl chprlvb tdb kbebrjtbn rbslurob

ncstrcfutcle sodbhb, tdb bvjaujtcle le rbslurob ncstrcfutcle biibot ebbns tl fb bxboutbn.

Ickurb >-:6 Vbslurob ncstrcfutcle wlr`cek prlobss.

(6)Vbslurob ncstrcfutc le njtj ialw^db njtj ialw li rbslurob ncstrcfutcle cs bxprbssbn ce ickurb >-:?. Icrst, ceputtcek alojtcle rbajtbn

ceilrhjtcle (alojtcle li ijocactcbs jen tjrkbtbn pblpab) jen olvbrjkb rbqucrbhbet (dlw hjey

pblpab ebbn tl fb olvbrbn) jen fy cevl`cek tdb alojtcle hlnba:?

(N>.:) jen olvbrjkb hlnba:>

:?^db hjtdbhjtcoja hlnba tl nbtbrhceb tdb pajobs tl put tdb rbslurobs ce lrnbr tl hcechczb tdb ncstjeob fbtwbbe

vcotchs jen rbslurobs.:>

^db hlnba tl ickurb lut tdb pltbetcja rbslurobs ncstrcfutcle sodbhbs ce lrnbr tl hjxchczb tdb olvbrjkb li jiibotbnpblpab.


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(N>.?), tdb slautcles li rbslurob alojtcle jen rbslurob olvbrjkb jrb hjnb jen tdb alojtcle

(N>.6) jen olvbrjkb acsts:2

(N>.>) jrb kbebrjtbn. Fjsbn le tdb twl acsts jen chplrtbn rbslurob

nbhjen ceilrhjtcle, uenbr tdb supplrt li hjtdbhjtcoja hlnba (N>.2), rbslurob jaalojtcle oje fbjodcbvbn jen tdb rbslurob ncstrcfutcle acst

:9 (N>.9) oje fb prlnuobn. ^dcs acst tdbe jsscsts

nbocscle hj`brs ce iuaicaacek nbhjen biibotcvbay.

Ickurb >-:? Vbslurob ncstrcfutcle njtj ialw.

>.:.>.6 Vbslurob sodbnuacek.

Leob rbslurob ncstrcfutcle cs wbaa pajeebn jen bxboutbn, ct wcaa dbap tl kujrjetbb tdb rbslurobs

wdcod jrb ebbnbn nurcek tdb bjrtdquj`b. Dlwbvbr, rbslurob ncstrcfutcle cs leay j ebobssjry

olenctcle li biibotcvb suppay. Lptchczcek rbslurob sodbnuacek cs tdb ltdbr chplrtjet tjs` tlwdcod wb sdluan pjy jttbetcle. [dbe bjrtdquj`b djppbes, tdb biicocbeoy li rbslurob sodbnuacek

cs tdb iuenjhbetja kujrjetbb li bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet. Fjsbn le jcn rbslurob nbhjens, tdb

jhluet li rbslurob jen cts trjesplrt rlutbs ebbn tl fb nbtbrhcebn, jen tdbe jnmustbn joolrncek tltdb bjrtdquj`b nbvbalphbet trben tl lptchczb tdb rbslurob sodbnuacek paje.

:2^db alojtcle acst ceoaunbs tdb ceilrhjtcle le pltbetcja alojtcle pajobs0 tdb olvbrjkb acst oletjces tdb ceilrhjtcle

le jaa pltbetcja olvbrbn jrbjs.:9

^db rbslurob ncstrcfutcle acst cs jotujaay tdb ncstrcfutcle paje. Nbocscle hj`brs oje usb tdb acst tl jaalojtbrbslurobs.


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(:) Vbslur ob sodbnuacek wlr` cek prlobss

Joolrncek tl Fjrfjrlslkojrleaus twl-stjkb stlodjstco prlkrjhhcek hlnba ilr pajeecek icrst

jcn olhhlnctcbs trjesplrtjtcle ce ojsb li je bjrtdquj`b (Fjrfjrlslkojrleau & Jrnj, 677>),

rbslurob sodbnuacek wlr`cek prlobss oje fb caaustrjtbn js ce ickurb >-:>. Icrst, tdb nbhjen ilrbhbrkbeoy rbslurobs jen tdb sctujtcle li rbslurob ncstrcfutcle sdluan fb cnbetcicbn. ^dbelptchczjtcle hlnba sdluan fb usbn tl nbtbrhceb tdb rbslurob sodbnuacek paje. ^dcrnay, ct cs

ebobssjry tl jssbss tdb sodbnuacek sodbhb pbrclncojaay tl hj`b surb tdjt ct cs biibotcvb. Fjsbn le

tdb rbsuat li jssbsshbet jen tdb bjrtdquj`b nbvbalphbet ceilrhjtcle, nyejhco jnmusthbet lirbslurob sodbnuacek cs olenuotbn.

Ickurb >-:> Vbslurob sodbnuacek wlr`cek prlobss.

(6) Vbslur ob sodbnuacek njtj ialw

Joolrncek tl tdb wlr`cek prlobss ncsoussbn jflvb, rbslurob sodbnuacek njtj ialw cs bxprbssbn ce

ickurb >-:2. Ce tdb icrst stbp, ct cs ebobssjry tl lftjce tdb rbslurob nbhjen ceilrhjtcle irlh tdbbhbrkbeoy rbslurob nbhjen acst

:; (N>.;). _bolenay, uscek tdb rbslurob ncstrcfutcle acst

(N>.9), uenbr tdb kucnjeob li tdb rbslurob sodbnuacek hlnba:4

(N>.4), j ebw rbslurob

sodbnuacek sodbhb:3

(N>.3) wluan fb orbjtbn. Fy chplrtcek tdb bjrtdquj`b nbvbalphbetceilrhjtcle cetl tdb prlobss li rbslurob nyejhco jnmusthbet jen ojaacek ilr tdb jnmustcek

hlnba (N?.:7), tdb rbslurob jnmusthbet sodbhb (N>.:7) wluan tdbe fb kbebrjtbn jen

bvbetujaay tdcs rbsuat wluan ibbnfjo` tl nbocscle hj`brs.

:;^db acst caaustrjtbs tdjt jaa tdb bhbrkbeoy rbslurobs wdcod jrb ebbnbn fy vcotchs.

:4 Hjtdbhjtcoja hlnba suod js lptchczjtcle hlnba usbn tl nbtbrhceb tdb hlst lptchczbn rbslurob sodbnuaceksodbhb.:3

Vbslurob sodbnuacek sodbhb cs jotujaay tdb cestruotcle le dlw tl sodbnuab tdb rbslurobs.


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?2

Ickurb >-:2Vbslurob sodbnuacek njtj ialw.

>.:.2 Nbocscle ceilrhjtcle lftjcehbet.

^db jfsbeob li systbh sbkhbetjtcle, ceilrhjtcle csajens67

jen cebiicocbet ceilrhjtcle

joqucsctcle irlh tdb tbrhceja (suod js hlectlrcek bqucphbets). Jaa li wdcod sbrclusay dcenbr tdbquco` lftjcehbet li nbocscle ceilrhjtcle. Ce lrnbr tl lftjce nbocscle ceilrhjtcle quco`ay, ct cs

fbttbr tl bxtrjot usbiua ceilrhjtcle irlh j vjrcbty li slurobs jen tdbe cetbkrjtb tdbh biibotcvbay.

(:)Nbocscle ceilrhjtcle lftjcehbet wlr`c ek prlobss^db nbocscle ceilrhjtcle lftjcehbet wlr`cek prlobss oje fb suhhjrczbn ce tdrbb stbps= icrstay,

lftjce usbiua nbocscle hj`cek rbajtbn ceilrhjtcle irlh j wbjatd li rbajtbn odjeebas, suod js,

prlibsscleja bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet C_, hlectlrcek bqucphbets jen paje njtjfjsb. _bolenay,

cetbkrjtb suod sojttbrbn ceilrhjtcle alkcojaay tl jaalw tdcs ceilrhjtcle tl fb fbttbr hjejkbn,usbn jen sdjrbn fy nbocscle hj`brs. ^db iceja stbp cs tl usb slhb tbodecoja hbjes suod js j njtj

wjrbdlusb6:

tl besurb nbocscle hj`brs oje kbt ceilrhjtcle quco`ay jen joourjtbay.

(6) Nbocscle ceilrhjtcle lftjcehbet njtj ialw

Joolrncek tl nbocscle ceilrhjtcle lftjcehbet wlr`cek prlobss, cts njtj ialw oje fb bxprbssbn js

sdlwe ce ickurb >-:9. Icrst, vjrclus nbocscle-hj`cek ceilrhjtcle oje fb lftjcebn irlhprlibsscleja bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet ceilrhjtcle systbhs, hlectlrcek bqucphbets, bhbrkbeoy

paje njtjfjsb (N?.>), jen rbslurob ncstrcfutcle acst (N>.9). ^dbe tdrlukd tdb ceilrhjtcle

67J flny li ceilrhjtcle (c.b. babotrleco icabs) tdjt ebbns tl fb sdjrbn fut djs el ebtwlr` oleebotcle

6:J rbplsctlry li je lrkjeczjtcle's babotrlecojaay stlrbn njtj, nbsckebn tl ijocactjtb rbplrtcek jen jejayscs


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?9

cetbkrjtcle hlnuab, jen wctd tdb supplrt li rbabvjet tbodelalky, tdb usbiua cetbkrjtbn

ceilrhjtcle oje fb lftjcebn quco`ay fy nbocscle hj`brs.

Ickurb >-:9 Nbocscle ceilrhjtcle lftjcehbet njtj ialw.

>.:.9 Nbocscle hj`cek pbrilrhjeob bvjaujtcle.

(:) Nbocscle hj`cek pbri lrhjeob bvjaujtcle wlr` cek prlobss

^db iceja stbp cs pbrilrhjeob bvjaujtcle wdcod wcaa fb bxboutbn jitbr tdb wdlab bjrtdquj`b, elt

ce tdb prlobss li bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet. Ibek & Tu (:333) prbsbetbn je cetbkrjtbn systbh cewdcod j `elwabnkb-fjsbn nbocscle supplrt systbh cs cetbkrjtbn wctd j huatcajybr bvjaujtclecenbx systbh. Fjsbn le tdcs cnbj, tdb wlr`cek prlobss li nbocscle hj`cek pbrilrhjeob

bvjaujtcle cs lutacebn js sdlwe ce ickurb >-:; jen tdb spbocico bvjaujtcle stbps jrb js ilaalws.

Nurcek tdb pbrilrhjeob bvjaujtcle prlobss, wb ebbn tl ceput slhb fjsco ceilrhjtcle jflut tdbrbsuat li nbocscle hj`cek pbrilrhjeob ce tdb pdjsbs li bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet jen

rbolestruotcle, suod js dlw hjey pblpab jrb rbsoubn jen wdbtdbr pblpab jrb sjtcsicbn wctd tdb

rbslurob jaalojtcle lr tdbcr rbsbttabhbet. Ebxt, N__ wcaa lpbrjtb chhbncjtbay fy olhpjrcek tdcs

ceilrhjtcle wctd tdb cetbrejaay cestjaabn bvjaujtcle cenbx systbh, jen tdbe tdb bvjaujtcle rbsuatwcaa fb prlnuobn.


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?;

Ickurb >-:; Nbocscle hj`cek pbrilrhjeob bvjaujtcle wlr`cek prlobss.

(6) Nbocscle hj`cek pbri lrhjeob bvjaujtcle njtj i alw

Nbocscle hj`cek pbrilrhjeob bvjaujtcle njtj ialw cs caaustrjtbn ce ickurb >-:4. Icrstay, irlh

N9.: N__ oje kbt tdb fjsco ceilrhjtcle li nbocscle hj`cek pbrilrhjeob chhbncjtbay. Ojaacekuple tdb nbocscle hj`cek bvjaujtcle cenbx systbh njtjfjsb (N9.6), N__ wcaa olhfceb tdb twl

ceilrhjtcle slurobs utcaczcek cts cestjaabn hlnba fjsb jen jutlhjtcojaay pbrilrh tdb jejayscs jen

jssbsshbet jutlhjtcojaay. Icejaay, tdb bvjaujtcle rbsuats wcaa fb kbebrjtbn jen rbplrtbn tl

nbocscle hj`brs.

Ickurb >-:3 Nbocscle hj`cek pbrilrhjeob bvjaujtcle njtj ialw.

>.6 Kbebrja N__ jrodctboturb.

^db irjhbwlr` li tdb bjrtdquj`b bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet N__ ce hy rbsbjrod cs nbsckebn tl fb

j ilur-ajybr struoturb, Wdyscoja ajybr, Fjsco Ceilrhjtcle ajybr, Wrlfabh prlobsscek ajybr, jenRsbr Cetbrijob ajybr. J kbebrja _truoturb cs sdlwe fbalw ce ickurb >-67.


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?4

Ickurb >-67 Kbebrja N__ jrodctboturb.

Nss Kbebrja Jrodctboturb

Wdyscoja ajybr

OlhputbrEbtwlr`_ystbh

Olhhuecojtcle_ystbh

FjscoDjrnwjrbNbvcobs

Fjsco CeilrhjtcleAjybr

FjscoCeilrhjtcle

FusscebssCeilrhjtcle

OlhprbdbescvbCeilrhjtcle

WrlfabhWrlobssAjybr.

Nbocscle_upplrtWajtilrh

NbocsleJpacojtcle

Wajtilrh

RsbCetbri

Ajy


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?3

Kbebrjaay spbj`cek, tdcs jrodctboturb cs j olhpluen N__ irjhbwlr`, wdcod cs j scekab N__ jen

olhfcebs hlrb tdje leb `elwabnkb hjejkbhbet tbodecqubs, suod js tbxt, njtjfjsb, lr ruab

hjejkbhbet tl supplrt nbocscle hj`brs. ^l fb spbocico, tdbrb cs leb usb cetbrijob ilr nbocsclehj`brs tl abjre, jen tdby oje rbjaczb nciibrbet nbocscle hj`cek rbqubsts tdrlukd huatcpab

`elwabnkb hjejkbhbet tbodecqubs.

^db icrst ajybr cs tdb Wdyscoja ajybr, wdcod olescsts li ceilrhjtcle joqucsctcle bqucphbet jenolhhuecojtcle bqucphbet. ^db sbolen ajybr cs tdb fjsco ceilrhjtcle ajybr, wdcod ceoaunbs fjsco

ceilrhjtcle, fuscebss ceilrhjtcle, jen olhprbdbescvb ceilrhjtcle. ^db tdcrn ajybr cs prlfabh

prlobss ajybr, wdcod oletjces twl pjrts= tdb nbocscle supplrt pajtilrh jen nbocscle jppacojtclepajtilrh. ^db nbocscle supplrt pajtilrh trcbs tl rbolkeczb jen slavb prlfabhs, jen tdb nbocscle

jppacojtcle pajtilrh cs usbn tl jodcbvb jaa tdb iueotcles li N__, suod js bjray wjrecek jejayscs,

rbslurob ncstrcfutcle, jen bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle. ^db iceja ajybr cs tdb usbr cetbrijob ajybr,

wdcod oje fb nbsckebn joolrncek tl nciibrbet usbrs. [b wcaa jejayzb bjod ajybr ce nbtjca ce tdbfbalw sbotcles.

>.6.: Djrnwjrb supplrt ajybr.

^db pdyscoja ajybr cs tdb pajtilrh ilr ceilrhjtcle trjesplrtjtcle, jen cs tdb fjscs li N__.Olhfcecek tdcs cnbj wctd lur rbsbjrod, tdb djrnwjrb supplrt ajybr sdluan fb pajobn ce tdb

flttlh li tdb systbh jen ceoaunbs jt abjst tdb ilaalwcek tdrbb pjrts= olhputbr ebtwlr` systbh,

olhhuecojtcle systbh jen Hlfcab jen Ltdbr djrnwjrb nbvcobs.

WdyscojaAjybr

Olhputbr

Ebtwlr` _ystbh

Olhhuecojtcle_ystbh

Hlfcab & LtdbrDjrnwjrbNbvcobs


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>7

(:) Olhputbr ebtwlr` systbh=J olhputbr ebtwlr` cs jey sbt li olhputbrs lr nbvcobs oleebotbn tl bjod ltdbr wctd tdb jfcacty

tl bxodjekb njtj, stjenjrn jen liicob olhputbrs hckdt olhhuecojtb tdrlukd stjenjrn aloja jrbj

ebtwlr` (AJE)tdjt cetbroleebots olhputbrs ce j achctbn jrbj suod js j dlhb, sodlla, olhputbr

ajflrjtlry, lr liicob fucancek uscek ebtwlr` hbncj. ^db nbicecek odjrjotbrcstcos li AJEs, ce

oletrjst tlwcnb jrbj ebtwlr`s([JEs), ceoaunb tdbcr usujaay dckdbrnjtj-trjesibr rjtbs,shjaabr

kblkrjpdco jrbj, jen ajo` li j ebbn ilrabjsbn tbabolhhuecojtcle acebs

Ajptlps jen Ltdbr wjrabss nbvcobs wcaa olhhuecojtb tdrlukd wcrbabss aloja jrbj

ebtwlr` ([AJE) wdcod ace`s twl lr hlrb nbvcobs uscek slhb wcrbabss ncstrcfutcle hbtdln

(typcojaaysprbjn-spbotruhlrLINHrjncl), jen usujaay prlvcncek j oleebotcle tdrlukd je

joobss plcet tl tdb wcnbr cetbrebt. ^dcs kcvbs usbrs tdb hlfcacty tl hlvb jrluen wctdce j aloja

olvbrjkb jrbj jen stcaa fb oleebotbn tl tdb ebtwlr`.

Js ilr olhhuecojtcek tdrlukd dukb kblkrjpdcoja jrbj jen tdrlukd nciibrbet octcbs, j

hbtrlplactje jrbj ebtwlr` (HJE) wcaa fb usbn wdcod cs nbicebn js jolhputbr ebtwlr`tdjt

usujaay spjes j octy lr j ajrkb ojhpus. J HJE usujaay cetbroleebots j euhfbr lialoja jrbjebtwlr`s(AJEs) uscek j dckd-ojpjocty fjo`fleb tbodelalky, suod js icfbr-lptcoja ace`s, jen

prlvcnbs up-ace` sbrvcobs tlwcnb jrbj ebtwlr`s(lr [JE) jen tdb Cetbrebt.

^dbCBBB476-6776 stjenjrn nbsorcfbs j HJE js fbcek=

J HJE cs lptchczbn ilr j ajrkbr kblkrjpdcoja jrbj tdje jAJE,rjekcek irlh sbvbrja

falo`s li fucanceks tl betcrb octcbs. HJEs oje jasl nbpben le olhhuecojtcles odjeebas

li hlnbrjtb-tl-dckd njtj rjtbs. J HJE hckdt fb lwebn jen lpbrjtbn fy j scekab

lrkjeczjtcle, fut ct usujaay wcaa fb usbn fy hjey cencvcnujas jen lrkjeczjtcles. HJEs

hckdt jasl fb lwebn jen lpbrjtbn js pufaco utcactcbs. ^dby wcaa litbe prlvcnb hbjes ilr

cetbrebtwlr`cek lialoja ebtwlr`s.

Jutdlrs @beebtd O. Ajunle jen Mjeb W. Ajunle (677:) liHjejkbhbet Ceilrhjtcle _ystbhs=

Hjejkcek tdb Nckctja Icrh :7td bn.nbicebs j hbtrlplactje jrbj ebtwlr` js=

J Hbtrlplactje Jrbj Ebtwlr` (HJE) cs j ajrkb olhputbr ebtwlr` tdjt spjes j hbtrlplactje

jrbj lr ojhpus. Cts kblkrjpdco solpb ijaas fbtwbbe j [JE jen AJE. HJEs prlvcnb

Cetbrebt oleebotcvcty ilr AJEs ce j hbtrlplactje rbkcle, jen oleebot tdbh tl wcnbr jrbj

ebtwlr`s ac`b tdb Cetbrebt.

^db olhputbr ebtwlr` systbh cs tdb iluenjtcle li ceilrhjtcle trjeshcsscle, ceilrhjtclesdjrcek jen cetbaackbet nbocscle-hj`cek. Ct sdluan rbay le tdb bxcstcek ebtwlr` ceirjstruoturb li

tdb klvbrehbet. Rtcaczcek tdb nbvbalphbet li ebtwlr` tbodelalky jen tdb cetbrlpbrjfcacty li tdb

bxcstcek aloja jrbj ebtwlr` (AJE)jen ebw AJE, tdb klvbrehbet sdluan fucan j sjib, rbacjfab,

jnvjeobn, prjotcoja jen stjenjrnczbn olhputbr ebtwlr` systbh ilr N__, ^db oletbet li ebtwlr`

ceirjstruoturb sdluan ceoaunb jt abjst tdb ilaalwcek twl pjrts=
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_Information_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_Information_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_Information_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_Information_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network


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>:

Bhbrkbeoy nbpjrthbet ebtwlr`Bhbrkbeoy nbpjrthbet ebtwlr` cs jey sbt li olhputbrs lr nbvcobs oleebotbn tl bjod ltdbr wctd

tdb jfcacty tl bxodjekb njtj ce bhbrkbeoy nbpjrthbets. Cts olestruotcle hjceay olescsts li tdrbbsbpjrjtb pjrts= j ebtwlr` ilr pufaco sbrvcob (nbvcobs usbn ce lrnbr tl bxodjekb njtj wctd tdb

pufaco), j ebtwlr` ilr ele-oleicnbetcja ceilrhjtcle trjesplrtjtcle (nbvcobs usbn ilr bjrtdquj`b

bhbrkbeoy nbpjrthbets tl bxodjekb kbebrja njtj), jen j ebtwlr` ilr oleicnbetcja trjesplrtjtcle(nbvcobs jrb sbt up tl trjesplrt tdb oleicnbetcja njtj). ^dcs ebtwlr` cs hjceay nbsckebn ilr tdbtrjesplrtjtcle li fjsco ceilrhjtcle jhlek nciibrbet bhbrkbeoy nbpjrthbets.

Bhbrkbeoy olhhjen ebtwlr`Je bhbrkbeoy olhhjen ebtwlr` cs j krlup li oleebotbn olhputbrs lr nbvcobs wctd tdb jfcacty

tl bxodjekb njtj ce tdb bhbrkbeoy olhhjen obetbr. ^dcs ebtwlr` cs tdb fjsb ilr nbocscle

hj`brs tl lftjce lr trjesibr ceilrhjtcle jen tl kbt tdb nbocscles hjnb fy N__ jutlhjtcojaay.

^dcs ebtwlr` cs hjceay nbsckebn ilr nbocscle hj`brs.

(6) Olhhuecojtcle systbh=Ce tbabolhhuecojtcle, j olhhuecojtcle systbh cs j olaabotcle li cencvcnuja olhhuecojtcles

ebtwlr`s, trjeshcsscle systbhs, rbajy stjtcles, trcfutjry stjtcles, jen njtj tbrhceja bqucphbet

(N^B)usujaay ojpjfab li cetbroleebotcle jen cetbrlpbrjtcle tl ilrh je cetbkrjtbn wdlab. ^dbolhplebets li j olhhuecojtcles systbh sbrvb j olhhle purplsb, jrb tbodecojaay olhpjtcfab,

usb olhhle prlobnurbs, rbsplen tl oletrlas, jen lpbrjtb ce uecsle. ^babolhhuecojtcles cs j

hbtdln li olhhuecojtcle. J olhhuecojtcles sufsystbh cs j iueotcleja uect lr lpbrjtcleja

jssbhfay tdjt cs shjaabr tdje tdb ajrkbr jssbhfay uenbr olescnbrjtcle.

Fjsbn le tdb nbicectcle li _odwjrtz, Fbeebtt, & _tbce (:332), j olhhuecojtcle systbh cs j

olaabotcle li cencvcnuja olhhuecojtcle ebtwlr`s, trjeshcsscle systbhs, jen njtj tbrhceja

bqucphbet fy wdcod usbrs oje bxodjekb ceilrhjtcle. Ct usujaay cs ojpjfab li cetbroleebotcle jencetbrlpbrjtcle wdcod ilrhs je cetbkrjtbn wdlab. ^db jppacojtcle li hjey nbocscle hj`cek

iueotcles nbpbens le tdb rbabvjet njtj jen sckejas bxtrjotbn irlh tdb tbrhcejas, jen tdbetrjeshcttbn tdbh ce tdb N__.

(?) Hlfcab & Ltdbr djrnwjrb nbvcobs=J hlfcab nbvcob(jasl `elwe js j djendban nbvcob, djendban olhputbrlr schpay djendban)

cs j shjaa, djen-dbanolhputcek nbvcob,typcojaay djvcek j ncspajy sorbbe wctdtluodceput jen/lr

j hcecjturb `byfljrn jen wbckdcek abss tdje 6 pluens (7.3: `k)

J djendban olhputcek nbvcob jen eltbfll`s djvcek je lpbrjtcek systbh (L_) le ct , jen oje ruevjrclus typbs lijppacojtcle slitwjrb, `elwe jsjpps. Hlst djen dban nbvcobs oje jasl fb

bqucppbn wctd [C-IC, Faubtlltd jen KW_ ojpjfcactcbs tdjt oje jaalw oleebotcles tl tdb Cetbrebt

jen ltdbr Faubtlltd ojpjfab nbvcobs suod js je jutlhlfcab lr j hcorlpdleb dbjnsbt. Jasl

_hjrtpdlebsjen WNJs jrb plpuajr jhlekst tdlsb wdl wcsd tl usb slhb li tdb plwbrs li j

olevbetcleja olhputbr ce bevcrlehbets wdbrb ojrrycek leb wluan elt fb prjotcoja js ce

bjrtdquj`b ncsjstbrs j ackdtwbckdt nbvcobs sdluan fb usbn tl besurb ijst olhhuecojtcle jen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_device


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>6

biibotcvb hlfcacty rbsplesb wdcab bxodjekcek njtj irlh wlr` icabn alojtcle wctd tdb Bhbrkbeoy

Vbsplesb Obetbr. ^db fbalw ickurb nbsorcfb j oleobptuja hlnba li WNJ slautcle.

Ltdbr djrnwjrb nbvcobs jrb tdb rbst li tdb djrnwjrb bqucphbets elt usbn ce tdb olhputbr

ebtwlr` systbh lr tdb olhhuecojtcle systbh, wdcod ebbns tl fb oleickurbn cetl tdb N__. ^dbsboluan ceoaunb hlectlrcek bqucphbets, sbrvbrs, trjeshcsscle bqucphbet, le-sctb hlectlrceknbvcobs jen le-sctb rbsoub olhhjen vbdcoabs.


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>?

>.6.6 Fjsco ceilrhjtcle ajybr.

N__ hust lftjce tdb olhprbdbescvb bhbrkbeoy ceilrhjtcle quco`ay jen joourjtbay. ^db fjsco

ceilrhjtcle ajybr cs nbsckebn tl prlvcnb jaa tdb ceilrhjtcle ebbnbn fy tdb nbocscle supplrt

pajtilrh, suod js, sbcshco bvbets ceilrhjtcle, bhbrkbeoy rbsplesb lrkjeczjtcle ceilrhjtcle,

rbslurob rbabvjet ceilrhjtcle, bevcrlehbetja jen kblkrjpdco ceilrhjtcle, bxpbrt ceilrhjtclejen bhbrkbeoy paje ceilrhjtcle. ^dcs ajybr hjceay rbibrs tl @elwabnkb _ystbh (@_) tdb

ceilrhjtcle ajybr cs usbn tl hjejkb jen hjcetjce jaa ceilrhjtcle jflut tdb ncsjstbr. Dlwbvbr,

tdby nl elt oajrciy tdb ceilrhjtcle ojtbklrcbs. ^db hlrb struoturbn tdb lrkjeczjtcle li tdbceilrhjtcle cs, tdb hlrb biibotcvb tdb systbh wcaa fb. Fy olhfcecek tdb odjrjotbrcstcos li

nciibrbet ceilrhjtcle, ceilrhjtcle ce tdcs ajybr cs ncvcnbn cetl tdb ilaalwcek tdrbb ojtbklrcbs=

(:) Fjsco cei lrhjtcle=

Fjsco ceilrhjtcle hjceay rbibrs tl tdb pufaco ceilrhjtcle wdcod wluan fb usbn ce tdb nbocsclehj`cek prlobss, ceoauncek tdb spjtcja jen kblkrjpdco ceilrhjtcle njtjfjsb, hjtbrcja rbsbrvb

njtjfjsb, plpuajtcle njtjfjsb, fucancek stjtus njtjfjsb jen hlectlrcek bqucphbet njtjfjsb.

FjscoCeilrhjtcle

_pjtcja jenKblkrjpdcoCeilrhjtcleNjtjfjsb

HjtbrcjaVbsbrvb

Njtjfjsb

Wlpuajtcle

Njtjfjsb

Fucancek_tjtus

Njtjfjsb

HlectlrcekBqucphbetNjtjfjsb


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>>

(6) Fuscebss ce ilrhjtcle

Fuscebss ceilrhjtcle hjceay rbibrs tl tdb prlibsscleja ceilrhjtcle rbslurobs wdcod oje fb usbnce tdb bhbrkbeoy nbocscle hj`cek prlobss. _uod ceilrhjtcle oje, elt leay supplrt nbocscle

hj`cek, fut jasl prlvcnb njtj supplrt ilr orlss-sbotlrja jppacojtcles. Fuscebss ceilrhjtcle

ceoaunbs ceocnbet rbplrt njtjfjsb, jajrh rbobcpt njtjfjsb, bxpbrt njtjfjsb, ilrbojstcek wjreceknjtjfjsb, jen nbocscle hj`cek bvjaujtcle cenbx njtjfjsb.

(?) Olhprbdbescvb ce ilrhjtcle

Olhprbdbescvb ceilrhjtcle prchjrcay rbibrs tl tdb ceilrhjtcle wdcod cs kbebrjtbn fy jejayzcek

jen cetbkrjtcek vjrclus typbs li fjsco ceilrhjtcle jen fuscebss ceilrhjtcle. Ct hjceay ceoaunbs

njtj wjrbdlusb, hlnba fjsb, `elwabnkb fjsb, bhbrkbeoy paje fjsb, jssbsshbet fjsb jen stjtcstcofjsb. Njtj wjrbdlusb cs j rbplsctlry li je lrkjeczjtcle's babotrlecojaay stlrbn njtj, nbsckebn tl

ijocactjtb rbplrtcek jen jejayscs (Cehle, :332). Joolrncek tl tdb ceilrhjtcle ebbns li nbocscle

hj`cek iueotcle, njtj wjrbdlusb wcaa bxtrjot, cetbkrjtb jen olevbrt rbabvjet njtj irlh fjsco

FuscebssCeilrhjtcle

CeocnbetVbplrt

Njtjfjsb

BvjaujtcleCenbx

Njtjfjsb

BxpbrtNjtjfjsb

Ilrbojstcek[jrecekNjtjfjsb

Jajrh VbobcptNjtjfjsb


52/76

>2

ceilrhjtcle jen fuscebss ceilrhjtcle, jen chplrt ct ce j uecilrh ilrhjt cetl tdb njtj wjrbdlusb

tl hbbt tdb ceilrhjtcleja ebbns li N__.

Hlnba fjsb prlvcnbs vjrclus hlnbas wdcod oje fb usbn tl jsscst bhbrkbeoy nbocscle hj`cek,

suod js acebjr prlkrjhhcek hlnba, struoturja bqujtcle hlnba, jen Fjybscje nbocscle hlnba. Ct

tdb hlst uecqub odjrjotbrcstcos li N__, wdcod cs jasl vbry chplrtjet ilr tdb iuaicaahbet li tdbnbocscle hj`cek iueotcle (Ije, 6772).

J `elwabnkb fjsb oletjces j vjrcbty li bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet rbajtbn bxpbrtcsb `elwabnkb jen

joouhuajtbn prjotcoja bxpbrcbeobs ce prbvclus nbocscle-hj`cek prlobssbs. Je bhbrkbeoy pajefjsb cs usbn tl stlrb bhbrkbeoy pajes joolrncek tl tdb stjenjrn ilrhjt, wdcod oabjray prbsbets

tdb olenctcles, achctjtcles jen solpbs li bjod bhbrkbeoy paje. Bxpbrt bvjaujtcle le bhbrkbeoy

pajes jen bhbrkbeoy chpabhbetjtcle biibot cs stlrbn ce jssbsshbet fjsb, wdcod jsscsts ce

jodcbvcek ceilrhjtcle jssbsshbet hjejkbhbet lptchczjtcle. J stjtcstco fjsb stlrbs tdb stjtcstcojaceilrhjtcle fy ojtbklrcbs. ^db ceilrhjtcle wcaa fb usbn ce tdb nbocscle hj`cek prlobss tl fbttbr

socbetcicojaay supplrt rbabvjet nbocscle.

Olhprbdbescvb

Ceilrhjtcle

Njtj[jrbdlusb

Hlnba Fjsb

Waje Fjsb

@elwabnkbFjsb

Jssbss Fjsb

_tjtcstcoFjsb


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>9

>.6.? Wrlfabh prlobss ajybr.

^db prlfabh prlobss ajybr cs tdb olrb pjrt li N__, wdcod cs usbn tl rbjaczb jaa nbocscle hj`cek

rbqubsts, ct cs hjceay rbsplescfab ilr Bjray [jrecek Jejayscs, Waje Jssbsshbet, Vbslurob

Lptchczjtcle, Waje _babotcle, jen Cestctutcle Oajsscicojtcle.

^db prlfabh prlobss ajybr oletjces twl olhplebets=

:) ^db nbocscle supplrt pajtilrh wdcod cs tdb obetrja pjrt li prlfabh prlobss ajybr, jen jaaprlfabhs jrb slavbn fy tdcs pajtilrh.

6) ^db nbocscle jppacojtcle pajtilrh cs nbsckebn tl oajssciy nciibrbet nbocscle hj`cek ebbns

jen tdbe trjesibr tdb spbocico nbocscle nbhjen tl nbocscle supplrt pajtilrh.

>.6.?.: Nbocscle supplrt pajtilrh.

^db nbocscle supplrt pajtilrh cs fbtwbbe tdb fjsco ceilrhjtcle ajybr jen nbocscle jppacojtcle

pajtilrh. Joolrncek tl tdb spbocico rbqucrbhbets, tdb nbocscle supplrt pajtilrh prlvcnbs vjrclussupplrtcek sbrvcob tl dbap tdb nbocscle jppacojtcle pajtilrh jodcbvb cts iueotcles. Fjsbn le lurN__ jrodctboturb, tdb nbocscle supplrt pajtilrh prlvcnbs ilur `cens li sbrvcob, _bourcty supplrt

sbrvcob, Lpbrjtcle supplrt sbrvcob, Fuscebss supplrt sbrvcob, Wrlfabh prlobsscek sbrvcob.

.

Nbocscle_upplrtWajtilrh

_bourcty_upplrt_brvcob

Lpbrjtcle_upplrt_brvcob

Fuscebss_upplrt_brvcob

WrlfabhWrlobsscek

_brvcob


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>;

(:) _bour c ty supplr t sbrvcob

^db hjce rlab li sbourcty supplrt sbrvcobs cs tl besurb N__ wlr`cek sjibay, stjfab jenbiicocbetay. Rsbrs djvb tdbcr lwe sbttabn rckdt tl joobss jen lpbrjtb tdb N__, joolrncek tl

nciibrbet pbrhcsscle abvbas. Ilr bxjhpab, tdb tlp abjnbr sdluan djvb tdb iuaa rckdts tl lpbrjtb

N__, fltd ilr njtj ceputtcek jen nbocscle hj`cek wdbrbjs tdb jvbrjkb wlr`br ce je bhbrkbeoynbpjrthbet wluan leay ebbn tdb rckdt tl ceput njtj. Fjsbn le tdb stuny li tdb Ejtcleja ^rjcecek_tjenjrn ilr Ceilrhjtcle _ystbh _bourcty (Ceilsbo) Wrlibssclejas

66, slhb hjce olhplebets wbrb

cnbetcicbn= cnbetcty jutdbetcojtcle, pbrhcsscle ncstrcfutcle, joobss oletrla, njtj beoryptcle, nckctja

sckejturb, jen systbh hjcetbejeob. Cnbetcty jutdbetcojtcle cs usbn tl jsobrtjce tdb cnbetcicojtcleli pblpab wdl usb tdb N__0 pbrhcsscle ncstrcfutcle jaalojtbs olrrbsplencek pbrhcsscles tl

rbabvjet pblpab0 joobss oletrla cs tdb tbodelalky tdjt prbvbets pblpab wctdlut jutdlrczjtcle irlh

lpbrjtcek tdb N__ lr slhb `by iueotcle li N__0 njtj beoryptcle cs tdb prlobss li olevbrtcek

lrncejry ceilrhjtcle cetl olhpacojtbn olnbs tl besurb tdb sjibty li obrtjce ceilrhjtcle0 nckctjasckejturb cs j sodbhb ilr nbhlestrjtcek tdb jutdbetcocty li j nckctja hbssjkb lr nlouhbet0

systbh hjcetbejeob hjceay rbibrs tl upnjtbs ilr tdb slitwjrb jen djrnwjrb li tdb N__.

66Ejtcleja _bourcty ^babolhhuecojtcles jen Ceilrhjtcle _ystbhs _bourcty (:33>). Ejtcleja ^rjcecek _tjenjrn ilr

Ceilrhjtcle _ystbhs _bourcty (Ceilsbo) Wrlibssclejas, Vbtrcbvbn leaceb le 9 Jukust, 67:7 irlh

dttp=//www.scs.pctt.bnu/~mmlsdc/olursbs/C_6:27/Ijaa73/estcssc\>7::.pni.

_bourctysupplrtsbrvcob

CnbetctyJutdbetcojtcle

Joobss Oletrla

WrbhcsbsNcstrcfutcle

NjtjBeoryptcle

Nckctja_ckejturb

_ystbhHjcetbejeob


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>4

(6) Lpbrjtcle supplrt sbrvcob

Lpbrjtcle supplrt sbrvcob, joolrncek tl tdb ebbns li tdb nbocscle jppacojtcle pajtilrh, prlvcnbsjsscstjeob tbodelalky jen sbrvcob tl besurb suoobssiua nbocscle hj`cek, tdb lpbrjtcle supplrt

sbrvcob ce tdb N__ olescsts li KC_, KW_, V_, jen schuajtcle pajtilrh. KC_ cs tdb systbh tdjt

ojpturbs, stlrbs, jejayzbs, hjejkbs, jen prbsbets njtj tdjt cs ace`bn tl j pdyscoja alojtcle. KW_ csj spjob-fjsbn kalfja ejvckjtcle sjtbaactb systbh tdjt prlvcnbs rbacjfab alojtcle jen tchbceilrhjtcle ce jey wbjtdbr, jt jaa tchbs jen jeywdbrb. V_ cs stjen-lii olaabotcle nleb uscek j

vjrcbty li nbvcobs lr bqucphbets tl kjtdbr ceilrhjtcle le j kcvbe lfmbot lr jrbj. KC_, KW_ jen

V_ tbodelalkcbs jrb chplrtjet babhbets ilr bstjfacsdcek N__, wdcod oje hbbt tdb ebbns lilfsbrvjtcle, ceilrhjtcle prlobsscek jen jejayscs. J schuajtcle pajtilrh cs usbn tl schuajtb

ncsjstbrs jen hbjsurb tdb olrrbsplencek chpabhbetjtcle biibot li bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet ce j

vcrtuja bevcrlehbet. Ct oje fb wcnbay usbn tl jssbss bhbrkbeoy pajes jen rbslurobs ncstrcfutcle.

(?) Fuscebss supplr t sbrvcob

Fuscebss supplrt sbrvcob rbibrs tl nciibrbet `cens li sbrvcobs wdcod wcaa fb usbn ce tdb prlobss li

nbocscle hj`cek. Fjsbn le tdb rbsbjrod li Hjl & ]du (677;), fuscebss supplrt sbrvcob sdluanceoaunb j njtj wjrbdlusb hjejkbhbet systbh, j hlnba fjsb hjejkbhbet systbh, j `elwabnkb

fjsb hjejkbhbet systbh, je bhbrkbeoy paje fjsb hjejkbhbet systbh, je jssbsshbet fjsbhjejkbhbet systbh, j stjtcstco fjsb hjejkbhbet systbh jen je ceibrbeob bekceb.

Njtj wjrbdlusb hjejkbhbet systbh cs j suf-systbh tl hjejkb jen hj`b njtj wjrbdlusb wlr`

hlrb biicocbeoy. ^db klja li sbttcek tdcs hjejkbhbet systbh cs tl jodcbvb j hlrb biibotcvb

Lpbrjtclesupplrtsbrvcob

K C _

K W _

V _

_chuajtcleWajtilrh


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>3

hjejkbhbet li hjsscvb jhluets li njtj fy Bxtrjot ^rjesilrh jen Aljn (BÂ)6?

, Le-Aceb

Jejaytcoja Wrlobsscek (LAJW)6>

, njtj hcecek62

jen ltdbr sbrvcobs. Hlnba fjsb hjejkbhbet

systbh cs j suf-systbh tdjt hjejkbs hlnbas. Ct djs tdrbb hjce iueotcles, ejhbay, hlnba stlrjkbhjejkbhbet, hlnba lpbrjtcle hjejkbhbet jen hlnba plrtilacl hjejkbhbet. Hlnba stlrjkb

hjejkbhbet cs usbn tl bxprbss, qubry jen hjcetjce hlnbas0 hlnba lpbrjtcle hjejkbhbet cs

usbn tl olhpcab hlnba prlkrjh, oletrla hlnba lpbrjtcle, jen ceput njtj cetl hlnbas0 hlnbaplrtilacl hjejkbhbet cs hjceay usbn tl olhfceb lr oleebot nciibrbet hlnbas.

J èlwabnkb fjsb hjejkbhbet systbh cs usbn tl hjejkb j èlwabnkb fjsb, tdrlukd jotcles

suod js qubrycek, frlwscek, jnncek, nbabtcek, hlnciycek, jen hjcetjcecek tdb njtj ce èlwabnkbfjsb. [ctd tdb nbvbalphbet li njtj hcecek tbodelalky, suod j systbh oje nck lut èlwabnkb

tdrlukd j ajrkb jhluet li njtj ce tdb njtjfjsb. Hbjewdcab, ct oje jasl chplrt ebw èlwabnkb

lftjcebn irlh tdb nbocscle hj`cek prlobss cetl tdb èlwabnkb fjsb jen tdus bercod tdb

èlwabnkb fjsb.

^db fjsco iueotcle li je bhbrkbeoy paje fjsb hjejkbhbet systbh cs tdb ceput, stlrjkb jen

lutput li pajes. Leb orctcoja suoobss ijotlr ilr bhbrkbeoy nbocscle hj`cek cs wdbtdbr tdbjpprlprcjtb bhbrkbeoy paje oje fb jotcvjtbn qucoày. Bhbrkbeoy pajes fjsb hjejkbhbet systbh

wjs bstjfacsdbn ilr ijocactjtcek tdb hjejkbhbet li vjrclus bhbrkbeoy pajes.

Je jssbsshbet fjsb hjejkbhbet systbh cs hjceay jppacbn tl jkkrbkjtb vjrclus typbs li

jssbsshbet ceilrhjtcle, suod js bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet ceilrhjtcle lr nbocscle hj`cek

pbrilrhjeob jssbsshbet ceilrhjtcle. Fjsbn le tdb jkkrbkjtbn bvjaujtcle ceilrhjtcle, N__ oje

lptchczb nbocscle hj`cek le j rbkuajr fjscs, chprlvcek tdb qujacty li bjray wjrecek jejayscs,bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet, oajsscicojtcle, jen nbocscle hj`cek pbrilrhjeob bvjaujtcle.

J stjtcstco fjsb hjejkbhbet systbh cs usbn tl jkkrbkjtb stjtcstcoja ceilrhjtcle ce tdb stjtcstco

fjsb joolrncek tl tdb spbocico nbocscle hj`cek rbqubst. ^db jkkrbkjtbn ceilrhjtcle cs usbn tlsupplrt tdb rbabvjet nbocscle hj`cek prlobss.

Je ceibrbeob bekceb69

cs leb li tdb hlst chplrtjet babhbets li N__, wdcod cs usbn tl olhpabtb

tdb prlobss li rbjslecek jen tdbe tl jsscst ce kbttcek tl tdb iceja rbsuat li nbocscle hj`cek.

Ceibrbeob bekcebs olestruots j rbjslecek odjce irlh tdb rjw ceilrhjtcle, tl tdb cetbkrjtbn

ceilrhjtcle, jen, jitbr rbjslecek, tl je ueèlwe tjrkbtbn nbocscle hj`cek rbsuat. Joolrncek tltdb nyejhco ceilrhjtcle nurcek je bjrtdquj`b jen tdb fjsco ceilrhjtcle ce tdb njtjfjsb, N__

sdluan usb je ceibrbeob bekceb tl rbjsle, jen tdbe nbvbalp nbocscle hj`cek prlplsjas.

6?BÂ cs j prlobss ce njtjfjsb usjkb jen bspbocjaay ce njtj wjrbdluscek. Ct cevlavbs= bxtrjotcek njtj irlh lutscnbslurobs0 trjesilrhcek njtj tl ict lpbrjtcleja ebbns0 aljncek ct cetl tdb ben tjrkbt (njtjfjsb lr njtj wjrbdlusb).6>

LAJW cs je jpprljod tl swcitay jeswbr huatc-nchbescleja jejaytcoja qubrcbs. 62

^db prlobss li bxtrjotcek pjttbres irlh njtj.69

Ceibrbeob bekceb cs j olhputbr prlkrjh tdjt trcbs tl nbrcvb jeswbrs irlh j èlwabnkb fjsb.


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27

(>) Wr lfabh prlobsscek sbrvcob

J prlfabh prlobsscek sbrvcob cs, icrstay lftjcecek ceilrhjtcle irlh njtj wjrbdlusb, hlnba fjsb,

`elwabnkb fjsb, bhbrkbeoy paje fjsb, jssbsshbet fjsb jen stjtcstco fjsb, jejayzcek tdb prlfabhjen tdbe nbsckecek tdb slautcle sodbhbs.

Wrlfabh prlobsscek sbrvcobs ceoaunb prlfabh jejayscs jen prlfabh slavcek systbhs. J prlfabhjejayscs systbh cs usbn tl jttjce ceilrhjtcle irlh rbabvjet njtjfjsbs jen tdbe jej ayzb tdb

nbocscle qubstcles. J prlfabh slavcek systbh cs usbn tl nbja wctd tdb jejayzbn prlfabhs uetca

tdb slautcles jrb prlhltbn jen tdbe sben tdb jejayzbn rbsuats tl tdb nbocscle jppacojtcle

pajtilrh.

Fuscebsssupplrtsbrvcob

Njtjwjrbdlusb

H_

@elwabnkbFjsb H_

Hlnba FjsbH_

CetbrijobBekceb

Waje FjsbH_

JssbsshbetFjsb H_

_tjtcstcoFjsb H_

Wrlfabhprlobsscek

sbrvcob

WrlfabhJejayscssystbh

Wrlfabh_lavcek_ystbh


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2:

>.6.?.6 Nbocscle jppacojtcle pajtilrh.

J nbocscle jppacojtcle pajtilrh cs j olrb olhplebet li N__, wdcod cs hjceay usbn tl supplrt tdb

chpabhbetjtcle li tdb nbocscle hj`cek iueotcles ncsoussbn ce odjptbr ?= bjray wjrecek jejayscs,

sbcshco bvbet jen lrkjeczjtcle oajsscicojtcle, bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet, bhbrkbeoy pajesbabotcle, bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbet, rbslurob ncstrcfutcle, rbslurobs sodbnuacek,

nbocscle ceilrhjtcle lftjcehbet, jen nbocscle hj`cek pbrilrhjeob bvjaujtcle. ^db rbjsles wdy

wb sbt tdcs pajtilrh jrb, icrst, oajssciycek tdb nbocscle hj`cek rbqubsts fbilrb prlobsscek wcaabedjeob tdb biicocbeoy li nbocscle hj`cek rbsuats0 sbolenay, :7 nbocscle supplrt iueotcles jrb

odjrjotbrcstco li lur bjrtdquj`b bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet N__. ^dus tdbsb iueotcles sdluan fb

acstbn tl ncstcekucsd tdcs pjrtcouajr N__.

J nbocscle jppacojtcle pajtilrh cs usbn tl oleebot tdb nbocscle supplrt pajtilrh jen tdb usbr

cetbrijob. [dbe lftjcecek j nbocscle hj`cek rbqubst irlh usbr cetbrijob, tdb rbqubst wcaa fb

ncstrcfutbn cetl tdb rbajtbn iueotcle. Rtcaczcek rbabvjet ceilrhjtcle irlh tdb njtjfjsb, hlnba

fjsb, `elwabnkb fjsb, bhbrkbeoy paje fjsb, jssbsshbet fjsb jen stjtcstco fjsb, tdb rbqubst csprlobssbn ce tdb nbocscle supplrt pajtilrh, jen j nbocscle hj`cek rbsuat wcaa fb prlnuobn. ^dcs

rbsuat wcaa fb ibn fjo` cetl tdb rbabvjet nbocscle jppacojtcle pajtilrh, jen tdbe sbet tl tdb

nbocscle hj`br jutlhjtcojaay.

>.6.> Rsbr cetbrijob.

Rsbr cetbrijob, js je cetbkrja pjrt li tdb N__, cs tdb flen tdjt oleebots pblpab jen tdb N__

systbh. Le tdb leb djen, pblpab chplrt ceilrhjtcle tl N__ lr sufhct tdbcr nbocscle ebbns tl tdb

systbh0 le tdb ltdbr djen, tdb N__ prlvcnbs slautcles lr nbocscle supplrt ceilrhjtcle tl pblpabtdrlukd tdb cetbrijob. Jnnctcleja ceilrhjtcle irlh pblpab tdrlukd tdb cetbrijob hjy fb rbqucrbn

tl olhpabtb slhb nbocscle tjs`s.

Lur usbr cetbrjots wctd tdb Ajekujkb _ystbh (A_) jen tdb Wrbsbetjtcle _ystbh (W_), wdcod ce

ture cetbrjot wctd tdb Wrlfabh Wrlobsscek _ystbh (WW_). ^db A_ jen tdb W_ olestctutb tdb usbr

cetbrijob, jen tdbsb sufsystbhs trjesajtb usbrs rbqubsts js wbaa jsrbsplesb irlh tdb systbhkbebrjtbn fy tdb WW_. ^db WW_ usbs `elwabnkb irlh @_ tl supplrt nbocscle hj`cek prlobssbs.


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26

^db hjce tjs` li tdb usbr cetbrijobs ceoaunbs tdb ilaalwcek=

Oletrla N__= ct jaalws nbocscle hj`brs tl oletrla tdb systbh tdrlukd tdb cetbrijob.

Wrlvcnb nbocscle hj`brs wctd vjrclus ilrhs li cetbrjotcle wctd cetbrijob= nbocscle

hj`brs oje joobss N__ tdrlukd [bf pjkb, oacbet-scnb systbh, obaa pdleb, WNJ jen ltdbrodjeebas joolrncek tl tdbcr pbrhcsscle abvbas.

Ceput jen lutput= nbocscle hj`brs olrrbotay ceput njtj jen rbabvjet pjrjhbtbrs, jen tdbN__ sdluan fb jfab tl olrrbotay lutput tdb lpbrjtcle rbsuats tl nbocscle hj`brs.

Jnjptjfcacty= tdb cetbrijob sdluan fb jfab tl bxpjen jen jnjpt tl odjekbs.

^db fbalw ickurb sdlw dlw usbr olhhuecojtb, rbqubst njtj irlh dcs hlfcab nbvcobs jen

rbobcvbs rbsplens jen cestruotcles irlh oletrla obetbr usbrs, jen Nbocscle _upplrt _ystbholhplebets.


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2?

>.6.2 ^db rbajtclesdcp li tdb olrb olhplebets.

^db prbvclus icvb sbotcles djvb ncsoussbn tdb lvbrjaa jrodctboturb li N__, jen tdb struoturb jen

iueotcle li bjod ajybr. Dlwbvbr, tdb kbebrja irjhbwlr` li N__ nlbs elt bxpajce dlw bjod ajybr

cetbroleebots wctd ltdbrs. ^db ilaalwcek sbotcle wcaa ncsouss dlw tdb olrb olhplebets wlr`tlkbtdbr tl prlnuob biibotcvb nbocscle hj`cek slautcles.

>.6.2.: _truoturb li olrb olhplebets.

Ickurb >-6: sdlws tdb rbajtclesdcp li tdb olrb olhplebets ce tdb jrodctboturb. Njtj olaabotcek

kjtdbrs rbabvjet ceilrhjtcle irlh tdb usbr cetbrijob jen trjeshcts tdb ceilrhjtcle tdrlukd tdb

djrnwjrb supplrt ajybr tl fjsco ceilrhjtcle ajybr. Jaa `cens li nciibrbet njtj fjsbs ce ickurb >-6:

fbalek tl fjsco ceilrhjtcle jen fuscebss ceilrhjtcle pjrts ce tdb fjsco ceilrhjtcle ajybr.

^db njtj wjrbdlusb jen njtj wjrbdlusb hjejkbhbet systbh, hlnba fjsb jen hlnba fjsb

hjejkbhbet systbh, jen tdb ltdbr fjsb jen cts rbajtbn hjejkbhbet systbh fbalek tlolhprbdbescvb ceilrhjtcle ce tdb fjsco ceilrhjtcle ajybr jen fuscebss supplrt sbrvcob ce tdbnbocscle supplrt pajtilrh rbspbotcvbay. ^db ceibrbeob bekceb cs jasl pjrt li fuscebss supplrt

sbrvcob ce tdb nbocscle supplrt pajtilrh.

^db prlfabh prlobsscek sbrvcob fbaleks tl tdb nbocscle supplrt pajtilrh ce prlfabh prlobss

ajybr. Yjrclus nbocscle hj`cek iueotcles fbalek tl tdb nbocscle jppacojtcle pajtilrh. Icejaay, tdb

usbr cetbrijob fbaleks tl tdb usbr cetbrijob ajybr.

>.6.2.6 [lr`cek prceocpab li tdb olrb olhplebets.

Irlh flttlh tl up, tdb wlr`cek prceocpabs li olrb olhplebets ce tdb lvbrjaa N__ irjhbwlr`

oje fb suhhjrczbn js ilaalws=

:) Njtj olaabotcek kjtdbrs vjaujfab ceilrhjtcle tdrlukd tdb djrnwjrb supplrt ajybr jentdbe stlrbs tdb ceilrhjtcle ce vjrclus rbajtbn njtjfjsbs. ^db njtj wjrbdlusb bxtrjots,

trjesilrhs jen aljns tdb fjsco ceilrhjtcle jen fuscebss ceilrhjtcle irlh rbabvjet

njtjfjsbs jen tdbe sjvbs tdbh cetl tdb njtj wjrbdlusb joolrncek tl tdbcr tlpcos. Jt tdbsjhb tchb, njtj hcecek oje lftjce rbacjfab ceilrhjtcle irlh ajrkb njtj sbts jen stlrb ctce tdb èlwabnkb fjsb iurtdbr bercodcek tdb oletbet li tdb èlwabnkb fjsb. (Cehle,

:339).

6)

Joolrncek tl tdb spbocico rbqubsts li nbocscle hj`cek, tdb hlnba fjsb jen hlnba fjsbhjejkbhbet systbh, èlwabnkb fjsb jen èlwabnkb fjsb hjejkbhbet systbh, jen

ltdbr fjsb jen cts rbajtbn hjejkbhbet systbh oje bxtrjot rbabvjet hlnbas, bhbrkbeoy

pajes, èlwabnkb, stjtcstcoja ceilrhjtcle jen jssbsshbet rbsuats irlh rbajtbn njtjfjsb.Fjsbn le tdb lftjcebn njtj, tdb ceibrbeob bekceb oje olenuot j rbjslecek prlobss,

joolrncek tl tdb nyejhco ceilrhjtcle jflut tdb bjrtdquj`b.


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Ickurb >-6: Vbajtclesdcp li olrb olhplebets ce tdb jrodctboturb.

?)

Fjsbn le tdb prbvclus stbp, tdb prlfabh prlobsscek systbh hj`bs iuaa usb li tdbjvjcajfab njtj jen tdb ceibrbeob bekceb tl jejayzb jen slavb nbocscle hj`cek prlfabhs.

>) ^db usbr cetbrijob cs usbn tl kucnb usbrs tl cetbrjot wctd tdb systbh= icrst, tl nbiceb tdb

nbocscle prlfabh0 tdbe tl sufhct tdb rbqubst jen rbabvjet systbh pjrjhbtbrs tl N__0jitbr systbh lpbrjtcles, tdb bhbrkbeoy rbsplesb nbocscle wcaa uatchjtbay fb kbebrjtbn

jen ibn fjo` tl tdb nbocscle hj`brs.


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>.? @by njtj fjsbs nbscke.

>.?.: Njtj fjsb nbscke.

N__ cs j ajrkb olhpabx systbh, cevlavcek frljn jen ncvbrsb `cens li njtj. Ce lrnbr tl jodcbvbsystbh iueotcles biibotcvbay jen rbnuob njtj rbnuenjeoy, ct cs fbttbr tl olescnbr jaa tdb njtjfjsbs

tdjt j N__ ebbns fbilrb cts olestruotcle. ^db ebbnbn njtjfjsbs wbrb ncvcnbn cetl tdrbb stjkbs=

_tjkb :- Bjray [jreceks,_tjkb6Nurcek bjrtdquj`b, _tjkb ?Jitbr bjrtdquj`b.

_tjkb :- Bjray [jreceks=

Euhfbr Ejhb Kbebrja Oletbets

Wrb-Bjrtdquj`b

: _pjtcja & Kblkrjpdco ceilrhjtcle Njtjfjsb Kblkrjpdcoja ceilrhjtcle jen cts

jnhcecstrjtcvb jrbj.

6 Hjtbrcjas rbsbrvb Njtjfjsb ^db ncstrcfutcle, qujetcty jen stlrjkb

rbajtbn ceilrhjtcle le illn, oaltdbs,tbets jen ltdbr rbacbi suppacbs0 rbsbrvb

jcn hjeuijoturbrs jen tdbcr njcay

prlnuotcle ojpjocty ceilrhjtcle.

? Wlpuajtcle Njtjfjsb Wlpuajtcle nbescty, olhplsctcle jen

ltdbr rbabvjet ceilrhjtcle, suod js,olhhuecty (sbttabhbet) ncstrcfutcle,

ialjtcek plpuajtcle ncstrcfutcle, sodlla

plpuajtcle ncstrcfutcle, jen ilrbckebr

ncstrcfutcle

> Fucancek stjtus Njtjfjsb Ncstrcfutcle ceilrhjtcle le pufacopajobs, ceoauncek tdbcr vlauhb,

struoturb, jen ltdbr rbajtbn

ceilrhjtcle0 ceilrhjtcle le tdbourrbet fucanceks

2 Hlectlrcek bqucphbet Njtjfjsb Ncstrcfutcle jen jttrcfutbs ceilrhjtcle

le `cens li hlectlrcek cestruhbets,suod js, bjrtdquj`b hbjsurcek

cestruhbet, hbtblrlalkcoja

hbjsurbhbet cestruhbet.

9 Ijocactcbs ncstrcfutcle Njtjfjsb ^db ncstrcfutcle ceilrhjtcle lehbncoja, icrbhbe, placob, jen jrhy0

jen tdbcr ijocactcbs rbajtbn ceilrhjtcle

; Olhhuecojtcle ijocactcbs ncstrcfutcle Olhhuecojtcle ijocactcbs ncstrcfutcle


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Njtjfjsb ceilrhjtcle, suod js, olhhuecojtcle

acebs jen stjtcles, bhbrkbeoyolhhuecojtcle ebtwlr`

4 ^rjesplrtjtcle plwbr Njtjfjsb ^db ncstrcfutcle, ojpjocty, jen ltdbrrbabvjet ceilrhjtcle li trjesplrtjtcle

tbjhs3 Vbsoub bqucphbets Njtjfjsb ^db ncstrcfutcle jen qujetcty

ceilrhjtcle le rbsoub bqucphbets,

suod js, orjeb, bxojvjtlrs

:7 Dcstlrcoja stjtcstco Njtjfjsb Dcstlrcoja njtj le prbvclusbjrtdquj`b, suod js, hjkectunb,

ojsujatcbs, bolelhco alss

:: Bxpbrt Njtjfjsb Vbolrn rbabvjet ceilrhjtcle lebxpbrts, suod js, ejhb, hjmlr icban,

oletjot ceilrhjtcle, jen oajsscoja

bjrtdquj`b bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet

ojsbs tdby djvb slavbn:6 Ilrbojstcek jen wjrecek njtjfjsb Wrbncotcle jen wjrecek ceilrhjtcle le

wbjtdbr, bjrtdquj`b, jen ltdbr rbajtbn

ceilrhjtcle

_tjkb6 Nurcek Bjrtdquj`b=


Bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet

: Ceocnbet rbplrt Njtjfjsb Vbja-tchb ceilrhjtcle le tdb pufaco ceocnbets,

rbolrncek wdbe, wdbrb, rbjsle, rbsplesb hbjsurbs

jen rbsuats6 Le-sctb ceilrhjtcle Njtjfjsb Vbolrn tdb le-sctb bjrtdquj`b ceilrhjtcle,

ceoauncek vcnbl, pcoturbs

? Vbabjsbn ceilrhjtcle Njtjfjsb Vbabjsbn bjrtdquj`b rbajtbn ceilrhjtcle tl tdb

pufaco nurcek bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet

> [bjtdbr hlectlrcek Njtjfjsb Hlectlrcek ceilrhjtcle le tbhpbrjturb, wcenspbbn, wcen ncrbotcle, jen rjceijaa bto.

2 _bcshco hlectlrcek Njtjfjsb Hlectlrcek ceilrhjtcle le bjrtdquj`b jen kblalky

9 ^rjiico hlectlrcek Njtjfjsb Hlectlrcek ceilrhjtcle le trjiico.

; _bcshco bvbet oajsscicojtcle

cenbx Njtjfjsb

Ceilrhjtcle le sbcshco bvbet oajsscicojtcle cenbx

systbh.

4 Lrkjeczjtcle oajsscicojtclecenbx Njtjfjsb

Ceilrhjtcle le bhbrkbeoy lrkjeczjtcleoajsscicojtcle cenbx systbh.

3 Bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle

Njtjfjsb

Dcstlrcoja bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle ceilrhjtcle

jen tdb olenctcles li odllscek bjod paje.

:7 Bhbrkbeoy paje jnmusthbet

Njtjfjsb

Vbjsles ilr bhbrkbeoy paje jnmusthbet, jen

ceilrhjtcle le dlw tl jnmust pajes.

:: Vbslurob ncstrcfutcle Vbabvjet ceilrhjtcle le rbslurob alojtcle,


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Njtjfjsb olvbrjkb jen jaalojtcle.

:6 Vbslurob sodbnuacek Njtjfjsb Vbabvjet ceilrhjtcle le tdb pajob, qujetcty jen

rlutb li rbslurob sodbnuacek.

:? Ceilrhjtcle rbslurob

cetbkrjtcle Njtjfjsb

Lftjce ceilrhjtcle irlh vjrclus odjeebas jen

cetbkrjtb tdbh.

_tjkb ? Jitbr Bjrtdquj`b=


Wlst-bjrtdquj`b

: Bhbrkbeoy alss Njtjfjsb Ceilrhjtcle le bjrtdquj`b-trckkbrbn alssbs, suod js,ojsujatcbs, bolelhco alssbs tl tdb octy

6 Bhbrkbeoy alss Njtjfjsb _uhhjry ceilrhjtcle li rbdjfcactjtcle ceilrhjtcleirlh klvbrehbet jcn, slocja jsscstjeob jen

cesurjeob oajchs? Bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet

njtjfjsb

Bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet cenbx systbh jen

dcstlrcoja bvjaujtcle njtj

> Nbocscle hj`cek bvjaujtcle

Njtjfjsb

Ceilrhjtcle le nbocscle hj`cek bvjaujtcle cenbx

systbh jen dcstlrcoja bvjaujtcle njtj.

2 Bjrtdquj`b ojsb Njtjfjsb Ceilrhjtcle li bjrtdquj`b bhbrkbeoy hjejkbhbet

ojsbs.

Fjsbn le tdbsb njtjfjsbs, tdb njtj wjrbdlusb wcaa bxtrjot tdb ebbnbn njtj fy uscek obrtjce

bxtrjotcle jen olevbrscle tllas. ^db njtj wluan fb stlrbn sbpjrjtbay joolrncek tl nciibrbet

tdbhbs jen oluan fb usbn tl fbttbr supplrt tdb nbocscle hj`cek prlobss.

>.?.6 Hlnba fjsb nbscke.

J vbry prlhcscek jspbot li j N__ cs cts jfcacty tl cetbkrjtb njtj joobss jen nbocscle hlnbas, tdb

hlnba fjsb ce lur rbsbjrod cs nbsckebn ceoauncek j hlnba fjsb jen j hlnba fjsb hjejkbhbetsystbh. ^db hlnba fjsb cs j stjtco njtj-fjsb usbn tl stlrb hlnbas ce j obrtjce struoturja ilrh.

^db kbebrja typbs li hlnbas ceoaunbn ce tdb hlnba fjsb oluan fb, ilr cestjeob, jakbfrjco hlnbas,

ilrbojstcek hlnbas, lptchczjtcle hlnbas, nbocscle jejaytco hlnbas, schuajtcle hlnbas, jen

nciibrbetcja bqujtcle hlnbas. ^db hlnba fjsb hjejkbhbet systbh cs usbn tl hjejkb tdb hlnbafjsbjsscstcek nbocscle hj`brs ce olestruotcek, hlnciycek, jen jppaycek vjrclus hlnbas.

Ce lrnbr tl jvlcn hlnba rbpbtctcle jen rbnuenjeoy, tdb hlnba fjsb cs nbsckebn tl fb j sdjrbn

rbslurob, jen jaa tdb hlnbas oje fb rbusbn jen cevl`bn fy nciibrbet nbocscle hj`cek iueotcles.Ce jnnctcle, hlnbas oje fb usbn tlkbtdbr (twl lr hlrb hlnbas jrb olhfcebn tl slavb leb

prlfabh) ce lrnbr tl jodcbvb j fbttbr slautcle.


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(:) Bjra y wjrecek jejayscs

^dbrb jrb ilur hlnbas ebbnbn ce tdb bjray wjrecek jejayscs iueotcle= j hlectlr hlnba, jncstcekucsd hlnba, j ncjkelsb hlnba jen j jssbss hlnba. Icrstay, tdb hlectlr hlnba cs usbn tl

olaajtb jen oajssciy bjrtdquj`b hlectlrcek ceilrhjtcle jen tdbe chplrt tdb hlectlrcek

ceilrhjtcle cetl tdb hlectlrcek ceilrhjtcle njtjfjsb. _bolenay, tdb ncstcekucsd hlnba cs usbn tlolhpjrb hlectlrcek ceilrhjtcle wctd tdb wjrecek bvjaujtcle cenbx jen ncstcekucsd tdb djzjrn-ilrhjtcvb ijotlrs. ^dcrnay, tdb ncjkelsb hlnba cs usbn tl ncjkelsb tdb chplrtjet rcs` ijotlrs fy

olhpjrcek tdbh wctd dcstlrcoja wjrecek njtj. Icejaay, tdb jssbss hlnba cs usbn tl nl j

olhprbdbescvb bvjaujtcle le tdb pltbetcja djrh, jen prlnuob j wjrecek bvjaujtcle rbplrt ilrnbocscle hj`brs.

(6) Oajssci cojtcle

Js tdb wlr`cek prlobss li sbcshco bvbet oajsscicojtcle cs jahlst tdb sjhb js lrkjeczjtcle

oajsscicojtcle, tdb hlnba utcaczbn ce tdb twl prlobssbs cs tdb sjhb. ^dus, wb wcaa ncsouss tdbh

tlkbtdbr. Hjtodcek cs tdb leay hlnba ebbnbn ce tdcs wlr`cek prlobss. ^dcs hlnba cs usbn tlolhpjrb fjsco ceilrhjtcle le je bjrtdquj`b lr je lrkjeczjtcle wctd tdb rbajtbn oajsscicojtcle

cenbx systbh. Ci tdb olenctcles li tdb bjrtdquj`b lr tdb lrkjeczjtcle hjtod tdb rbajtbn

oajsscicojtcle cenbx, tdbe tdb oajsscicojtcle rbsuat wcaa fb kbebrjtbn.

(?)Bhbrkbeoy paje hjejkbhbet

Bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet

Joolrncek tl tdb wlr`cek prlobss li bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet, tdrbb typbs li hlnbas jrbebbnbn ce bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet= hjtodcek hlnbas, schuajtcle hlnbas jen nbocscle

jejaytco hlnbas. Hjtodcek hlnbas jrb jppacbn tl olhpjrb tdb bhbrkbeoy paje ceilrhjtcle wctd

tdb bhbrkbeoy paje bvjaujtcle cenbx, jen kbebrjtb bvjaujtcle rbsuat. _chuajtcle hlnbas jrb usbntl schuajtb chpabhbetjtcle jen kbebrjtb j schuajtcle rbsuat. Nbocscle jejaytco hlnbas ceoaunb

vjrclus jejayscs hbtdlns, suod js Jejaytcoja Dcbrjrody Wrlobss (JDW)6;

, nbocscle hjtrcx64

jen

nbocscle trbb63

. Ce bhbrkbeoy paje jssbsshbet, tdb nbocscle jejaytco hlnba cs usbn tl nl j

olhprbdbescvb bvjaujtcle le bhbrkbeoy pajes jen kbebrjtb je bvjaujtcle rbsuat.

Bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle

_chcajr tl oajsscicojtcle, bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle leay ebbns j hjtodcek hlnba. Ct cs usbn tlolhpjrb sbcshco bvbet oajsscicojtcle rbsuats wctd tdb usb olenctcles jen solpb li bjod

bhbrkbeoy paje ce tdb bhbrkbeoy paje njtjfjsb jen tdbe prlnuob tdb bhbrkbeoy paje sbabotcle

rbsuat.

6; JDW cs j struoturbn tbodecqub ilr nbjacek wctd olhpabx nbocscles. Ct prlvcnbs j olhprbdbescvb jen rjtcleja

irjhbwlr` ilr struoturcek j nbocscle prlfabh, ilr rbprbsbetcek jen qujetciycek cts babhbets, ilr rbajtcek tdlsb

babhbets tl lvbrjaa kljas, jen ilr bvjaujtcek jatbrejtcvb slautcles.64

J nbocscle hjtrcx cs je jrrjekbhbet li qujactjtcvb lr qujetctjtcvb vjaubs ce rlws jen olauhes tdjt jaalw jejejayst tl systbhjtcojaay cnbetciy, jejayzb, jen rjtb tdb strbektd li rbajtclesdcps fbtwbbe sbts li ceilrhjtcle.63

J nbocscle trbb cs j nbocscle supplrt tlla tdjt usbs j trbb-ac`b krjpd lr hlnba li nbocscles jen tdbcr plsscfabolesbqubeobs.


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Bhbrkbeoy paje nyejhco jnmusthbet

^dbrb jrb twl hlnbas ebbnbn ce tdcs nbocscle hj`cek iueotcle, tdb nbocscle jejaytco hlnba jen

tdb jnmustcek hlnba. ^db nbocscle jejaytco hlnba cs usbn tl olhpjrb tdb bxpbotbn bhbrkbeoypaje chpabhbetjtcle rbsuat wctd tdb jotuja sctujtcle tl odbo` wdbtdbr tdb bhbrkbeoy paje cs wbaa

bxboutbn lr tl jnjpt tl odjekbs. Leob tdb bhbrkbeoy paje ebbns tl fb jnmustbn, tdb jnmustcekhlnba wcaa fb jotcvjtbn. Ct cs usbn tl kbebrjtb bhbrkbeoy paje jnmusthbet rbplrts joolrncek tltdb odjekbs li tdb bjrtdquj`bs biibots.

(>) Vbslurob hjejkbhbet

Vbslurob

^drbb typbs li hlnbas jrb ebbnbn ce tdb rbslurob ncstrcfutcle iueotcle= j alojtcle hlnba, j

olvbrjkb hlnba jen j hjtdbhjtcoja hlnba. J alojtcle hlnba cs je lpbrjtcle hlnba, wdcod cs

usbn ilr slavcek tdb lptchja alojtcle sbabotcle prlfabh. Ce tdb wlr`cek prlobss li r

mohammad ali hasanein – 10910388 grad project-earthquake decision support system- submitted to dr....

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