modes of generalizing from a case a. logic of replication b. theory generating c. naturalistic...
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Modes of generalizing from a case
A. Logic of replication
B. Theory generating
C. Naturalistic generalisation
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Logic of replication
Case 1
Hypothesis H1 tested in the case and verified
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Logic of replication
Case 1
Hypothesis H1 tested in the case and verified
Case 2
Hypothesis H1 tested in a critical case and verified
OR
falsified
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Logic of replication
Case 1
Hypothesis H1 tested in the case and verified
Case 2
Hypothesis H1 tested in a critical case and verified
OR
falsified
Revised hypothesis H2 tested in a critical case and verified
OR
falsified
Case 3
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THEORY
(HYPOTHESIS)
THEORETICAL
CONSEQUENSE
Deduction
1. A conceptual experiment
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THEORY
(HYPOTHESIS)
THEORETICAL
CONSEQUENSE
CASE (EXPERIMENT)
EMPIRICAL
FACT
Deduction
2. An empirical experiment
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THEORY
(HYPOTHESIS)
THEORETICAL CONSEQUENSE
CASE (EXPERIMENT)
EMPIRICAL FACT
THEORY
(is valid or not valid in this
case)
Deduction
Deduction 3. Comparison
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Modes of generalizing from a case
A. Logic of replication
The domain of the theory
THEORY (Hypothesis)
+
CASE
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CASE
FACTS
Theory generating
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CASE
THEORY
FACTS
Induction
Theory generating
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Modes of generalizing from a case
B. Theory generating
THEORY
CASE
+
FACTS
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Abduction
“The surprising fact, C, is observed;
But if A were true,
C would be a matter of course,
Hence, there is reason to suspect that A is true”
Charles Sanders Peirce
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Abduction
“[Abduction] is where we find some very curious circumstance, which would be explained by the supposition that it was a case of a certain rule, and thereupon adopt that supposition”.
Charles Sanders Peirce
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FACT
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FACT
THEORY
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FACT
THEORY CASE
Abduction
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FACT
THEORY CASE
Abduction
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Abduction
“[Abduction] is where we find some very curious circumstance, which would be explained by the supposition that it was a case of a certain rule, and thereupon adopt that supposition. Or where we find that in certain respects two objects have strong resemblance, and that they resemble one another strongly in other respects”
Charles Sanders Peirce
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Abduction
Naturalistic generalisation
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Reflection-in-Action
“When someone learns a practice, he is initiated into the traditions of a community of practitioners and the practice world they inhabit. He learns their conventions, constraints, languages, and appreciative systems, their repertoire of exemplars, systematic knowledge, and patterns of knowing-in-action.”
Donald Schön
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Modes of generalizing from a case
C. Naturalistic generalization
An actual problem situation
CASE
CASE
CASE
…
A repertoire of cases
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Modes of generalizing from a case
B. Theory generating
THEORY
CASE
+
FACTS
A. Logic of replication
The domain of the theory
THEORY (Hypothesis)
+
CASE
C. Naturalistic generalization
An actual problem situation
CASE
CASE
CASE
…