Module 20 (7th)

Module 21 (8th)

Classical Conditioning

Juggle?

Can you???...

LEARNING

Ride a bike? Drive stick

shift?

Train your dog?

That means this took place!!!

Tie your shoe?Bake a cake?

Three Types of Learning

1. Classical Conditioning

2. Operant Conditioning

3. Observational Learning

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Definition

Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

We learn to:

1.Expect & prepares for significant events like food or pain (classical)

2.Repeat acts that bring good results or avoid acts that bring bad results (operant)

3.Watch others to learn new behaviors (observational)

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What is Behaviorism?

• Psychological perspective that emphasizing the role of learning and experience in determining behavior.

• the study of psychology should focus purely on observable behaviors and NOT unobservable thoughts.

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John B. WatsonFounder of behaviorismA strict behaviorist

believes that babies are tabula rasa (blank slate)

John Locke (nurture)

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One way we learn…• ‘Learning by Association’ – people learn to

associate a particular response with a particular stimulus.

e.g. When asked a question (stimulus) in class you have learned to automatically put your hand up (response)

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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNZv-ByPkU

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4J_cF7l3Bw

• Sequences of action triggered by biological factors which occur in a fixed systematic pattern behavior as a result of instincts

Fixed Action Patterns

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Associative Learning learning that two events occur together

Can you name all the songs in order on a CD…

“know” which one is next???What follows?O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?..

And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air

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Stimulus-Stimulus Learning

Learning to associate one stimulus w/another.

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Classical ConditioningIt all started with: Ivan Pavlov

1. studied digestive secretions2. stumbles on Classical Conditioning

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3. Pavlov creates ideas of conditioning as a way of learning

4. His work became foundation for later behaviorists like John Watson and

B. F. Skinner.

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Classical Conditioning

1. occurs when a stimulus that naturally elicits a response (an unconditioned stimulus) is paired with another stimulus that does not initially elicit this response.

2. Over time the second stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) comes to elicit the response as well.

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Classical Conditioning

–An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDESPRECEDES it a response and its consequences

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Terms in Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) The stimulus (change) that naturally triggers

the unconditioned response (UCR) The food in mouth will cause salivation

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Terms in Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned Response (UCR)unlearned, naturally occurring response

to the unconditioned stimulussalivation when food is in the mouth

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)originally neutral stimulus (NS) that,

after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Terms in Classical Conditioning

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Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously

neutral stimulus

Terms in Classical Conditioning

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Conditions Necessary for Classical Conditioning

1. There must be a reflex action

2. UCS leads to UCR

3. The CS must precede the UCS

4. Repetition of the NS + UCS sequence leads to formation of the CS CR

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Identifying Parts - Pavlov

1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)Food

2. Unconditioned Response (UCR)Salivation

3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)Bell

4. Conditioned Response (CR)Salivation

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Pavlov’s Experiments

•Before conditioning food (Unconditioned Stimulus, UCS) produces salivation (Unconditioned Response, UCR).

•The tone (neutral stimulus) does not.

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During conditioning, neutral stimulus (tone) and UCS (food) are paired resulting in salivation (UCR).

After conditioning neutral stimulus (now Conditioned Stimulus (CS) elicits salivation (now Conditioned Response (CR)

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Bell Food Salivationl

Bell Salivation

Pavlov Visits “The Office”

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• Pavlov spent his life outlining his ideas

• acquisition

• generalization

• spontaneous recovery

• discrimination

• extinction

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• He came up with 5 critical terms that together make up classical conditioning.

Acquisition

The initial stage in classical conditioning during which association between a neutral stimulus and a UCS takes place.

The CS needs to come half a second before the UCS to cause acquisition.

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Stimulus GeneralizationA response can be generalized to other like stimuli

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Spontaneous Recovery

After a rest period an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers and if CS (tone) persists alone CR becomes extinct again.

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Stimulus Discrimination

• the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS.

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ExtinctionWhen a UCS (food) does not follow a CS (tone) CR (salivation) starts to decrease and at some point goes extinct.

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1. Acquisition: strength of response increases rapidly2. Extinction: CR declines until extinguished3. Rest period: time w/no CSspontaneousrecovery occursweakened response (CR)4. CS alonebehavior is extinguished5. Another Rest Period: SR but even weaker

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1 23

4 5

UCS (sting) UCR

FEARNS (bee)

CS

(bee)

Apiphobia – a fear of bees

+

CR

FEAR

association

This can happen after one bad experience – ONE TRIAL LEARNING

Little Albert

• John Watson – Father of Behaviorism• Little Albert – 11 month old orphan• Showed him a white rat. No fear.• Made a loud noise. Albert cried.• Showed him a white rat then made a loud

noise. Albert cried. Repeated several times.

• Eventually Albert cried at white rat alone.21

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Identify the Parts – Little Albert•Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

•Loud noise

•Unconditioned Response (UCR)

•Fear/crying

•Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

•White rat

•Conditioned Response (CR)

•Fear/crying 22

Before After

Importance of Pavlov’s Work

1. classical conditioning is a basic form of learning

2. CC is one way that all organisms adapt to their environment

3. process such as learning can be studied objectively

4. suggests scientific model 23

Cognitive Processes

•Early behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of various animals could be reduced to mindless mechanisms.

•Cognition seen as unnecessary•No longer is true!

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1. Animal learns an expectancy (an awareness of how likely the UCS will occur!)2. shock always preceded by tone…3. Then sometimes by light; animal will react with fear to the tone but NOT the light…4. Although light followed by shock,

it adds no new info5. The more predictable the association, the stronger the conditioned response 25

Results of Robert Rescorla – Cognitive Processes

Higher-order Conditioning

1. CS + UCS UCR ( tone + food salivation)

2. CS CR (tone salivation)

3. New CS + CS CR ( light + tone; stimuli association; 8-10 times)

4. New CS CR ( light salivation)

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Higher-Order Conditioning

• CC can ignore cognitionlimited success!

• Therapy for alcoholism

• Antabuse is mixed in the alcohol

• CS – Alcohol CR – nausea

• UCS – antabuse UCR – nausea

• What if person is aware that the drug is causing the nausea –

• cognition!!

• weakens association between alcohol feeling sick!!! 28

Classical Conditioning in Therapy

John Garcia – Biological Predispositions

• Dr. John Garcia discovered a process that is similar to Classical Conditioning.

• It is called aversion conditioning.• Learning enables an organism to adapt to its

environment

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Taste Aversion Conditioning

• sometimes these responses happen because of a NEUTRAL STIMULUS (NS) – one that normally doesn’t cause a reaction.

• e.g. NS = burger. You may once have been sick after eating one.

• you then ASSOCIATE the burger(NS) with the response (vomiting)

• Next time you have a burger it makes you feel sick!! You have been Classically Conditioned

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John Garcia - Biological Predispositions

1. Challenged all associations learned equally well

2. Avoided drinking water in plastic bottles in radiation chamber

3. CC link water (CS) to the sickness (UCR) triggered by the radiation

4. Rats get particular taste, sound, or sight (CS)

5. Then gave radiation (UCS)sickness (UCR)

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John Garcia - Biological Predispositions

John Garcia

Results - two important findings:1.Garcia showed that duration between CS and

US can be long (hours) conditioning2.Biologically adaptive: CS (taste) led to conditioning and not others (light or sound).

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