module 2a - cytology & physiology

7/31/2019 Module 2a - Cytology & Physiology

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Bacterial Cytology &Physiology

Bacterial Taxonomy

Parts of a bacterial cell

Specialized structures in bacteria


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Taxonomical LadderKingdom MoneraPhylum

Class

OrderFamily

Genus

Specie - Type &Strain

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Fungi

Kingdom Monera


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New Classification:

Carl Woese based on cellularorganization (Domain above Kingdom)

Bacteria cell wall w/ peptidoglycan

Archaea cell walls, if present lack

peptidoglycan

Eukarya Protista, Fungus, Plants,Animals


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Characters used to classify

BacteriaMorphology- cellshapes & struc.

Biochemistry &

Physiology - condi-tions & process

Serology - FAT &slide agglutination

Phage typing

Percentage of DNAbase pairs

DNA sequence

DNA hybridization sequence of amino

acids in proteins

protein profiles

sequence of rRNA


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Prokaryote VS. Eucaryote
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Procaryotesappendages: pili,

flagella, axial filamentsin spirochetes

Usually glycocalyx is

present

outer membrane presentin gram (-)

cell wall in all eubacteria

presence ofplasma membrane

undiff. cytoplasm

non-membranebound organelles

1 circular DNA

binary fission

1 to few u


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Eucaryotes

different flagella fromprocaryotes

very few hasglycocalyx

no outer memb.

no cell wall

plasma membrane-

phospholipid bilayer

cytoskeleton &cytoplasmic streaming

membrane bound

organellespaired chromosome

mitosis & meiosis

no endospores

> than 10 u


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Bacterial Cytology

Structures external to the cell wall

The cell Wall

Structures internal to the cell wall

General Structures

Specialized structures


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External to the cell wall:

Glycocalyx

sugar coat

Viscous, gelatinous polymer on the external ofthe cell, composed of polysaccharide,polypeptide or both

Capsule

If Glycocalyx is organized and firmly

attached to the cell wall, capsule is formed

Determines virulence of the cell

Negative Staining


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Slime layer - If the substance is

unorganized & loosely attached to cell wall.EPS ( Extracellular polysaccharide )

Glycocalyx made of sugar- enables the bacteriato attach to various surfaces in the natural

environment in order to survive.

Flagella/Flagellum ( whip )

Long filamentous appendages that propelbacteria


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Arrangements of flagella:

Monotrichous

single polarAmphitrichous tuft at each end

Lophotricous 2 or more at one end

Peritrichous

entire cellAtricous no flagella

Flagellar rotation depend on cells continuous

generation of energy

Flagellar motion run, swim, tumble, swarm


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Axial Filaments

Unique in spirochetes, also calledendoflagella, which are bundles of fibrilsthat arise at the ends of the cell beneath anouter sheath and spiral around the cell.

Propulsion causes spiral motion orcorkscrew movement


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Fimbriae & Pili:

Fimbriae/Fimbria can occur at the poles of the cell or evenly

distributed all over

Functions for cell attachment/ in the

absence colonization cannot happen so nodisease ensues

Pili/Pilus

Longer than fimbriae, only 1

2 per cellPreparation for DNA transfer sex pili


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The Cell Wall

Complex, semi rigid structureresponsible for the shape of the cell

Composed of peptidoglycan (also

known as murein) made up of NAG ( N-acetylglucosamine) and NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid).

Structures on the disaccharide portion is

repeating.


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Gram + & - cell walls:

Most gram (+) bacteria have many layers of peptidoglycanin the cell wall forming a thick rigid structure while gram (-)only contain 1 thin layer of peptidoglycan.

Gram (+) contains teichoic acid consisting primarily of analcohol & phosphate

Lipoteichoic Acid

Wall teichoic Acid

Gram (-) cell walls are susceptible to mechanical breakagebecause they contain only small amount of peptidoglycan


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Internal to the Cell Wall:

Plasma Membrane/Bacterial Membrane

Cytoplasm

The Nucleus

Ribosomes Inclusions

Metachromatic granules

Magnetosomes

Endospores


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Bacterial Membrane

Functions:

osmosis &permeability

cell divisionprimer for

biosynthesis

site of Ag

determinant

Demonstrated by:

Plasmolysis

Stain - Victoria

BlueIsolation - Diff.

centrifuge

Ultrathin

sections


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Bacterial shapes &arrangements

Coccus -

single, diplo,tetrad, sarcinae,

strepto , staphylo.Bacillus -

single, diplo,strepto

Spirillus

wavy, corkscrew,comma-shaped

Spiral bacteria mayhave 1 or moretwists


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Additional Shapes

Star shaped cells Genus Stella

Rectangular flat cells halophilicGenus Haloarcula

Triangular shaped cells


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Basis of Shape:

Shape of the bacterium is primarilydependent on heredity.

Generally bacteria are monomorphic,

maintain 1 single shapeDue to environmental conditions, some

bacteria tend to become pleomorphicwhich makes identification difficult. I.e.

Rhizobium & Corynebacterium


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Trivia:

Is coccobacilli a coccus or a bacilli?Maybe both or neither of the two?

Why do bacillus not have tetrads orclusters?


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module 2a - cytology & physiology

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