module 1: managing manure for environmental protection
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Module 1: Managing Manure for Environmental Protection. By Mark Risse and Diana Rashash. Module Goals:. Understand key environ-mental issues Recognize principles of good stewardship Understand why nutrient balance is an important issue and strategies to address it on-farm - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Module 1: Managing Manure for Environmental Protection
By Mark Risse and Diana Rashash
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Module Goals: Understand key environ-
mental issues Recognize principles of good
stewardship Understand why nutrient
balance is an important issue and strategies to address it on-farm
Review basic regulatory requirements
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EPA’s Leading Sources of Water Quality ImpairmentRank Rivers Lakes Estuaries 1 Agriculture Agriculture Municipal 2 Municipal Urban Runoff Urban Runoff 3 Urban Runoff Utilities Agriculture 4 Mining Municipal Industry 5 Industry Septic Mining
Source: EPA National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress, 1993
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Sources of N and P To Watersheds in Northeast U.S.(1995 GAO report to U.S. Congress)
Atmos- Fertilizer Manure Pointphere Source
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Nitrogen Phosphorus
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Manure: Good or Bad Source of pathogens and oxygen-demanding
substances that harm water or source of organic matter that improves soil quality
Our largest source of water quality impairmentor a source of plant nutrients that can save energy and money
Source of odor and emissions that harm neighbors or a means to reduce carbon dioxide emissions that cause global warming.
Your management determines which it is!
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An Environmental Steward:
#1 Is aware of farm’s environmental risks.#2 Has NO point source discharges.
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An Environmental Steward (continued):
#3 Implements a nutrient management plan.#4 Is a good neighbor.#5 Knows the rules.
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Manure Has Environmental Benefits
Manure Manure contains organic carbon. Organic carbon is key to soil health and
structure.
Commercial fertilizer
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Environmental Benefits of Manure
Increases soil carbon Reduces soil erosion and
runoff Reduces nitrogen (N)
leaching potential Increases crop productivity Replaces energy-intensive
N fertilizer and limited resource phosphorus (P) fertilizer
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Review of Historical Soil Conservation Experiment Data (Risse and Gilley 2000)
Manure reduced total runoff by 1%-68%. Manure reduced soil erosion by 13%-77%.
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Water Quality IssuesAssociated with Animal Production
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What are the Primary Water Quality Contaminants in Manure?
Pollutant Risk to: Common PathNitrate Human/Animal
HealthLeaching toGroundwater
Ammonia Fish Kills Surface Runoff
P Eutrophication Erosion/SurfaceRunoff
Pathogens Human Health Surface Runoff
OrganicMatter
Reducedoxygen-fish kills
Surface Runoff
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Pollution from Nutrients Nitrogen
Limiting element for plant growth
Highly soluble and mobile in environment
Nitrates are health hazard Can be transferred through
atmosphere
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Pollution from Nutrients (continued) Phosphorus
Often limiting to aquatic plant growth Less mobile, erosion control important Tends to buildup in soil
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Pathogens Manure contains organisms that can
cause infection or disease. Concern for drinking
water Soil is an effective filter
for most pathogens. Land application, long-
term storage, and com-posting can reduce numbers.
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Pathogens (continued) Fecal coliform is indicator measured for water
quality. Young stock generally has higher levels of
pathogen loads.
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Point Source of Pollutiona single identifiable source of pollution, such as a pipe, through which wastewater is discharged into surface waters.
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Nonpoint Source Pollutiontakes place over a broad area and results in the release of pollutants from many different locations. Runoff and soil erosion are often the driving force for nonpoint source pollution.
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What are the Pathways by Which Manure Contaminates Water?
.
Septic Tank
PrivateWell
Unsaturated Zone
Water Table
Sand & Gravel Aquifer
Bedrock
Manure Storage
Precipitation
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What are the Pathways by Which Manure Contaminates Water?
1. Surface runoff
Septic Tank
PrivateWell
Unsaturated Zone
Water Table
Sand & Gravel Aquifer
Bedrock
Manure Storage
Precipitation
1
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What are the Pathways by Which Manure Contaminates Water?
1. Surface runoff2. Leaching to groundwater
Septic Tank
PrivateWell
Unsaturated Zone
Water Table
Sand & Gravel Aquifer
Bedrock
Manure Storage
Precipitation
1222
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What are the Pathways by Which Manure Contaminates Water?
1. Surface runoff 3. Well casings2. Leaching to groundwater
Septic Tank
PrivateWell
Unsaturated Zone
Water Table
Sand & Gravel Aquifer
Bedrock
Manure Storage
Precipitation
123 22
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What are the Pathways by Which Manure Contaminates Water?
1. Surface runoff 3. Well casings2. Leaching to groundwater 4. Ammonia deposition
Septic Tank
PrivateWell
Unsaturated Zone
Water Table
Sand & Gravel Aquifer
Bedrock
Manure Storage
Precipitation
123
4
22
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What are the Pathways by Which Manure Contaminates Water?
1. Surface runoff 3. Well casings2. Leaching to groundwater 4. Ammonia deposition 5. Macropore flow
Septic Tank
PrivateWell
Unsaturated Zone
Water Table
Sand & Gravel Aquifer
Bedrock
Manure Storage
Precipitation
123
4
5
22
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Why the Focus on Nutrients?
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Water Quality Contaminantsin Manure
PossibleEnvironmentalPollutants Risk
What are the top five components of manure that may cause water quality problems?
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Water Quality Contaminantsin Manure (continued)
1. Nitrate-N Health
2. Ammonia-N Fish kills
3. Phosphorus Eutrophication
4. Pathogens Health
5. Organic matter Oxygen depletion
PossibleEnvironmentalPollutants Risk
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Manure P vs. Cropland P Use
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Manure P vs. Cropland P Use
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Manure P vs. Cropland P Use
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What is “Whole Farm” Nutrient Balance?
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Nutrient Flows onLivestock Operations
FarmBoundary
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Nutrient Inputs
FarmBoundary
Inputs
Feed
Animals
IrrigationWater
Fertilizer
Legume N
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Managed Nutrient Outputs
FarmBoundary
Inputs
ManagedOutputs
Meat &Eggs
Crops
Manure
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Recycling Of Nutrients
FarmBoundary
ManagedOutputs
Feed Manure
Inputs
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Losses and Soil Storage
FarmBoundary
Losses or Soil Storage
ManagedOutputs
Inputs
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Are Inputs and Outputs in Balance?Water
in
1 gal.
Waterout
Farm Pond
1 gal.
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Are Inputs and Outputs in Balance?
Water in
2 gal.
1 gal.
Waterout
Farm Pond
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Water in
2 gal.
1 gal.
Waterout
Farm Pond
Are Inputs and Outputs in Balance?
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Are Inputs and Outputs in Balance? Water
out
Water in
2 gal.
Farm Pond1 gal.
1 gal.
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What are Typical Nutrient Balances?
Ideally, should be near 1:1; whatever comes in should leave as managed outputs.
Most livestock operations have muchhigher ratios, at times up to 8:1.
Farm size is not a good indicator of nutrient balance.
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Are Nutrients "Out Of Balance"on My Animal Feeding Operation?
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Indicators of Nutrient Imbalance
___ ___ Soil P increasing with time?___ ___ Majority of feed protein and P comes from off-farm sources?___ ___ Feed rations exceed NRC or university recommendations?___ ___ No nutrient management plan for manure?
Yes No Indicator
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What are Appropriate Strategiesfor Managing Nutrient Imbalances?
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““Plug the Leaks” Approach:Plug the Leaks” Approach:Losses
FarmBoundary
Losses or Soil Storage
Does thiscorrect a
nutrientImbalance
?
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“Plug the Leaks” Approach:
Losses
FarmBoundary
Losses or Soil Storage
Does this correct a
nutrientimbalance
?
NO
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Plugging the Leaks . . .Temporary Solution to Imbalance Water
out
Water in
2 gal.
Farm Pond1 gal.
SandBags
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Sustainable Strategy No.1:Credit Manure Nutrients in Crops
Efficient use of manure nutrients means not purchasing fertilizer unless it is needed.
Nutrient management plans (NMPs) should help ensure this strategyis met.
Don’t purchase inputs you don’t need.
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Sustainable Strategy No. 2:Reducing Feed Inputs
Reducing nutrients fed improves nutrient balance.
Try to avoid feeding more N and P than recommended.
Much current research on improved feeding strategies
Consult with animal scientist.
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Sustainable Strategy No. 3:Move Manure Nutrients Off Farm
Moving manure off the farm as a product improves nutrient balance.
May require changes in treatment and marketing
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Sustainable Strategy No. 3:Move Manure Nutrients Off Farm (Continued) Potential markets:
Compost for organic producers and homeowners
Erosion control Energy production Value-added fertilizer
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Sustainable Strategy No. 4:Manure Treatment
Changes in treatment methods can improve nutrient balance but con-vert high impact losses to lower impact losses.
Treatment lagoons, com-posting, constructed wet-lands, and other methods can reduce N available for land application.
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Sustainable Strategy No. 4:Manure Treatment (continued) Solids separation can reduce P in liquid waste
streams.
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Managing Nutrients with NMPs
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What is an NMP? NRCS has guidance on
comprehensive nutrient management plans (CNMP).
EPA requires NMPs on large farms.
These are similar plans but have slightly different goals.
Your state regulations should distinguish your requirements.
What is an NMP? (continued) Environmental “Operating Plan” for AFO Nutrient plan for “Whole Farm” Environmental record-
keeping system EPA requires 5 components
1. Manure handling andstorage
2. Land application3. Site management4. Record keeping5. Other utilization
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Air Quality Issues
Associated with
Animal Production
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Air Emissions from Livestock and Poultry Production
Volatile compounds (160+ gases)
Airborne micro-organisms
Dust (carrier of odors and micro-organisms)
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Impacts of Odors Multiple gases contribute to
odor. Volatile fatty acids Nitrogen-containing
compounds (ammonia, amines, N heterocycles)
Phenols and cresols Sulfur-containing
compounds
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Impacts of Odors (continued) Community nuisance Psychological impact on neighbors (anger,
depression, etc.) Physiological impact on neighbors (respiratory
problems, nausea, etc.)
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Air Emissions–Hydrogen Sulfide Toxic at high levels
(workplace limits set at 10 ppm)
Possible chronic health impact from low, long-term exposure (Some states limit property line levels to 0.05 to 0.1 ppm.)
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Air Emissions–Methane and Carbon Dioxide
End products of anaerobic and aerobic decomposition of manure
Contributors to greenhouse gas effect
Net increase in greenhouse gas is probably negligible; manure is part of the carbon cycle.
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Air Emissions–Ammonia
Large quantities of ammonia are released in many livestock systems.
Ammonia is re-deposited. In U.S., largest negative impact is
eutrophication of coastal waters.
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Federal Regulations EPA regulates
concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) as part of the Clean Water Act of 1972 under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).
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Federal Regulations (continued) The EPA requires states to meet their rules
or lose the ability to permit anything under NPDES.
States may be more stringent.
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DefinitionsConfined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) are agricultural enterprises where animals are kept and raised in confined situations without vegetation more than 45 days.
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Definitions (continued)AFOs congregate animals, feed, manure and urine, dead animals, and production operations on a small land area. Feed is brought to the animals.
The Federal approach is designed to target large CAFOs.
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Animal Type # of Animals Equal to a CAFO
Large Medium Cattle and heifers
1,000
300
Veal calves 1,000 300 Dairy cattle 700 200 Swine >55 lbs 2,500 750 Swine 55 lbs 10,000 3,000 Turkeys 55,000 16,500 Chickens (liquid manure)
30,000 9,000
Chickens (dry manure)
125,000 37,500
Laying hens (Dry) 82,000 25,000 Horses 500 150
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EPA Requirements for CAFOs Apply for NPDES permit No discharge to waters of
the United States except in extreme events
Must develop and implement nutrient management plansto address N and P
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EPA Requirements for CAFOs (continued) Soil and manure testing Buffers/setbacks to water Record keeping and annual report
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Minimum Standards to Protect Water Quality in NPDES Permitsfor CAFOs1. Buffers or equivalent practices2. Divert clean water3. Prevent direct contact of animals with the
waters of the United States4. Animal mortality5. Chemical disposal
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Minimum Standards to Protect Water Quality in NPDES Permitsfor CAFOs (continued)6. Proper operation and maintenance7. Record keeping and testing8. Maintain proper storage capacity9. Rates and timing of land application of manure
and waste water
www.epa.gov/ost/guide/cafo/rule.html
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Record Keeping Required: EPA requires annual reports
Number of animals Manure generated Manure transported Number of acres land
applied Acres in NMP Any discharges
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Agencies That Regulate Environmental Issues for Animal ProductionFederal U.S. EPA Region 5 http://www.epa.gov/region5
State Indiana Department of Environmental
Management http://www.in/gov/idem
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Agencies That Regulate Environmental Issues for Animal Production (continued)County Contact Purdue Cooperative Extension Service
for information on county regulations. http://www.ces.purdue.edu
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Permit Requirements for Livestock and Poultry ProducersFederal Yes, NPDES permit is required of all open
lot systems only. Proposed change to include all livestock and poultry systems.
State IDEM CFO Permitting Program
County IN counties require a local building permit in addition to receiving a state permit.
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TakeHome
Message
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Take Home Message
The EPA lists agriculture as the leading impairment to rivers and streams.
Risk of manure components to water and air is real.
Manure can be a benefit or liability depending on how it is managed.
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Take Home Message (continued) Seven principles of environmental stewardship
should guide livestock and poultry producers.
Point vs. nonpoint source pollution, runoff, and erosion are nonpoint sources.
Nutrients, pathogens, and organic matter in manure can impact water quality.
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Take Home Message (continued) Pathogens are disease-causing organisms.
Excess nutrients can cause fish kills, health problems, or algal blooms.
An NMP helps you manage nutrients.
Increases in soil P indicate excess nutrients.
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Take Home Message (continued) Many AFOs exhibit nutrient imbalance.
Strategies for improving nutrient balance include more efficient use of manure nutrients, improved feeding programs, marketing manure off the farm, and changing the treatment method.
All operations are subject to the Clean Water Act and cannot discharge manure.
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Take Home Message (continued) EPA requires large CAFOs to get NPDES and
comply with certain Federal standards.
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Thank you