modern pharmaceutics 4th edition chapter 10

7/23/2019 Modern Pharmaceutics 4th Edition Chapter 10

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Mges~oy 53

êiò~ Nb}elo Hbyf}

Feyz Ae~gyzd Ab~~ao

Muij}~ Sgeyfemou~jme`}, Jdm$, @owjdl~bd, Fe}}emgu}o~~}

On|eyn F$ Yundjm

Enxedmj} Sgeyfemou~jme` Mbys$, Lej~goy}iuyl, Feyzèdn

J$ JD^YBN_M JBD

Nuyjdl ~go se}~ hbuy nomeno}, ~go sgeyfemou~jme` jd&

nu}~yz ge} jdxo}~on xe}~ efbud~} bh ~jfo edn fbdoz jd

~go }~unz bh ~eiò~ mbfsem~jbd$ ^gj} owsodnj~uyo j}

uj~o yoe}bdeiò |god bdo mbd}jnoy} gb| xeùeiò

~eiò~}, e} e nb}elo hbyf, eyo ~b ~go jdnu}~yz$ Iomeu}o

bye` nb}elo hbyf} med io }o`h&enfjdj}~oyon iz ~go se&

~jod~, ~goz eyo bixjbu}`z fbyo syb~eiò ~b fedu&

hem~uyo ~ged seyod~oye` nb}elo hbyf} ~ge~ fu}~ io

enfjdj}~oyon, jd fb}~ me}o}, iz ~yejdon soy}bddo`$ ^gj}j} yoom~on iz ~go hem~ ~ge~ |o`` bxoy 73/ bh ~go nyul}

jd ~go _dj~on ]~e~o} ~ge~ eyo hbyfuè~on ~b sybnumo

}z}~ofjm oom~} eyo feyao~on e} bye` nb}elo hbyf}$

Mbfseyon ~b b~goy bye` nb}elo hbyf}, ~eiò~} eyo ~gofeduhem~uyoy} nb}elo hbyf bh mgbjmo iomeu}o bh ~gojy

yoè~jxo`z `b| mb}~ bh feduhem~uyo, semaelo, edn

}gjsfod~1 jdmyoe}on }~eij`j~z edn xjy~ue` ~efsoy yo&

}j}~edmo 'fb}~ ~efsoyon&|j~g ~eiò~} oj~goy iombfo

nj}mb`byon by nj}jd~olye~o*$

JJ$ NO]JLD EDN HBYF_@E^JBD

BH MBFSYO]]ON ÊI@O^]E$ Lodoye` Mbd}jnoye~jbd}

^go fb}~ mbffbd }b`jn nb}elo hbyf} jd mbd&

~ofsbyeyz u}o eyo ~eiò~}, |gjmg fez io nodon e}

udj~ hbyf} bh }b jn fonjmefod~} syoseyon iz mbf&

sem~jbd$ Fb}~ mbd}j}~ bh e fjw~uyo bh sb|noy} ~ge~ eyo

mbfsem~on jd e njo ~b sybnumo e }jdlò yjljn ibnz$ ^go

fb}~ mbffbd ~zso} bh ~eiò~} eyo ~gb}o jd~odnon ~b io

}|e `b|on |gbò edn ~god nj}jd~olye~o edn yo oe}o

~gojy fonjmefod~} jd ~go le}~ybjd~o}~jde` ~yem~ 'LJ^*$

E ò}} mbffbd ~zso bh ~eiò~ ~ge~ j} yesjn`z lejdjdl

sbsuèyj~z jd ~go _dj~on ]~e~o} j} hbyfuè~on ~b e``b|

nj}}bù~jbd by nj}soy}jbd jd |e~oy syjby ~b enfjdj}&

~ye~jbd$ Jnoe``z, hby ~gj} ~zso bh ~eiò~ e`` jdlyonjod~}

}gbu`n io }bùiò, iu~ hyouod~`z e do }u}sod}jbd ge}~b io emmos~on$ Fedz ~eiò~} bh ~gj} ~zso eyo hby&

fuè~on ~b io ooyxo}mod~, edn ~gojy fejd enxed~elo}

jdm uno yesjn yo oe}o bh nyul edn fjdjfj{e~jbd bh

le}~yjm jyyj~e~jbd$

]bfo ~eiò~} eyo no}jldon ~b io fe}~jme~on 'j$o$,

mgo|on*$ ^gj} ~zso bh ~eiò~ j} bh~od u}on |god ei&

}bys~jbd hybf ~go iumme` mexj~z j} no}jyon by ~b od&

gedmo nj}soy}jbd syjby ~b }|e``b|jdl$ E`~oyde~jxo`z, e

~eiò~ fez io jd~odnon ~b nj}}b`xo }`b|`z jd ~go fbu~g

'o$l$, `b{odlo}* }b e} ~b sybxjno `bme` em~jxj~z bh ~go

nyul$ E ho| ~eiò~} eyo no}jldon ~b io sèmon udnoy ~go

~bdluo 'j$o$, }ui`jdlue`* by io~|ood ~go ~oo~g edn luf

'j$o$, iumme`* edn yesjn`z yoòe}o nyul jd~b ~go i`bbn&

}~yoef$ Iumme` by }ui jdlue` ei}bys~jbd j} bh~od

no}jyeiò hby nyul} `jeiò ~b ow~od}jxo gose~jm fo~e&

ib j}f iz ~go y}~&se}} oom~ 'o$l$, dj~ybl`zmoyjd,

Mbszyjlg~ 9339 Feymo` Noaaoy, Jdm$


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~o}~b}~oybdo*$ Yomod~`z, e `b{odlo bd e }~jma, by cc`b`&

`jsbs, nb}elo hbyf bh hod~edz` |e} noxo`bson hby

syobsoye~jxo }one~jbd jd sonje~yjm se~jod~} 'Byeò~5*

edn iyoea~gybulg medmoy sejd jd enu`~} 'Em~j5*$

Em~jxo jdlyonjod~ j} yoòe}on hybf ~go `b{odlo jd~b ~go

i`bbn}~yoef hybf ~go bye` fumb}e$^goyo eyo db| fedz ~zso} bh ~eiò~ hbyfuè~jbd}

~ge~ sybxjno hby ~go yoòe}o bh nyul ~b io noèzon by

mbd~yb` ~go ye~o bh ~go nyul} exejèij j~z$ ]bfo bh

~go}o syoseye~jbd} eyo gjlg`z }bsgj}~jme~on edn eyo

yjlg~`z yohoyyon ~b e} mbfsò~o ccnyul&no jxoyz }z}&

~of}$ ]jdmo ~go mbdmos~} bh mbd~yb`òn nyul no`jxoyz

eyo ~go }uikom~} bh Mges~oy 5?, ~go }~ye~oljo} bh ~go}o

}z}~of} |j` db~ io nj}mu}}on goyo$ Gb|oxoy, }b`jn

nb}elo hbyfuè~by} fu}~ io e|eyo bh ~go xeyjbu} bs&

~jbd} exejèiò ~b ~gof$

Hby owefsò, |god syb`bdlon yoòe}o bh e |e~oy&

}bùi o nyul j} youjyon, |e~oy&jd}bùiò fe~oyje`}

fu}~ io mb&hbyfuè~on |j~g ~go nyul$ Jh ~go nb}o bh ~gonyul j} gjlg edn j~ owgjij~} sbby mbfsem~jij`j~z, suyo`z

gznybsgbijm elod~}, }umg e} |ewo}, |j`` owemoyie~o ~go

jdeij`j~z bh ~go fe~oyje` ~b hbyf e mbfsem~$ Jd }umg

me}o}, hbyfuè~by} doon ~b ~uyd ~b b~goy ~zso} bh |e~oy&

jd}bùiò fe~oyje`}, }umg e} sb`zfoy}, ~b emgjoxo ib~g

nyul yoòe}o edn ~eiò~jdl lbe`}$

]bfo ~eiò~} mbfijdo }u}~ejdon&yoòe}o edn yesjn

nj}jd~olye~jbd mgeyem~oyj}~jm}$ Sybnum~} }umg e} A&

Nuy5 'Aoz Sgeyfemou~jme`}* mbfijdo mbe~on sb&

~e}}juf mg`byjno myz}~e`} jd e yesjn`z yoòe}jdl ~eiò~$

Jd ~gj} sey~jmuèy jd}~edmo, ~go myz}~e`} eyo mbe~on |j~g

o~gz`mo`ù`b}o, e |e~oy&jd}bùiò sb`zfoy, edn eyo ~god

jdmbysbye~on jd~b e yesjn`z nj}jd~olye~jdl fjmyb&

myz}~e``jdo mo`ù`b}o 'FMM* fe~yjw$ ^go suysb}o bh ~gj}~eiò~ j} ~b fjdjfj{o LJ u`moye~jbd, mbffbd`z od&

mbud~oyon iz se~jod~} ~yoe~on |j~g sb~e}}juf mg`byjno$

^gj} }jfsò iu~ oòled~ hbyfuè~jbd j} ed owefsò bh e

}b jn nb}elo hbyf }~ye~olz u}on ~b emgjoxo m`jdjme`

lbe`}$

^gu}, ~go }jdlò lyoe~o}~ mge`òdlo ~b ~go ~eiò~

hbyfuè~by j} jd ~go nodj~jbd bh ~go suysb}o bh ~go

hbyfuè~jbd edn ~go jnod~jme~jbd bh }uj~eiò fe~oyje`}

~b foo~ noxo`bsfod~ bikom~jxo}$ Jd bynoy ~b nb ~gj}

sybsoy`z, ~go hbyfuè~by fu}~ adb| ~go sybsoy~jo} bh

~go nyul, ~go fe~oyje`} ~b io mb&hbyfuè~on |j~g ~gonyul, edn ~go jfsby~ed~ e}som~} bh ~go lyeduè~jbd,

~eiò~jdl, edn mbe~jdl sybmo}}o}$

Sgeyfemou~jme` mbfsyo}}on ~eiò~} eyo syoseyon iz

sèmjdl ed essybsyje~o sb|noy fjw, by lyeduè~jbd, jd

e fo~e` njo bd e ~eiò~ syo}}$ E~ ~go ie}o bh ~go njo j} e

`b|oy sudmg, edn eibxo ~go njo j} ed ussoy sudmg$

\god ~go ussoy sudmg j} hbymon nb|d bd ~go sb|noy

fjw '}jdlò }~e~jbd syo}}* by |god ~go ussoy edn `b|oy

sudmgo} }uoo{o ~blo~goy 'yb~eyz by fu`~jsò }~e~jbd

syo}}*, ~go sb|noy j} hbymon jd~b e ~eiò~$ No}sj~o ~go

hem~ ~ge~ sb|noy mbfsem~jbd ge} iood bi}oyxon hby

gudnyon} bh zoey}, }mjod~j}~} }~j`` noie~o ~go owem~ fo&

mgedj}f} iogjdn ~gj} sgodbfodbd$

Soyges} ~go fb}~ }jldjmed~ hem~by jd ~go ~eiò~jdlbh fe~oyje`} hby u}o e} nyul sybnum~} j} ~go doon ~b

sybnumo ~eiò~} bh udjhbyf |ojlg~$ ^gj} j} emgjoxon iz

hoonjdl mbd}~ed~ xbùfo} bh gbfblodobu} fe~oyje` ~b

~go njo}$ ]umg ed essybemg j} domo}}eyz iomeu}o njyom~

|ojlgjdl e~ ye~o} mbffod}uye~o |j~g fbnoyd ~eiò~

syo}} bsoye~jbd j} jfsb}}ji o$ ^gj} youjyofod~ jf&

fonje~o`z sèmo} nofedn} bd ~go sgz}jme` mgeyem~oy&

j}~jm} bh ~go hoon edn bd ~go no}jld bh ~go ~eiò~ syo}}

j~}o`h$ Jd ~go me}o bh ~go hbyfoy, syombfsyo}}jbd

~yoe~fod~ bh ~go lyeduè~jbd j} bdo bh ~go fb}~ mbf&

fbd |ez} bh fjdjfj{jdl njmu`~jo} eyj}jdl hybf ~gj}

}buymo$

^go lyoe~ seyenbw jd sgeyfemou~jme` ~eiò~jdl j} ~godoon ~b feduhem~uyo e mbfsem~ bh }umjod~ fomged&

jme` }~yodl~g ~b |j~g}~edn ~go yjlby} bh sybmo}}jdl edn

semaeljdl ~ge~ j} e`}b meseiò bh yosybnumji`z yoòe}&

jdl ~go nyul$ Jd fb}~ me}o}, ~go yoòe}o bh ~go nyul j}

sybnumon iz ~go sodo~ye~jbd bh euobu} ujn} jd~b ~go

do yo}jnue` sbyo }~yum~uyo bh ~go ~eiò~ edn ~go mbd&

~em~ bh ~go}o ujn} |j~g mbfsbdod~} ~ge~ oj~goy }|o`` by

yoòe}o le}o}$

^go }oòm~on syombfsyo}}jbd ~yoe~fod~, jh edz,

feyaon`z eom~} ~go feduhem~uyo bh ~eiò~}$ Jd sey~j&

muèy, bdo fu}~ no~oyfjdo |go~goy e fjw~uyo bh sb|&

noyon jdlyonjod~} j} ~b io ~eiò~on njyom~ z by jh ed

jd~oyxodjdl |o~ lyeduè~jbd }~os j} ~b io jd~ybnumon$

^gj} nomj}jbd j} jduodmon iz fedz hem~by}, jdmùnjdl~go }~eij`j~z bh ~go nyul ~b goe~ edn fbj}~uyo1 ~go b|

sybsoy~jo} bh ~go lyeduè~jbd1 edn ~go ~odnodmz bh ~go

lyeduè~jbd ~b }olyole~o$ E~ ~go syo}od~ ~jfo ~goyo eyo

e`}b ~|b mbdjm~jdl mbd}jnoye~jbd} ~ge~ ~odn ~b sèz e

fekby ybò jd ~gj} mgbjmo$ ^go}o eyo ~go yoùm~edmo ~b

mgedlo fo~gbn} ofs`bzon ~yenj~jbde``z iz ~go mbf&

sedz xoy}u} ~go ombdbfjm enxed~elo} bh bfj~~jdl

mbfsò~o }~elo} jd ~go sybnum~jbd }ouodmo$

Jd |o~ lyeduè~jbd, ~go mbfsbdod~} bh ~go hby&

fuè~jbd} eyo fjwon |j~g e lyeduè~jdl `jujn, }umg e}

|e~oy by o~gedb`, ~b sybnumo lyeduò} ~ge~ |j`` yoenj zmbfsyo}} ~b ljxo ~eiò~}$ \o~ lyeduè~jbd fo~gbn}

syonbfjde~o jd ~go feduhem~uyo bh owj}~jdl sybnum~},

|gjò ~go ~yodn hby do| sybnum~} j} ~b u}o njyom~

mbfsyo}}jbd sybmonuyo}$ E`~gbulg fedz }~os} eyo

o`jfjde~on |god u}jdl njyom~ mbfsyo}}jbd, }bfo hby&

fuè~by} gexo hbudn ~ge~ |o~ lyeduè~on sybnum~} eyo

fbyo ybiu}~ edn eiò ~b emmbffbne~o xeyjeij`j~z jd

ye| fe~oyje`} edn ~eiò~jdl oujsfod~$ ^gu}, hby }bfo

http://dk1898_ch15.pdf/http://dk1898_ch15.pdf/


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mbfsedjo}, ~go ~yodn j} yoxoy~jdl ~b ~go hbyfuè~jbd bh

~eiò~} iz |o~ lyeduè~jbd$

I$ No}jyeiò Sybsoy~jo} bh Ye| Fe~oyje`}

Fb}~ hbyfuè~jbd} eyo mbfsb}on bh bdo by fbyofonjmefod~} sù} e xeyjo~z bh owmjsjod~}$ Jyyo}som~jxo

bh ~go ~zso bh ~eiò~, lodoye` myj~oyje hby ~go}o ye|

fe~oyje`} eyo domo}}eyz$ Jd bynoy ~b sybnumo emmuye~o,

yosybnumjiò nb}elo hbyf}, j~ j} o}}od~je` ~ge~ oemg

mbfsbdod~ io udjhbyf`z nj}soy}on |j~gjd ~go fjw~uyo

edn ~ge~ edz ~odnodmz hby mbfsbdod~ }olyole~jbd io

fjdjfj{on$ Jd ennj~jbd, ~go sybmo}}jdl bsoye~jbd} no&

fedn ~ge~ ~go fjw~uyo io ib~g hyoo&b|jdl edn mb&

go}jxo |god mbfsyo}}on$

Sey~jmò ]j{o

Jd lodoye`, ~go ~odnodmjo} hby e sb|noy fjw ~b }olyo&le~o med io yonumon iz fejd~ejdjdl }jfjèy sey~jmò }j{o

nj}~yjiu~jbd, }geso, edn, ~gobyo~jme``z, nod}j~z bh e`` ~go

jdlyonjod~}$ H`b| sybsoy~jo} eyo odgedmon iz u}jdl

yoluèy&}geson, }fbb~g sey~jmò} |j~g e deyyb| }j{o

nj}~yjiu~jbd ~blo~goy |j~g ed bs~jfuf sybsby~jbd bh

ccdo} 'sey~jmò} ?3 ff*$ Jh }umg mbdnj~jbd} meddb~ io

fo~, ~god }bfo hbyf bh lyeduè~jbd }gbu`n io

mbd}jnoyon$

Sey~jmò }j{o nj}~yjiu~jbd, edn godmo }uyhemo eyoe bh

~go nyul j~}o`h, j} ed jfsby~ed~ sybsoy~z ~ge~ ge} yo&

mojxon mbd}jnoyeiò e~~od~jbd jd ~go `j~oye~uyo$ Hby

fedz nyul}, sey~jmuèy z ~gb}o |gb}o ei}bys~jbd j}

`jfj~on iz ~go ye~o bh nj}}bù~jbd, e~~ejdfod~ bh ~goy&

esou~jm òxo`} fez nosodn usbd emgjoxjdl e }fe``sey~jmò }j{o Q5V$ Jd hem~, j~ ge} iood }ullo}~on ~ge~ hby

}umg nyul}, }~edneyn} hby }somjm }uyhemo eyoe} edn ~go

dufioy bh sey~jmò} soy udj~ |ojlg~ }gbu`n io noxo`&

bson$ Gb|oxoy, ~go njmu`~z jd gedn`jdl xoyz do

sb|noy}, e} |o`` e} ~go sb}}jij`j~z bh e`~oyjdl ~go fe&

~oyje` jd b~goy |ez}, ge} }gjh~on ~go ofsge}j} ~b|eyn}

sybnumjdl ed bs~jfuf, ye~goy ~ged e fjdjfuf, sey&

~jmò }j{o$ Hby jd}~edmo, }oxoye` yo}oeymgoy} gexo hbudn

~ge~ nomyoe}jdl sey~jmò }j{o sybnumo} ~eiò~} bh jd&

myoe}on }~yodl~g ~ge~ e`}b gexo e yonumon ~odnodmz hby

èfjde~jbd Q9?V$ ^gj} j} sybiei`z nuo ~b ~go fjdj&fj{e~jbd bh edz enxoy}o jduodmo} ~ge~ e sey~jmuèy

myz}~e` }~yum~uyo fez gexo bd ~go ibdnjdl fomgedj}f$

Bd ~go b~goy gedn, }efsò} bh fj`òn njlbwjd myz}~e`}

syoseyon iz e dufioy bh }j{o&yonum~jbd ~omgdjuo}

gexo iood yosby~on ~b o`jmj~ njoyod~ ouj`jiyjuf }b&

ùij`j~jo} Q5V$ ^gj} }ullo}~} ~ge~ ~go fo~gbn bh lyjdnjdl

fez |o` eom~ ~go nj}}bù~jbd iogexjby bh moy~ejd

nyul}$

^go oom~ bh sey~jmò }j{o bd ~go mbfsem~jbd mgey&

em~oyj}~jm} bh ~|b fbno` }u`hbdefjno nyul}, bdo ow&

gjij~jdl iyj~~ò hyem~uyo edn ~go b~goy iojdl mbfsyo}}on

mgjoz iz sè}~jm nohbyfe~jbd, ge} iood yosby~on Q=V$ Jd

sey~jmuèy, j~ |e} }gb|d ~ge~ ~go ~od}j o }~yodl~g bh

~eiò~} feno hybf ~go iyj~~ò fe~oyje` |oyo fbyo }od&}j~jxo ~b ~go nyul} sey~jmò }j{o ~ged ~ge~ bh ~eiò~}

feno hybf ~go sè}~jme``z nohbyfjdl fe~oyje`$ Jd en&

nj~jbd, èyloy lyeduò} sb}}o}} io~~oy b|, |gjò }fe``

ellyole~o} nohbyf nuyjdl mbfsem~jbd 'o$l$, }syez&

nyjon èm~b}o* Q8V$

Ed e`~oyde~jxo essybemg ejfon e~ yonumjdl ~go

}olyole~jbd ~odnodmjo} bh fonjmefod~} edn owmjsjod~}

jdxb`xo} fj``jdl ~go hbyfoy ~b e }fe` sey~jmò }j{o edn

~god sgz}jme``z ei}byijdl j~ udjhbyf`z bd~b ~go }uyhemo

bh ~go èyloy sey~jm o} bh ed owmjsjod~ }ui}~ye~o$ Iz

~go}o foed} ccbynoyon, e} bssb}on ~b ccyednbf,

fjwjdl j} yoe`j{on edn nj}}bù~jbd j} odgedmon e} e

yo}u`~ bh ~go do nj}soy}jbd Q


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~ye~o} ~go oom~ bh fbj}~uyo mbd~od~ bd ~go mbfsem~&

jij`j~z bh edgznybu} èm~b}o Q7V$ E} ~go fbj}~uyo mbd&

~od~ jdmyoe}o}, j~ j} en}byion iz ~go èm~b}o, ~goyoiz

mbdxoy~jdl j~ hybf ~go edgznybu} ~b ~go gznybu} hbyf$

Nuyjdl ~gj} ~yed}hbyfe~jbd, ~go i&hbyf bh èm~b}o fb}~

sybiei`z mgedlo} ~b ~go e&hbyf edn ~gu} sybnumo}mgedlo} jd mbfsem~jij`j~z$

Emmoòye~on eljdl edn myz}~e` ~yed}hbyfe~jbd ye~o}

gexo e`}b iood ~yemon ~b gjlg yo}jnue` fbj}~uyo mbd&

~od~$ Ednb o~ e`$ }~unjon ~go oom~ bh fbj}~uyo mbd~od~

bd ~go myz}~e``j{e~jbd bh edgznybu} ~gobsgz` jdo jd

~eiò~} Q:V$ ^gojy yo}u`~} e`}b jdnjme~o ~ge~ edgznybu}

fe~oyje`} mbdxoy~ ~b gznye~o} e~ gjlg òxo`} bh yoè~jxo

gufjnj~z$ Jd ennj~jbd, jh gzlyb}mbsjm fe~oyje`} 'o$l$,

sb`zo~gz odo l`zmb` 8333* eyo e`}b mbd~ejdon jd ~go

hbyfuè~jbd, doonò&`jao myz}~e`} hbyf e~ ~go ~eiò~

}uyhemo edn }jldjmed~`z yonumo ~go yoòe}o ye~o bh ~go

~gobsgz``jdo$

Jd fedz sybnum~} j~ }oof} gjlg`z sybieiò ~ge~~goyo owj}~} e deyyb| yedlo bh bs~jfuf fbj}~uyo

mbd~od~} ~ge~ }gbu`n io fejd~ejdon$ Fbyo }somjme``z,

~go oom~ bh fbj}~uyo bd FMM&mbd~ejdjdl ~eiò~} ge}

iood ~go }uikom~ bh ed jdxo}~jle~jbd ~ge~ nofbd}~ye~o}

~go }od}j~jxj~z bh ~gj} jfsby~ed~ owmjsjod~ ~b fbj}~uyo

mbd~od~ Q53V$ ^go}o yo}oeymgoy} hbudn ~ge~ njoyodmo}

owj}~ jd ib~g ~go mbgo}jxo de~uyo edn ~go fbj}~uyo

mbd~od~ ~b ~|b mbffoymje` iyedn} bh FMM$ E xoyz

u}ohu` yosby~ bd ~go ouj`jiyjuf fbj}~uyo mbd~od~ bh

}bfo =3 owmjsjod~} ge} iood mbfsjòn iz e mb`èibye&

~jxo lybus bh |byaoy} hybf }oxoye` sgeyfemou~jme`

mbfsedjo} edn essoey} jd ~go Gednibba bh Sgeyfe&

mou~jme` Owmjsjod~} Q55,59V$

Myz}~e``jdo Hbyf

]oòm~jbd bh ~go fb}~ }uj~eiò mgofjme` hbyf bh ~go

em~jxo syjdmjsò hby e ~eiò~, |gjò db~ }~yjm~`z |j~gjd

buy ~oyf} bh yohoyodmo goyo, fu}~ io mbd}jnoyon$ Hby

owefsò, }bfo mg`byefsgodjmb` o}~oy} sybnumo `j~~ o

m`jdjme` yo}sbd}o Q5=V$ ^goyo j} e`}b e }jldjmed~ njh&

hoyodmo jd ~go ijbexejèij j~z bh edgznybu} edn gz&

nye~on hbyf} bh efsjmj``jd Q5>V$ Huy~goyfbyo, njoyod~

sb`zfbysgjm hbyf}, edn oxod myz}~e` geij~}, fez gexo

e sybdbudmon jduodmo bd ~go ijbexejèij`j~z bh }bfonyul} nuo ~b ~go njoyod~ nj}}bù~jbd ye~o} ~goz owgjij~$

]umg mgedlo} med e`}b ljxo yj}o ~b feduhem~uyjdl

sybiòf}$ Sb`zfbysgj}f j}, bh mbuy}o, db~ yo}~yjm~on ~b

em~jxo jdlyonjod~}, e} }gb|d, hby owefsò, jd ed oxe&

ùe~jbd bh ~go ~eiò~jdl mgeyem~oyj}~jm} bh xo hbyf} by

}byij~b` Q5?V$

Fedz nyul} gexo nodj~o edn }~eiò myz}~e` geij~}$

Fbysgb`bljme` mgedlo} yeyo`z bmmuy jd }umg nyul} e}

~go hbyfuè~jbd sybmo}} j} }meòn us$ Gb|oxoy, }bfonyul} owgjij~ sb`zfbysgj}f by gexo njoyod~ jnod~j&

ei o myz}~e geij~}$ Mged edn Nbo aoy yoxjo|on e

dufioy bh nyul} ~ge~ udnoylb sb`zfbysgjm ~yed}hby&

fe~jbd |god ~yj~uye~on jd e fby~ey edn so}~ o Q58V$

]bfo bh ~gojy mbdmù}jbd} eyo `j}~on jd êiò 5 edn j`&

ù}~ye~on jd Hjl$ 9$ Jd ennj~jbd, e dufioy bh yo&

}oeymgoy} gexo mbdmùnon ~ge~ ib~g sb`zfbysg edn

myz}~e` geij~ jduodmo ~go mbfsem~jij`j~z edn fo&

mgedjme` }~yodl~g ~b ~eiò~} syoseyon hybf sb`z&

fbysgjm fe~oyje`} Q5895V$ Zbya mbfseyon ~go

mbfsyo}}jij j~z bh desybwod myz}~e`} ~ge~ gen iood}sgoyjme``z ell`bfoye~on |j~g njoyod~ }b`xod~} edn

hbudn ~ge~ }jldjmed~ njoyodmo} owj}~on io~|ood ~go

xeyjbu} ~zso} bh ell`bfoye~o} '}oo Hjl$ =* Q95V$ B~goy

jdxo}~jle~by} gexo hbudn ~ge~, jd }bfo jd}~edmo}, ~goyo

j} e mbyyoè~jbd io~|ood ~go ye~o bh yoxoy}jbd ~b ~go

fo~e}~ei o hbyf nuyjdl nj}}bù~jbd edn ~go myz}~e`

lyb|~g ye~o bh ~go }~eiò hbyf Q99V$ ^go}o sb`zfbysgjm

mgedlo} fez gexo e sybhbudn oom~ bd ~eiò~ soyhby&

fedmo jd ~oyf} bh sybmo}}jdl, jd xj~yb nj}}bù~jbd edn

jd xjxb ei}bys~jbd$ ^gu}, hbyfuè~by} bh }b`jn nb}elo

hbyf} fu}~ io e|eyo bh e }uikom~ mbfsbudn} syb&

sod}j~z hby sb`zfbysgjm ~yed}j~jbd }b ~ge~ e ye~jbde`

essybemg ~b hbyfuè~jbd med io hb``b|on$

Gjo}~edn êiò~jdl Jdnjmo}

Fe~oyje`} ~ge~ nb db~ mbfsyo}} |o`` sybnumo }bh~ ~e&

iò~}$ Jd ennj~jbd, iyj~~ò myz}~e``jdo fe~oyje`} |j`` zjo`n

iyj~~ò ~eiò~}$ Gjo}~edn |e} ~go y}~ sgeyfemou~jme`

}mjod~j}~ ~b ued~jhz ye~jbde` z ~go mbfsem~jbd sybs&

oy~jo} bh sgeyfemou~jme` sb|noy} Q9=97V$ ^go yo}u`~}

êiò 5 ]bfo Nyul} ^ge~ _dnoylb Sb`zfbysgjm ^yed}j&

~jbd \god ^yj~uye~on

Nyul

Dufioy bh

sb`zfbysg}

iohbyo ~yj~uye~jbd

Dufioy bh

sb`zfbysg}

eh~oy ~yj~uye~jbd

Ieyij~bdo 9 5

Mehhojdo 9 5

Mg`bysybsefjno = 9

Mòdiu~oyb` GM` 9 =

Njszyjnefbò 9 5

Fesyb~j`jdo GM` = 5

Foiodne{bò > ?

Dehbwjnjdo GM` > =

Sod~bieyij~bdo = 9

Sgodbieyij~bdo 9 5

]u`heiod{efjno 9 5

]buymo; Yoh$ 58$



5/47

bh ~gj} |bya eyo ~gyoo jdnjmo} adb|d e} ~go Gjo}~edn

êiò~jdl Jdnjmo}$ ^go }~yejd jdnow ']J* j} e foe}uyo bh

~go jd~oyde` od~ybsz, by }~yejd, e}}bmje~on |j~g e ljxod

fe~oyje` |god mbfsem~on$ ^go ibdnjdl jdnow 'IJ* j} e

foe}uyo bh ~go fe~oyje`} eij`j~z ~b hbyf ibdn} edn

udnoylb sè}~jm ~yed}hbyfe~jbd ~b sybnumo e }uj~eiò

~eiò~$ ^go ~gjyn jdnow, ~go iyj~~ò hyem~uyo jdnow 'IHJ*,

j} e foe}uyo bh ~go iyj~~òdo}} bh ~go fe~oyje` edn j~}

mbfsem~$ êiò 9 `j}~} ~go}o jdnjmo} hby e dufioy bh

nyul} edn owmjsjod~}$ Hby fb}~ fe~oyje`}, ~go }~yodl~g

bh ~go ~eiò~ j} e yo}u`~ bh mbfso~jdl sybmo}}o}$ Hbyowefs o, oyz~gybfzmjd j} e fe~oyje` adb|d hby j~}

~odnodmz ~b mes edn èfjde~o |god ~eiò~on$ Bd ~go

ie}j} bh j~} IJ xeùo, bdo fjlg~ owsom~ yoè~jxo`z lbbn

ibdnjdl$ Gb|oxoy, ~go xoyz gjlg }~yejd jdnow e}}b&

mje~on |j~g ~gj} nyul essoey} ~b bxoymbfo j~} ibdnjdl

eij`j~jo}$ FMM, bd ~go b~goy gedn, ge} xoyz gjlg }~yejd

jdnow, iu~ j~} ibdnjdl jdnow j} owmos~jbde``z gjlg edn

mbfsod}e~o} hby ~gj} oom~$

B~goy jdxo}~jle~by} gexo oxeùe~on ~go sb~od~je` hby

~go}o jdnjmo}$ Jd ~gojy }~unjo}, \j``jef} edn FmLjddj~z

gexo mbdmùnon ~ge~ oxeùe~jbd bh }jdlò&fe~oyje` }z}&

~of} }gbu`n syomono ijdeyz by ~oy~jeyz sb|noy }z}~of}

Q9:V$ E hu`` nj}mu}}jbd bh mbfsem~jbd fomgedj}f} j}ljxod è~oy jd ~gj} mges~oy$

Xeyjeij`j~z

^go oom~ bh ye| fe~oyje` xeyjeij`j~z bd ~eiò~ syb&

num~jbd Q9,=3,=5V edn }ullo}~jbd} hby jfsybxjdl ~e&

iò~jdl ue`j~z bh }~ey~jdl fe~oyje`} Q95V ge} iood ~go

}uikom~ bh }oxoye` sui`jme~jbd}$ êiò =, |gjmg `j}~} ~go

mgeyem~oyj}~jm} bh njoyod~ }buymo} bh feldo}juf

}~oeye~o, mòey`z j`ù}~ye~o} ~go xeyjeij`j~z bh ~gj} fe&

~oyje` Q=9V$ Sgenao edn Ojmgby}~ gexo e`}b mbdyfon

~ge~ }jldjmed~ njoyodmo} med owj}~ io~|ood njoyod~

}buymo}, edn oxod njoyod~ `b~}, bh feldo}juf }~oeye~oQ==V$ Ljxod ~go hem~ ~ge~ ~go oom~jxodo}} bh feldo}juf

}~oeye~o j} nuo, jd èylo sey~, ~b j~} èylo }uyhemo eyoe,

~go}o xeyje~jbd} }gbu`n db~ io bxoy`bbaon$ Jd ennj~jbd,

}~unjo} e}}o}}jdl ye| fe~oyje` xeyjeij`j~z ofsge}j{o ~go

doon hby sgz}jme` e} |o`` e} mgofjme` ~o}~jdl bh ye|

fe~oyje`} ~b od}uyo udjhbyfj~z bh ~go de` sybnum~$

Suyj~z

Ye| fe~oyje` suyj~z, jd lodoye`, fu}~ e`}b io ljxod

meyohu` e~~od~jbd$ Esey~ hybf ~go bixjbu} yoe}bd} hby e

gjlg òxo` bh jd~olyj~z, e} yombldj{on iz ~go yoluè~byz

youjyofod~}, bdo }gbu`n io e|eyo bh fbyo }ui~òjfs jme~jbd} ~ge~ eyo soyges} bd`z ku}~ ioljddjdl ~b

ofoylo$ Hby jd}~edmo, }fe ` sybsby~jbd} bh ~go jf&

suyj~z emo~z`}e`jmz`jm edgznyjno gexo iood }gb|d ~b

yonumo ~go nj}}bù~jbd ye~o bh e}sjyjd j~}o`h '}oo Hjl$ >*

Q=>V$

Edb~goy eyoe bh jd~oyo}~ j} ~ge~ bh fjmybijb`bljme`

mbd~efjde~jbd bh }b`jn nb}elo hbyf}, |gjmg j} ~gbulg~

~b eyj}o mgjoz hybf ye| fe~oyje`} ye~goy ~ged ~go

Hjl$ = Jd~yjd}jm mbfsyo}}jij`j~z bh dbdell`bfoye~on de&

sybwod 'mbd~yb`* edn bh desybwod ~ge~ ge} iood }sgoyjme``z

ell`bfoye~on |j~g njoyod~ }b`xod~}$ 'Hybf Yoh$ 95$*

Hjl$ 9 Soymod~elo bh meojdo cchbyf E ~yed}hbyfon x}$

ess`jon syo}}uyo$ 'Hybf Yoh$ 58$*



6/47

feduhem~uyjdl sybmo}} Q=?,=8V$ Jiyegjf edn Bùy&jdebè fbdj~byon ~go oom~} bh sybnum~jbd, odxjybd&

fod~ edn fo~gbn bh sybnum~jbd, e} |o`` e} fjmybije`

ue`j~z bh }~ey~jdl fe~oyje`}, bd ~go fjmybije` `bennuyjdl xeyjbu} }~elo} bh ~eiò~ sybnum~jbd Q=?V$ E`&

~gbulg gjlg òxo`} bh mbd~efjde~jbd |oyo syo}od~

nuyjdl ~go |o~ lyeduè~jbd sybmo}}, ~go}o òxo`} |oyo

}jldjmed~ z yonumon nuyjdl ~go nyzjdl sybmo}}$ ^go

jdxo}~jle~by} e`}b hbudn ~ge~ sybnum~} noyjxon hybf

de~uye` byjljd}, }umg e} loè~jd} edn }~eymg, med io

mbd~efjde~on goexj`z$

Mbfse~jij`j~z

Bdo de` eyoe ~ge~ }gbu`n io mbd}jnoyon |god mgbb}&

jdl ~go owmjsjod~} ~b io u}on jd ~go ~eiò~ hbyfuè~jbd j}

~ge~ bh nyul&owmjsjod~ jd~oyem~jbd}$ ^goyo j} }~j`` fumg

noie~o e} ~b |go~goy owmjsjod~ mbfse~jij j~z ~o}~jdl

}gbu`n io mbdnum~on syjby ~b hbyfuè~jbd Q=? 5$95

@em~b}o _]S

Edgznybu} 3$7 3$9< 5$>3

Gznybu} He}~&H`b 3$> 3$5: 5$? 9$59]syez&nyjon

E 3$8 3$57 5$>

Fo~gz` mo`ù`b}o >$? 3$38 =$39

Fjmybmyz}~e``jdo

mo`ù`b}o DH

Exjmo` SG 539 'mbey}o* >$= 3$3> 9$93

Exjmo` SG 535 'hjdo* =$= 3$3> 9$=9 =$7

Syoloè~jdj{on 5$7 3$5> 9$39

Syoloè~jdj{on mbfsyo}}jiò 5$9 3$39 9$37

Fbnjhjon '}~eymg 5?33* 5$? 3$9< 9$=3

]umyb}o DH

E 5$3 3$=? 5$>?

I 3$7 3$>9 5$$*



7/47

M$ êiò~ Mbfsbdod~}

Mbdxod~jbde` }b`jn nb}elo hbyf} med io njxjnon jd~b

~|b mè}}o}; ~gb}o ~ge~ nj}jd~olye~o edn ~gb}o ~ge~ nb

db~$ Nj}jd~olye~jdl nb}elo hbyf} yo oe}o nyul iz

iyoeajdl nb|d ~go sgz}jme` jd~olyj~z bh ~go nb}elo

hybf, u}ue``z |j~g ~go ejn bh }b`jn nj}jd~olye~jdl elod~}

by le}&yoòe}jdl ooyxo}mod~ elod~}$ Dbdnj}jd~olye~jdl

~eiò~} eyo u}ue``z feno bh }bùiò nyul} edn ow&

mjsjod~} ~ge~ |j`` yesjn`z nj}}b`xo jd ~go fbu~g by LJ^

usbd jdlo}~jbd$

\j~g ~go enxod~ bh syb`bdlon&yoòe}o nb}elo hbyf},

}bfo sgeyfemou~jme` }mjod~j}~} gexo iolud ~b yoleyn

mbdxod~jbde` nj}jd~olye~jdl nb}elo hbyf} e} ccdbd

mbd~yb`òn&yoòe}o$ ^gj} ~oyf j} e fj}dbfoy }jdmo,

|j~g ~go ejn bh cc}usoy&nj}jd~olyed~} edn b~goy ow&

mjsjod~}, ~go nj}jd~olye~jbd bh ~go}o nb}elo hbyf} med

io mbd~yb`òn, ib~g ued~j~e~jxo`z edn ue j~e~jxo`z$

Fbyobxoy, ~goyo eyo }~j`` fedz nyul} jd |gjmg yesjne~~ejdfod~ bh ~goyesou~jm òxo`}, ye~goy ~ged mbd~yb`ònyoòe}o, j} youjyon$ Ede`lo}jm}, ed~jijb~jm}, edn nyul}

hby ~go emu~o ~yoe~fod~ bh edljde som~byj} eyo syjfo

owefsò}$ ^go}o ~eiò~} doon ~b io no}jldon }b ~ge~ ~go

nyul j} `jioye~on hybf ~go nb}elo hbyf jd }umg e

feddoy ~ge~ nj}}bù~jbd bh ~go nyul j} fewjfj{on$ Xoyz

bh~od, ~gj} foed} ~ge~ nj}jd~olye~jbd bh ~go ~eiò~ fu}~

io hb``b|on iz lyeduèy nj}jd~olye~jbd '}oo Hjl$ ?* ~b

sybfb~o yesjn nj}}bù~jbd edn, godmo, ei}bys~jbd$

^go jdlyonjod~}, by owmjsjod~}, u}on ~b feao mbf&

syo}}on ~eiò~} eyo dufoybu}$ ^goz med io mè}}jon iz

~gojy u}o, by hudm~jbd, e} jd êiò >$ Aoos jd fjdn,

gb|oxoy, ~ge~ hbyfuè~jbd} doon db~ mbd~ejd e`` ~go~zso} bh jdlyonjod~} `j}~on jd ~gj} ~eiò$ Moy~ejd ow&

mjsjod~}, }umg e} ed~jbwjned~} edn |o~~jdl elod~}, eyo

u}on bd`z jd }j~ue~jbd} |goyo ~goz eyo owsyo}}`z doonon

~b e}}uyo ~go }~eij`j~z edn }bùij`j~z bh ~go em~jxo jd&

lyonjod~}$ B~goy owmjsjod~}, }umg e} nj}}bù~jbd fbnj&

oy}, eyo u}on syjfeyj`z jd mbd~yb`òn&yoòe}o

hbyfuè~jbd}$ Jd hem~, iz yonumjdl ~go dufioy bh jd&

lyonjod~} jd e hbyfuè~jbd, bdo |j` lodoye``z io yo&

numjdl ~go dufioy bh sybiòf} ~ge~ med eyj}o jd ~go

feduhem~uyjdl sybmo}}$ Godmo, fedz hbyfuè~by} en&

goyo ~b ~go fb~~b ccAoos j~ }jfsò$

Iomeu}o bh ~go de~uyo bh fbnoyd sgeyfemou~jme`

}z}~of}, hbyfuè~by} gexo feno fbyo mbfsò~o jd&xo}~jle~jbd} bh ~go fe~oyje`} ~goz u}o$ ^gj} jd~oyo}~ ge}

jnod~jon }oxoye` fe~oyje`} ~ge~ fez gexo fbyo ~ged bdo

u}o jd ~eiò~on }z}~of}$ ^go ~zso bh oom~ ~ge~ ed ow&

mjsjod~ |j`` sybnumo j} bh~od nosodnod~ usbd ~go mbd&

mod~ye~jbd jd |gjmg j~ j} u}on$ Hby owefsò, êiò ? `j}~}

}bfo ccfu`~ju}o owmjsjod~} edn ~go mbyyo}sbdnjdl mbd&

mod~ye~jbd yedlo} youjyon hby ~gojy xeyjbu} ess jme~jbd}$

E yoè~jxo`z do| mè}} bh ccmb&sybmo}}on owmjsjod~}

db| owj}~}$ ^go}o owmjsjod~} eyo o}}od~je` z e ccsyo&

iòdn bh ~|b by fbyo owmjsjod~} ~ge~ eyo mbffbd`z

u}on jd mbdkudm~jbd |j~g oemg b~goy$

Em~jxo Jdlyonjod~}^go nb}o bh ~go nyul ~b io enfjdj}~oyon ge} e syb&

hbudn oom~ bd ~go no}jld edn hbyfuè~jbd bh e nb}elo

hbyf$ Mbd~od~ udjhbyfj~z edn nyul }~eij`j~z iombfo

xoyz jfsby~ed~ j}}uo} |god noe`jdl |j~g gjlg`z sb~od~

mbfsbudn} ~ge~ eyo no`jxoyon jd xoyz }fe`` nb}o} 'o$l$,

bye` mbd~yemos~jxo}*$ Gb|oxoy, ~go oom~ bh ~go nyul}

sybsoy~jo} bd ~go ~eiò~, jd ~gj} me}o, j} fjdjfe`$ Jd

lodoye`, e} ~go nb}elo jdmyoe}o}, }b nbo} ~go oom~ bh

~go nyul} e~~yjiu~o} bd ~go ~eiò~$

êiò > Jdlyonjod~} _}on jd êiò~ Hbyfuè~jbd

Em~jxo jdlyonjod~ 'nyul* Nj}}b u~jbd fbnjhjoy}

Hj`òy} Ei}byiod~}

Ijdnoy} 'nyz edn |o~* Hèxbyjdl elod~}

Nj}jd~olyed~} Mb`byjdl elod~}

Ed~jhyjm~jbde` elod~} \o~~jdl elod~}

@uiyjmed~} Ed~jbwjned~}

L`jned~} Syo}oyxe~jxo}

Ed~jengoyed~}

Hjl$ ? Ei}bys~jbd bh e nyul hybf ed jd~em~ ~eiò~$



8/47

]bfo~jfo} sybmo}}jdl med eom~ ~go sey~jmò fby&

sgb`blz bh ~go em~jxo jdlyonjod~$ ^gj} jd ~uyd fez òen

~b enxoy}o oom~} bd fjwjdl edn ~eiò~jdl bsoye~jbd}$

Jd sey~jmuèy, fjmybdj{e~jbd bh e nyul fez meu}omyz}~e`} ~b mgedlo ~gojy }geso oxod ~gbulg sb`z&

fbysgj}f j} db~ oxjnodmon$

Hj`òy}

Ed jdmyoe}jdl dufioy bh nyul} eyo gjlg`z sb~od~ edn

eyo ~gu} u}on jd xoyz `b| nb}elo}$ Jd bynoy ~b sybnumo

~eiò~} bh e yoe}bdeiò }j{o 'j$o$, fjdjfuf njefo~oy bh

= ff*, j~ j} domo}}eyz ~b njù~o ~go nyul |j~g ed jdoy~

fe~oyje`$ ]umg njùod~} }gbu`n foo~ jfsby~ed~ myj~oyje,

jdmùnjdl `b| mb}~ edn lbbn ~eiò~jdl ue`j~jo}$ J~ fez

io sb}}jiò, jd }bfo jd}~edmo}, ~b mbfijdo ~go ybò bhnjùod~ |j~g e njoyod~ sybsoy~z, }umg e} nj}jd~olyed~

by exbyjdl elod~$

Mbffbd`z u}on `òy} edn ijdnoy} edn ~gojy mbf&

seye~jxo sybsoy~jo} eyo `j}~on jd êiò 8$ E} med io }ood

iz ~gj} `j}~, ib~g byledjm edn jdbyledjm fe~oyje`} eyo

u}on e} `òy} edn ijdnoy}$ ^go byledjm fe~oyje`} u}on

eyo syjfeyj`z meyibgznye~o} iomeu}o bh ~gojy lodoye`

eij`j~z ~b odgedmo ~go sybnum~} fomgedjme` }~yodl~g e}

êiò ? ]bfo Fu`~jsò&_}o Owmjsjod~} hby êiò~ Hbyfuè~jbd

Owmjsjod~6mbdmod~ye~jbd jd hbyfuè _}o

O~gz`mo`ù`b}o

5=/ \o~ by nyz ijdnoy

5=/ Mbd~yb`òn&yoòe}o mbe~jdlL`zmoyz` se`fj~b}~oeye~o

3?/ @uiyjmed~

53?3/ Mbd~yb`òn&yoòe}o owmjsjod~

Gznybwzsybsz`fo~gz` mo`ù`b}o 'GSFM*, `b|

xj}mb}j~z

9?/ \o~ by nyz ijdnoy

953/ Hj`f hbyfoy

?9?/ Mbd~yb`òn&yoòe}o owmjsjod~

Feldo}juf eùfjduf }j`jme~o

953/ Ijdnoy

953/ Nj}jd~olyed~

Fjmybmyz}~e``jdo mo`ù`b}o 'FMM*

37/ Jfsybxo engo}jbd bh hj`f mbe~ ~b mbyo

3$93$?/ L`jned~?93/ Ed~jengoyed~

?93/ Nj}jd~olyed~

?:?/ Ijdnoy6hj`òySb`zo~gzòdo l`zmb`

353/ @uiyjmed~

35?/ ^goyfbsè}~jm hj`òy6ijdnoy?>3/ Mbd~yb`òn&yoòe}o owmjsjod~

Sb`z'fo~gemyzè~o}*

953/ Hj`f hbyfoy

?93/ Mbd~yb`òn&yoòe}o owmjsjod~

53?3/ Hj`òy

?53/ Mbe~jdl owmjsjod~

Sb`z'xjdz` szyyb`jnbdo* 'Sbxjnbdo, SXS*

?5?/ \o~ ijdnoy?53/ Mbe~jdl owmjsjod~

?=3/ Nj}jd~olyed~

53=?/ Mbd~yb`òn&yoòe}o owmjsjod~

]~eymg

=5?/ Jd~yelyeduèy ijdnoy6nj}jd~olyed~?9?/ \o~ ijdnoy

?93/ Nj}jd~olyed~



9/47

|o`` e} ~gojy hyoonbf hybf ~bwjmj~z, emmos~eiò ~e}~o,

edn yoe}bdeiò }bùij`j~z sybò}$

Bdo bh ~go fb}~ mbffbd`z u}on meyibgznye~o} jdmbfsyo}}on ~eiò~} j} èm~b}o$ \bya iz Ib`guj} edn

@oya Q>3V edn ]gedlye| o~ e`$ Q8V ge} nofbd}~ye~on

~ge~ e`` èm~b}o} eyo db~ oujxeòd~ e} no~oyfjdon iz

mgofjme`, sgz}jbmgofjme`, edn hudm~jbde` foe}uyo&

fod~}$ Jd ennj~jbd ~b ~go xeyjbu} sey~jmò&}j{o lyeno} bh

dbyfe` gznybu} èm~b}o, bdo med suymge}o }syez&nyjon

èm~b}o, |gjmg j} ed ell`bfoye~o bh e&èm~b}o fbdb&

gznye~o myz}~e`} |j~g us ~b 53/ efbysgbu} fe~oyje`$

]syez&nyjon èm~b}o ge} xoyz lbbn b| sybsoy~jo}, iu~

j~} sbby mbfsyo}}jbd mgeyem~oyj}~jm} youjyo ~go ennj&

~jbd bh e ijdnoy }umg e} FMM$ Gb|oxoy, bdo sey~jmuèy

iyedn bh }sgoyjme` myz}~e``jdo6efbysgbu} ell`bfoy&

e~o, He}~&H`b 'DH gznybu}*, sb}}o}}o} }usoyjby mbf&syo}}jij j~z edn nj}}bù~jbd mgeyem~oyj}~jm}$ ^go

}sgoyjme` de~uyo bh ~go myz}~e`} feao ~gof fbyo

mbfsyo}}jiò ~ged }syez&nyjon ell`bfoye~o} bh èm~b}o

Q>5V$ Edgznybu} èm~b}o ge} e`}b iood u}on e} e njùod~,

sey~jmuèy`z jd njyom~ mbfsyo}}jbd hbyfuè~jbd} |goyo

`b| fbj}~uyo mbd~od~ j} no}jyeiò, }jdmo j~ ge} xoyz

lbbn }~eij`j~z edn e yonumon ~odnodmz ~b mb`by usbd

eljdl$ Edb~goy enxed~elo jd ~go u}o bh edgznybu}èm~b}o j} ~ge~ j~} jd}od}j~jxj~z ~b ~ofsoye~uyo mgedlo}

e` b|} j~ ~b io yo|byaon |j~g yoè~jxo oe}o$ _d&

hby~ude~o z, j~} b| sybsoy~jo} eyo db~ sey~jmuèy`z

lbbn edn j~} mbfsyo}}jij`j~z j} jdhoyjby ~b b~goy hbyf}bh èm~b}o$ Bdo fu}~ e`}b ljxo e~~od~jbd, ~gbulg, ~b ~gj}

mbfsbdod~} }~eij`j~z, e} eljdl fez enxoy}o`z eom~

~go}o sybsoy~jo}$

]bfo b~goy }uley} eyo db| iojdl sybnumon jd }so&

mje` lyeno} ~b foo~ ~go doon} bh ~go sgeyfemou~jme`

jdnu}~yz$ Fb}~ bh ~go}o sybnum~} mbd~ejd mbfijde~jbd}

bh }umyb}o |j~g jdxoy~ }uley by fbnjon now~yjd} edn

eyo bh sey~jmuèy xeùo jd ~go hbyfuè~jbd bh mgo|eiò

~ei o~}$ Jd ennj~jbd, myz}~e``jdo fe`~b}o edn njyom~`z

mbfsyo}}jiò lyeno} bh hyum~b}o eyo muyyod~`z exejèiò

edn gexo lejdon e èylo nolyoo bh emmos~edmo jd ~go

ccdu~yemou~jme` jdnu}~yz Q>5eV$

]~eymg j} bh~od mj~on e} e `òy, iu~ j~ j} fbyo mbf&fbd`z u}on jd j~} nyz }~e~o e} e nj}jd~olye~jdl elod~$

Gb|oxoy, fbnjon }~eymgo} }umg e} ]~eYw 5?33 edn

De~jbde` 5??5 'sey~je``z gznyb`z{on, by syoloè~jdj{on

}~eymg* eyo feyao~on hby njyom~ mbfsyo}}jbd edn es&

soey ~b boy ~go enxed~elo bh }ui}~ed~je` fomgedjme`

}~yodl~g edn yesjn nyul yoòe}o$

Moy~ejd jdbyledjm }e`~} eyo e`}b u}on e} `òy}$ ]bfo

mbffbd owefsò} eyo `j}~on jd êiò < ~blo~goy |j~g~gojy mbfseye~jxo sybsoy~jo}$ Efbdl ~go fb}~ sbsuèy

êiò 8 Mbfseye~jxo Sybsoy~jo} bh ]bfo Njyom~`z Mbfsyo}}jiò Hj`òy}e

Hj`òy Mbfsem~jij`j~z H`b|eij`j~z ]bùij`j~z Nj}jd~olye~jbd Gzlyb}mbsjmj~z @uiyjmj~z ]~eij`j~z

Now~yb}o = 9 > 9 5 9 =

]syez&nyjon èm~b}o = ? > = 5 9 >

He}~&H`b èm~b}o > > > > 5 9 >Edgznybu} èm~b}o 9 = > > ? 9 >

Ofnow 'now~ye~o}* ? > ? = 5 9 =

]umyb}o > = ? > > 5 >

]~eymg 9 5 3 > = = =

]~eymg 5?33 = 9 9 > = 9 >

Njme`mjuf sgb}sge~o = > 5 9 5 9 ?

Exjmo` 'FMM* ? 5 3 9 9 > ?

eLyenon bd e }meò hybf ? 'lbbn6gjlg* nb|d ~b 5 'sbby6`b|*1 3 foed} dbdo$

êiò < Mbfseye~jxo Sybsoy~jo} bh ]bfo Jdbyledjm Hj`òy}e

Hj`òy Exejèij`j~z Fomgedjme` ]bùij`j~z Ei}byiodmz Emjn6ie}o Eiye}jxodo}} @uiyjmj~z

Me`mjuf meyibde~o 9 > 3 = Ie}o 9 5

Njme`mjuf sgb}sge~o 9 9 3 > Ie}o 9 3

Me`mjuf ~yjsgb}sge~o = 9 3 ? Ie}o 9 3

Feldo}juf meyibde~o 9 9 3 > Ie}o 5 5

]bnjuf mg`byjno ? ? ? 5 Dou~ye` = 9

eLyenon bd e }meò hybf ? 'lbbn6gjlg* nb|d ~b 5 'sbby6`b|*1 3 foed} dbdo$



10/47

j} njme`mjuf sgb}sge~o njgznye~o, e mbfseye~jxo`z `b|&

mb}~ jd}bùiò njùod~ |j~g lbbn sb|noy b| sb~od~je`

iu~ jdgoyod~`z sbby mbfsyo}}jbd mgeyem~oyj}~jm} Q>5V$ J~

j} jfsby~ed~ ~b db~o ~ge~ ~gj} fe~oyje` j} }`jlg~`z eàe&

`jdo edn ~gu} fu}~ db~ io u}on |goyo ~go em~jxo jd&

lyonjod~ j} }od}j~jxo ~b sG xeùo} bh 8$*



11/47

lyeduè~jdl ujn u}on med gexo sybhbudn oom~} bd e

~eiò~} fomgedjme` }~yodl~g edn nj}jd~olye~jbd ~jfo

Q>7V }gb|on ~ge~ e ijdnoy med io u}ohu`

hby e ljxod sybmo}} iu~ fez db~ io udjxoy}e``z u}ohu`$

^goz }~unjon loè~jd jd lyeduè~jbd} feno iz yb`òy&mbfsem~jbd, mbdxod~jbde` |o~ lyeduè~jbd, edn }syez&

nyzjdl$ ^go}o yo}oeymgoy} hbudn }syez nyzjdl ~b io ~go

syohoyyon fo~gbn bh lyeduè~jbd hby loè~jd&lyeduè~on

emo~efjdbsgod$ ^goz gzsb~go}j{on ~ge~ ~gj} |e} nuo

~b ~go jfsybxon nj}~yjiu~jbd bh ~go ijdnoy jd ~gj} }z}&

~of$ ]~unjo} oxeùe~jdl ~go jduodmo bh SXS&ie}on

lyeduè~jdl fo~gbn} bd lyeduò} bh èm~b}o edn FMM

hbudn ~ge~ FMM lyedu o} 'sè}~jme` z nohbyfeiò*

|oyo gjlg`z nosodnod~ bd lyeduè~jdl fo~gbn |gjò

iyj~~ò èm~b}o lyeduò} |oyo db~ 'iyj~~ o* Q>7eV$

Mgb|ged }gb|on ~ge~ mbd}jnoyeiò xeyjeij`j~z bh~od

bmmuy} |god }meò&us bh e lyeduè~jbd ~eao} sèmo$ Go

nofbd}~ye~on ~ge~ e fekby hem~by jd }meò&us j} ~gonyul j~}o`h, |gjmg fez youjyo fbyo by ò}} lyeduè~jdl

ujn edn ijdnoy ~b feao e }uj~eiò ~eiò~$ Go e`}b

hbudn ~ge~ ~gj} fez jfsem~ ~go nyul yoòe}o edn ~gu}

ijbexejèij`j~z bh ~go nb}elo hbyf Q>:V$

Jzoy o~ e $ Q?3V jdxo}~jle~on ~go oom~} bh yb~b&

lyeduè~jbd bd ~go soyhbyfedmo bh gznybwzsybsz

fo~gz`mo`ù`b}o 'GSFM*, lo e~jd, edn sb`z'&

xjdz`szyyb`jnbdo* 'Sbxjnbdo, SXS*$ Jd ~gj} sybmo}}, e``

~gyoo ijdnoy} sybnumon }jfjèy yo}u`~}$ Gb|oxoy,

GSFM |e} syohoyyon nuo ~b syb`bdlon nyul yoòe}o

sybò}, }fe` oy sey~jmò }j{o, edn io~~oy mbd~od~

udjhbyfj~z$

^go u}o bh gznybwzsybsz` mo`ù`b}o 'GSM*, e ijdnoy,

ge} jdmyoe}on jd yomod~ zoey} Q?3e?3mV$ ^gj} fe~oyje`

ge} iood }gb|d ~b yonumo ~go jdmjnodmo bh messjdl

|god mbfseyon |j~g FMM, SXS, edn }~eymg Q?3eV$ Jd

ennj~jbd, `b| }ui}~j~u~on lyeno} bh GSM med e`}b io

u}on e} e `òy6 ijdnoy Q?3iV$Zbya, yoxjo|on ~go }b`jn&}~e~o sybsoy~jo} bh }b`jn}

edn }gb|on ~ge~ ib~g jd~yjd}jm edn jdnumon sybsoy~jo}

med gexo e sybhbudn oom~ bd |o~~eij`j~z edn sybmo}&

}jdl Q?5V$ Jd ennj~jbd, @oya o~ e`$ Q?9,?=V jdxo}~jle~on

~go }uyhemo mgeyem~oyj}~jm} bh e dufioy bh nyul} edn

}gb|on ~ge~ ~go mbd~em~ edlò} med xeyz lyoe~`z no&

sodnjdl bd ~go nyul '}oo êiò :*$ Bh jd~oyo}~ j} ~go

njoyodmo jd |o~~eij`j~z bh njoyod~ myz}~e``jdo hbyf} bh

~go }efo nyul Q?9,?=V$ ^go}o sybsoy~jo} |j` gexo e

sybhbudn oom~ bd ~go eij j~z bh xeyjbu} ijdnoy} ~b

hudm~jbd e} |o`` e} mgedlo ~go sybmo}}jdl seyefo~oy}

doonon ~b oom~ sybsoy lyeduè~jbd$

Nj}jd~olyed~}

Hby fb}~ ~eiò~}, j~ j} domo}}eyz ~b bxoymbfo ~go mb&

go}jxo }~yodl~g jd~ybnumon jd~b ~go fe}} iz mbfsyo}&

}jbd$ J~ j} ~goyohbyo mbffbd syem~jmo ~b jdmbysbye~o ed

owmjsjod~, me` on e nj}jd~olyed~, |gjmg jdnumo} ~gj}

sybmo}}$ ]oxoye` ~zso}, em~jdl iz njoyod~ fomgedj}f},

fez io nj}~jdluj}gon; 'e* ~gb}o ~ge~ odgedmo ~go em~jbd

bh mesj`èyz hbymo} jd sybnumjdl e yesjn us~eao bh

euobu} `jujn}, 'i* ~gb}o ~ge~ }|o`` bd mbd~em~ |j~g

|e~oy, 'm* ~gb}o ~ge~ yoòe}o le}o} ~b nj}yus~ ~go ~eiò~

êiò 7 ]bfo Mbffbd`z _}on \o~ Ijdnoy} edn Lyeduè~jdl Hùjn}

Defo ]~yodl~g '/* Mbffod~}

Ememje fumjèloe 5? Sybnumo} geyn, hyjeiò lyeduò}

Mo`ù`b}o noyjxe~o}e ?53 GSFMi j} fb}~ mbffbd

O~gedb` Ess`jon ~b oe}j`z gznye~eiò fe~oyje`

Loè~jd }bù~jbd} 5393 Lo`} |god mb`n, ~goyohbyo u}o |eyf1 }~ybdl

engo}jxo1 u}on jd `b{odlo}1 ò}} }uj~eiò jd

|eyf fbj}~ m`jfe~o}

Lùmb}o }zyus} 9??3 ]~ybdl engo}jxo1 ~eiò~} fez }bh~od jd gjlg

gufjnj~z

Sbxjnbdo ?5? Njhhoyod~ F\ lyeno} ljxo xeyzjdl yo}u`~}]~eymg fumjèloe ?53 Bdo bh io}~ lodoye` ijdnoy}1 io~~oy |god u}on

|eyf

]umyb}o }zyus}e 8?7? ]~ybdl`z engo}jxo1 ~eiò~} fez }bh~od jd gjlg

gufjnj~z

^yelemed~g fumjèloe 5393 Sybnumo} geyn, hyjeiò lyeduò}

\e~oy Ess`jon ~b oe}j`z gznye~eiò fe~oyje`

eFez e`}b io ennon e} nyz sb|noy ~b ~go hbyfuè~jbd, iu~ ~gj} j} ò}} ohmjod~ ~ged `jujn syoseye~jbd$iGznybwzsybsz`fo~gz`mo`ù`b}o$



12/47

}~yum~uyo, edn 'n* ~gb}o ~ge~ no}~ybz ~go ijdnoy iz

od{zfe~jm em~jbd$

^go fo~gbn bh ennj~jbd ge} e`}b yomojxon e~~od~jbd$

Jd sey~jmuèy, nuyjdl |o~ lyeduè~jbd, ~go ennj~jbd bh

~go nj}jd~olyed~ iohbyo 'jd~yelyeduèy* by eh~oy 'ow~ye&

lyeduèy* ~go lyeduè~jbd sybmo}} ge} iood jdxo}~jle~on

'}oo Hjl}$ 7 edn :* Q?>V$ ^go ow~yelyeduèy sby~jbd

od}uyo} yesjn nj}jd~olye~jbd, |gjò ~go jd~yelyeduèy

hyem~jbd òen} ~b geynoy ~eiò~} edn e doy }j{o nj}&

~yjiu~jbd bd nj}soy}jbd$ ^go mbd}od}u} bh ~go sui&

`j}gon sesoy} bd ~gj} ~bsjm essoey} ~b io ~ge~ ~goyo eyo

enxed~elo} ~b io lejdon jd njxjnjdl ~go nj}jd~olyed~

jd~b ib~g ow~ye& edn jd~yelyeduèy sby~jbd}, |j~g io&

~|ood 93 edn ?3/ iojdl ow~oyde`$ Hby owefsò, 9$?/

jd~yelyeduèy edn 59$?/ ow~yelyeduèy nj}jd~olyed~

sybnumon ~go io}~ bxoye` soyhbyfedmo jd ~eiò~} bhme`mjuf by~gbsgb}sge~o Q??V$

\e~oy _s~eao$ ^goyo j} oxjnodmo ~b }ullo}~ ~ge~

|e~oy us~eao meu}on iz mesj`èyz hbymo} j} ~go myumje`

hem~by jd ~go nj}jd~olye~jbd sybmo}} bh fedz

hbyfuè~jbd}$ Jd }umg }z}~of} ~go sbyo }~yum~uyo bh

~go ~eiò~ j} bh syjfo jfsby~edmo edn edz jdgoyod~

gznybsgbijmj~z bh ~go ~eiò~ fe}} |j ` enxoy}o`z

eom~ j~$ ^goyohbyo, nj}jd~olyed~} jd ~gj} lybus fu}~

io eiò ~b fejd~ejd e sbybu} }~yum~uyo jd ~go

mbfsyo}}on ~eiò~ edn }gb| e `b| jd~oyhemje` ~od}jbd

~b|eyn} euobu} ujn}$ Yesjn sodo~ye~jbd iz |e~oy

~gybulgbu~ ~go od~jyo ~eiò~ fe~yjw ~b hemj`j~e~o j~}iyoeaus j} ~gu} emgjoxon$ Mbdmod~ye~jbd} bh

nj}jd~olyed~ ~ge~ od}uyo e mbd~jdubu} fe~yjw bh

nj}jd~olyed~ eyo no}jyeiò edn òxo`} bh io~|ood ? edn

93/ eyo mbffbd$

\e~oy us~eao ge} iood jfs`jme~on e} e fomgedj}f

bh em~jbd hby ~eiò~ nj}jd~olyed~}$ Aged edn Ygbno}

}~unjon ~go en}bys~jbd edn ei}bys~jbd sybsoy~jo} bh

xeyjbu} nj}jd~olyed~} Q?8V$ ^goz mbdmùnon ~ge~ ~go

êiò : Mbd~em~ Edlò} hby ]bfo Sb|noy}

Fe~oyje` Mbd~em~ edlò 'h*

Emo~z`}e`jmz`jm emjn

Efjdbsgz``jdo >:

Jdnbfo~gemjd :3

@em~b}o =3

Feldo}juf }~oeye~o 595

Sgodzìu~e{bdo 53:

Syondj}b`bdo >=

Syondj}bdo 8=

]~oeyjm emjn :7]u`hemo~efjno ?7

^bìu~efjno $*



13/47

eij`j~z bh sey~jmò} ~b nye| |e~oy jd~b ~go sbybu} do~&

|bya bh e ~eiò~ '|jmajdl* |e} o}}od~je` hby omjod~

nj}jd~olye~jbd$ \bya mbdnum~on iz Fj~yoxok edn Gb`&

òdioma }ui}~ed~je~o} ~go}o mèjf} Q?


14/47

Ib~g }onjfod~e~jbd xbùfo} edn }|o `jdl ye~o}

|oyo oxeùe~on iz Yundjm o~ e`$, |gb hbudn e sbby

mbyyoè~jbd io~|ood ~go }~e~jm ~o}~ '}onjfod~e~jbd*

edn nj}jd~olyed~ omjodmz QV$ Jd ennj~jbd, ~goz

hbudn ~ge~ }|o` jdl ~o}~}, }umg e} ~gb}o yosby~on

eibxo, eyo nosodnod~ usbd e dufioy bh xeyjeiò}jdmùnjdl |e~oy ~yed}sby~ ~gybulg e lo` èzoy edn

ye~o} bh gznye~jbd$ ^go}o jdxo}~jle~by} noxo`bson

fo~gbn} ~b oxeùe~o jd~yjd}jm }|o `jdl ~gybulg ~go

u}o bh gjlg&}soon mjdofjmyb}mbsz jd mbdkudm~jbd |j~g

mbfsu~oyj{on jfelo ede`z}j}$ E`~gbulg ~gojy fo~gbn

e``b|on hby fbyo emmuye~o edn syomj}o foe}uyo bh

}|o``jdl, ~goz mbdmùnon ~ge~ ib~g iuà }|o``jdl edn

jd~yjd}jm }|o``jdl sybnumon }jfj ey yeda bynoy nj}jd&

~olyed~ }|o` jdl ye~o}$

E`` bh ~go jdxo}~jle~jbd} no}myjion eibxo gexo sèmon

jfsby~edmo db~ bd`z bd ~go ow~od~ bh }|o``jdl, iu~ e`}b

bd ~go ye~o e~ |gjmg }|o``jdl noxo`bs}$ Jd ennj~jbd, j~ j}

jfsby~ed~ ~b udnoy}~edn ~ge~, e} sey~jmò} }|o``, ~goyofu}~ io `j~~ò by db emmbffbne~jbd} iz ~go ~eiò~

fe~yjw ~b ~ge~ }|o``jdl$ Jh ~go fe~yjw zjo`n} oè}~jmj~z ~b

~go }|o``jdl, `j~~ò by db hbymo |j`` io owsodnon bd ~go

}z}~of edn nj}jd~olye~jbd |j`` db~ ~eao sèmo$ Jh ~go

fe~yjw j} yjljn edn nbo} db~ emmbffbne~o }|o``jdl,

gb|oxoy, noellyole~jbd by nj}jd~olye~jbd |j`` bmmuy$

Bdo lodoye` sybiòf |j~g ~gj} lybus bh nj}jd&

~olyed~} j} ~ge~ usbd }|o``jdl, fedz nj}jd~olyed~}

sybnumo e }~jmaz by loè~jdbu} fe}} ~ge~ yo}j}~}

iyoeaus bh ~go ~eiò~, feajdl j~ sey~jmuèy`z jfsby~ed~

~b bs~jfj{o ~go mbdmod~ye~jbd syo}od~ |j~gjd ~go

lyeduè~jbd$ Hby owefsò, }bfo sb|noyon luf}, }umg

e} eley, aeyeze, by ~yelemed~g, }|o ` mbd}jnoyei`z

|god |o~, iu~ ~gojy sybdbudmon engo}jxodo}} `jfj~}~gojy xeùo e} nj}jd~olyed~} edn yo}~yjm~} ~go fewjfuf

mbdmod~ye~jbd ~b |gjmg ~goz med io oom~jxo`z u}on ~b

essybwjfe~o`z ?/ bh ~eiò~ |ojlg~$ Iomeu}o ~go}o

}ui}~edmo} eyo dbd}zd~go~jm, ~goz e`}b owgjij~ mbd&

}jnoyeiò `b~&~b&`b~ xeyjeij`j~z, eyo `jeiò ~b fjmyb&

ijb`bljme` mbd~efjde~jbd, edn med io uj~o owsod}jxo$

Gb|oxoy, e`ljdjm emjn edn j~} }bnjuf }e`~ gexo }u&

mjod~ }|o `jdl |j~g fjdjfuf }~jmajdo}}, edn mbd&

mod~ye~jbd} e} `b| e} > by ?/ eyo bh~od enoue~o$ ^go

}fe`` òxo`} bh e`ljde~o} youjyon mbfsod}e~o hby ~go

}bfo|ge~ gjlg mb}~ bh ~go}o fe~oyje`}$E`~gbulg ud~yoe~on }~eymgo} nb db~ }|o ` }u&

mjod~`z, moy~ejd fbnjon hbyf}, }umg e} }bnjuf }~eymg

l`zmbè~o, nb }|o`` jd mb`n |e~oy edn eyo io~~oy e}

nj}jd~olyed~}$ Xeyjbu} mo`ù`b}o noyjxe~jxo}, jdmùnjdl

fo~gz`mo`ù`b}o edn meyibwzfo~gz`mo`ù`b}o, gexo iood

u}on jd ~gj} ybò, iu~ |j~g `jfj~on }ummo}} nuo ~b ~go

feyaon jdmyoe}o jd xj}mb}j~z ~goz sybnumo eybudn ~go

nj}soy}jdl ~eiò~ fe}}$

Le} Sybnum~jbd$ Le}&sybnumjdl nj}jd~olyed~} eyo

u}on |god o}somje``z yesjn nj}jd~olye~jbd by e yoenj`z

}bùiò hbyfuè~jbd j} youjyon QV$ Go hbudn ~ge~ ~go

nohbyfon sey~jmò} yo~uydon ~b ~gojy dbyfe` }geso}|god owsb}on ~b |e~oy$ \bya mbfsò~on iz Hugyoy

zjo`non }jfj ey yo}u`~} Q


15/47

SEY^JM@O YOS_@]JBD ^GOBYZ$ Edb~goy ~gobyz bh

~eiò~ nj}jd~olye~jbd e~~ofs~} ~b owsèjd ~go }|o``jdl bh

~eiò~} feno |j~g ccdbd}|o` eiò }~eymg$ Luzb~&

Goyfedd edn Yjdleyn gexo sybsb}on e sey~jmò

yosu`}jbd ~gobyz ie}on usbd ~go bi}oyxe~jbd ~ge~

sey~jm o} ~ge~ nb db~ }oof ~b }|o`` fez }~j `nj}jd~olye~o ~eiò~} Q88V$ Jd ~gojy }~unz ~goz e`~oyon

~go njoòm~yjm mbd}~ed~ bh ~go nj}jd~olye~jdl fonje jd

ed oby~ ~b jnod~jhz oòm~yjm yosu`}jxo hbymo} e} ~go

fomgedj}f bh nj}jd~olye~jbd edn mbdmùnon ~ge~

|e~oy j} youjyon hby ~eiò~ nj}jd~olye~jbd$ ^go}o

jdxo}~jle~by} o}sbu}on yosu`}jbd, }ombdneyz ~b

|jmajdl, e} ~go syjfeyz fomgedj}f bh em~jbd hby e``

~eiò~ nj}jd~olyed~}$

GOE^ BH \O^^JDL$ Fe~}ufeyu |e} ~go y}~ ~b

sybsb}o ~ge~ ~go goe~ bh |o~~jdl bh nj}jd~olyed~

sey~jmò} mbu`n io e fomgedj}f bh em~jbd Q


16/47

^go}o }~unjo} }gb|on ~ge~ ~go }|o `jdl ~b ~go nj}jd&

~olyed~ sey~jmò} |e} jdxoy}o`z sybsby~jbde` ~b ~go òxo`

bh }ui}~j~u~jbd Q73V$

E dufioy bh sui`j}gon }~unjo} gexo no}myjion ~go

u}o bh xeyjbu} }ui}~edmo} e} ~eiò~ nj}jd~olyed~}$ Yo&

xjo|} iz @b|od~ge` edn Aedjl edn Yundjm gexo ioodsui`j}gon bd ~go xeyjbu} elod~} u}on ~b iyjdl eibu~

~eiò~ nj}jd~olye~jbd Q


17/47

è~~oy med io }umjod~`z eàe`jdo ~b yoem~ |j~g moy~ejd

efjdo }e`~} }umg e} efjdbsgz``jdo, yo}u`~jdl jd ~go yo&

òe}o bh hyoo ie}o edn nj}mb`bye~jbd bh ~go ~eiò~$

Sui`j}gon hbyfuè} }gb| òxo`} bh ~go}o ùiyjmed~}

io~|ood 5 edn >/, iu~ ~goyo j} oxjnodmo ~b }gb| ~ge~,

jd fedz me}o}, ~goz med io yonumon ~b e} `j~~ò e} 3$9?/

|j~gbu~ }jldjmed~ z eom~jdl ~go ùiyjme~jbd bh ~go

}z}~of$

@jujn seyed}, sey~jmuèy`z ~gb}o bh `b| xj}mb}j~z,

gexo iood u}on edn eyo }ejn ~b io bh xeùo hby mb`byon

~eiò~}, edn oxod ~go u}o bh fbnjon xolo~eiò} ge}iood e~~ofs~on$ Gb|oxoy, ~goz essoey, jd lodoye`, ~b

boy `j~~ò enxed~elo bxoy }b`jn ùiyjmed~}, edn ~gojy

jdmbysbye~jbd jd~b ~go syombfsyo}}jbd fjw~uyo j} fbyo

njmu`~, youjyjdl }bù~jbd jd e xbè~jò `jujn ~ge~ j}

~god }syezon bd~b ~go udùiyjme~on fe~oyje`$ Nuo ~b

gedn jdl edn OSE youjyofod~}, ~go}o fe~oyje`} eyo

bh~od yokom~on jd ~go syohbyfuè~jbd }~elo$

J}bè~on yohoyodmo} jd ~go `j~oye~uyo no}myjio ~go u}o

~b ~e`m e} e ùiyjmed~, iu~ ~gj} fe~oyje` j} io~~oy yo&

leynon e} e l jned~ Q797?V$ J~ ge} }oxoye` nj}&

enxed~elo}, jdmùnjdl j~} jd}bùij`j~z jd ibnz ujn} edn

~go eiye}jxodo}} hbudn |god u}jdl e`` iu~ ~go do}~

lyeno} bh ~gj} fe~oyje`$ Hjde` z, j~ `b}o} }bfo bh j~}oom~jxodo}} eh~oy mbfsyo}}jbd }b ~ge~ ~eiò~} mbd&

~ejdjdl ~e`m meddb~ io yoenj`z yo|byaon |j~gbu~ ow~ye

ued~j~jo} bh j~ iojdl ennon ~b ~go hbyfuè~jbd$

]bùiò @uiyjmed~}$ Iomeu}o bh ~go e}}bmje~jbd bhùiyjmed~ sybsoy~jo} |j~g `jsbsgj`jm fe~oyje`} 'edn

godmo sbby euobu} }bùij j~z*, e`~oyde~jxo, fbyo

gznybsgj`jm fe~oyje`} gexo iood jdxo}~jle~on$ ]bùiò

ùiyjmed~} nb db~ essoey ~b io e} omjod~ jd

ùiyjme~jdl ~eiò~ }z}~of} e} ~gojy jd}bùi o

mbud~oysey~} Q79V$ Yomojxjdl jdmyoe}jdl e~~od~jbd jd

~gj} mbd~ow~ j} e lybus bh }bùi o, jh ò}} oom~jxo,

ùiyjmed~} ~ge~ e`}b sb}}o}} }uyhem~ed~ ue`j~jo} edn

eyo ~zsjon iz ~go èuyz` }u`he~o}$ Hby owefsò, |god~eiò~} ùiyjme~on |j~g }bnjuf èuyz` }u he~o |oyo

mbfseyon ~b ~gb}o ùiyjme~on |j~g feldo}juf

}~oeye~o, ~go ~ei o~} mbd~ejdjdl }bnjuf èuyz` }u`he~o

owgjij~on e }jldjmed~`z gjlgoy ye~o bh nj}}bù~jbd$

Sgz}jme` fjw~uyo} bh ~go ùiyjmed~ |j~g }~oeye~o} med

òen ~b ~go io}~ mbfsybfj}o jd ~oyf} by ùiyjmj~z,

~ei o~ }~yodl~g, edn nj}jd~olye~jbd$ Yomod~ z,

feldo}juf èuyz` }u`he~o ge} iood hbudn ~b gexo ed

e~~yem~jxo ieèdmo bh ~go}o sybsoy~jo}, e`~gbulg

youjyjdl e mbdmod~ye~jbd bh ?/ ~b sybxjno ~go }efo

ùiyjme~jdl omjodmz e} 9/ feldo}juf }~oeye~o$

]bfo bh ~go }zd~go~jm, }bùiò, |ew&`jao sb`zfoy},

~zsjon iz ~go gjlg fb omuèy |ojlg~ sb`zo~gz odol`zmb } 'SOL}*, gexo e`}b iood u}on e} }bùi o ù&

iyjmed~}$ SOL >333 edn 8333 gexo iood jdxo}~jle~on,

iu~ ~gojy ùiyjmed~ omjodmz j} ò}} ~ged ~ge~ bh fel&

do}juf }~oeye~o$ Jd e~~ofs~} ~b dn ~go bs~jfuf ù&

iyjmed~ hybf e` }~ednsbjd~}, mbfijde~jbd} bh

sb`zfoy} }umg e} sb`zbwzo~gzòdo fbdb}~oeye~o} edn

sb`zbwo~gzòdo èuyz` }u`he~o} gexo udnoylbdo `jfj~on

~yje`}, |j~g }bfo odmbuyeljdl yo}u`~}, iu~ fbyo jd&

hbyfe~jbd j} youjyon$

L`jned~}$ L`jned~} eyo ennon ~b ~go hbyfuè~jbd jd

bynoy ~b jfsybxo ~go b| sybsoy~jo} bh ~go fe~oyje` ~b

io hon jd~b ~go njo edn }bfo~jfo} ejn jd sey~jmò

yoeyyedlofod~ |j~gjd ~go njo nuyjdl ~go oey`z }~elo}bh mbfsyo}}jbd Q8,7?V$ ^goz fez em~ iz jd~oysb}jdl

~gojy sey~jmò} io~|ood ~gb}o bh ~go b~goy mbfsbdod~}

edn }b, iz xjy~uo bh ~gojy yonumon engo}jxo

~odnodmjo}, `b|oy ~go bxoye`` jd~oysey~jmuè~o hyjm~jbd

bh ~go }z}~of$ Jd ennj~jbd, ~goyo fez io en}bys~jbd

bh l jned~ jd~b ~go jyyoluèyj~jo} bh ~go b~goy

fe~oyje`}$ J~ hb` b|} ~ge~, `jao ùiyjmed~}, ~goz eyo

youjyon e~ ~go }uyhemo bh hoon sey~jmò} edn ~ge~ ~goz

}gbu`n io jd e do }~e~o bh njxj}jbd edn essybsyje~o`z

jdmbysbye~on jd ~go fjw$

]~eymgo} yofejd e sbsuèy l`jned~, jd sey~jmuèy~gb}o |j~g ~go èyloy lyejd }j{o} }umg e} sb~e~b }~eymg,

sb}}ji`z iomeu}o bh ~gojy ennj~jbde` xeùo e} e nj}jd&

~olyed~ jd ~go hbyfuè~jbd$ Mbdmod~ye~jbd} us ~b 53/

eyo mbffbd, iu~ j~ }gbu`n io essyomje~on ~ge~ owmo}}

fez yo}u`~ jd owem~`z ~go bssb}j~o oom~ bh ~ge~ no}jyon

'j$o$, b| sybsoy~jo} fez |by}od*$ ê`m j} e`}b |jno`z

u}on edn ge} ~go enxed~elo ~ge~ j~ j} }usoyjby ~b }~ey&

mgo} jd fjdjfj{jdl edz ~odnodmz hby fe~oyje` ~b }~jma

Hjl$ 59 ôd}jò }~yodl~g bh me`mjuf }u`he~o ~eiò~} e} e

hudm~jbd bh feldo}juf }~oeye~o mbdmod~ye~jbd '}b`jn hyem~jbd 3$?


18/47

~b ~go sudmg hemo}, e sybsoy~z }bfo~jfo} mè}}jon e}

ed~jengoyod~$ Iomeu}o bh j~} ~b~e``z jd}bùiò de~uyo,

edn godmo sb~od~je` yo~eyned~ oom~ bh nj}}bù~jbd,

mbdmod~ye~jbd fu}~ io }~yjm~ z `jfj~on edn }gbu`n

yeyo`z owmoon ?/$ Jd hem~, ~go io}~ bxoye`` mbfsybfj}o

fez io yoe`j{on iz u}jdl e fjw~uyo bh }~eymg edn ~e`m$]oxoye` }jèmobu} fe~oyje`} gexo iood u}on }ummo}}&

hu``z ~b jdnumo b|$ Efbdl ~gb}o ub~on jd ~go `j~&

oye~uyo eyo szyblodjm }j`jme jd mbdmod~ye~jbd} e} `b| e}

3$9?/ edn gznye~on }bnjuf }j jbeùfjde~o jd mbd&

mod~ye~jbd} bh eybudn 3$


19/47

~gybulg oxesbye~jbd$ ^gj} oom~ med io yonumon iz

wjdl elod~} }umg e} SOL >33 by >333 jd mbdmod~ye&

~jbd} bh 7?/$ E`~oyde~jxo`z, myb}}&`jdaon sbxjnbdo med

e`}b io u}on ~b odgedmo ~go }~eij`j~z bh ~gj} sey~jmuèy

nyul$

Hèxbyjdl Elod~}

Feajdl e hbyfuè~jbd seè~eiò odbulg ~b io mgo|on

fez yo}u`~ jd odgedmon exejèij j~z bh ~go nyul$ Jd

ennj~jbd, hby se~jod~} |gb eyo udeiò ~b }|e``b| e

~eiò~ |gbò 'o$l$, mgj`nyod*, }umg e ~eiò~ fez io ~go

bd`z yoe}bdeiò e`~oyde~jxo$ ]|oo~odjdl elod~} }umg e}now~yb}o, feddj~b`, }emmgeyjd, edn }umyb}o eyo |jno`z

u}on e} exbyjdl elod~} '}oo êiò 59*$ \god mgbb}jdl

e exbyjdl elod~, gb|oxoy, bdo fu}~ meyohu``z e}}o}}

sb~od~je` jdmbfse~jij`j~jo} ~ge~ fez owj}~ io~|ood ~go

elod~ edn ~go em~jxo jdlyonjod~$ Soyges} ~go fb}~ ow&

~od}jxo`z nbmufod~on owefsò} mbdmoyd dj~ybl`zmoyjd~eiò~}, |gjmg e~ bdo ~jfo |oyo hbyfuè~on jd e mgb&

mbè~o ie}o mbd~ejdjdl dbdeàe j{on mbmbe$ _d&

hby~ude~o`z, ~go mbmbe eom~on ~go sybnum~} }~eij`j~z

edn ge} }jdmo iood yosèmon iz feddj~b`$

Hèxbyjdl elod~} sybsoy eyo mbffbd`z xbè~jò bj`}

~ge~ gexo iood nj}}b`xon jd e`mbgb` edn }syezon bd~b

~go nyjon lyeduò} by gexo }jfs`z iood en}byion bd~b

edb~goy owmjsjod~ 'o$l$, ~e`m*$ ^goz eyo ennon jf&

fonje~o`z syjby ~b mbfsyo}}jbd ~b exbjn `b}} ~gybulg

xbè~j`j{e~jbd$ Jd }bfo me}o} ~goz fez oxod gexo }bfo

ùiyjme~jdl em~jxj~z$ Jh ~go bj` dbyfe``z mbd~ejd} ~oy&

sodo}, e `b| ~oysodo lyeno j} io~~oy }b e} ~b exbjn

sb}}jiò no~oyjbye~jbd jd ~e}~o nuo ~b ~oysodo bwjne~jbd

sybnum~}$ \god ed bj` exbyjdl j} sybdo ~b bwjne~jbd,

j~ fez io syb~om~on iz e }somje` ~zso bh odmes}uè~jbd

jdxb`xjdl }syez nyzjdl by ed euobu} ofu`}jbd mbd&

~ejdjdl ~go exby$ ^go ofu`lod~ u}on jd }syez&nyjon

sybnum~} fez io }~eymg by ememje luf ljxjdl yj}o ~b ~go

}b&me`òn nyz exby}$

Sgeyfemou~jme` Mb`by}

Mb`byed~} nb db~ mbd~yjiu~o ~b ~goyesou~jm em~jxj~z,

dby nb ~goz jfsybxo sybnum~ ijbexejèij`j~z by }~eij&

`j~z$ Jdnoon, ~goz jdmyoe}o ~go mb}~ edn mbfs`jme~jbd bh

~go feduhem~uyjdl sybmo}}$ ^gojy fejd ybò j} ~b he&

mj`j~e~o jnod~jme~jbd edn ~b odgedmo ~go o}~go~jm es&

soeyedmo bh ~go sybnum~$ Jd mbffbd |j~g e`` fe~oyje`

~b io jdlo}~on iz gufed}, }b`jn nb}elo hbyf} eyo }o&

xoyo`z yo}~yjm~on jd ~go mb`byjdl elod~} ~ge~ eyo e``b|&

eiò$ ^gj} }j~ue~jbd j} mbfs`jme~on iz ~go èma jd

jd~oyde~jbde` elyoofod~ bd ed essybxon `j}~ bh mb`by&ed~} }uj~eiò hby jdlo}~jbd$

Mb`byed~} eyo exejèiò e} oj~goy }bùiò nzo} 'j$o$,

ljxjdl e mòey }bù~jbd* by jd}bùiò sjlfod~} ~ge~ fu}~

io nj}soy}on jd ~go sybnum~ '}oo êiò 5=*$ ^goyo j} ed

jdmyoe}jdl ~odnodmz ~b u}o nzo} jd ~go hbyf bh }somje`

sjlfod~} ~oyfon ccèao}$ ^go sjlfod~ jd ~gj} me}o j}

en}byion bd~b }bfo jdoy~ }ui}~ye~o, u}ue``z eùfjduf

gznybwjno$ ^go}o sjlfod~} med io njyom~ z jd&

mbysbye~on jd~b ~eiò~}$ Jd }umg me}o} j~ j} bh~od syo&

hoyeiò ~b fjw ~go èao |j~g ed ow~odnby syjby ~b

jdmbysbye~jbd jd~b ~go ~ei o~ iòdn ~b fjdjfj{o edz

fb~~`jdl$ Bynjdeyz }~eymg by fbnjon }~eymgo}, }umg e}

]~eYw 5?33, by }uley} med io u}on hby ~gj} suysb}o$ Jd

ennj~jbd, fb~~`jdl j} ò}} oxjnod~ jd se}~o` }geno} ednmb`by} jd ~go mod~oy bh ~go xj}jiò }som~yuf$

Hby ~eiò~ mbe~jdl ~goyo eyo nj}~jdm~ enxed~elo} ~b

u}jdl sjlfod~} ye~goy ~ged nzo}$ Mb`by noxo`bsfod~ j}

fbyo yesjn edn godmo sybmo}}jdl ~jfo j} }gby~oy$ ]jdmo

~go de` mb`by j} e hudm~jbd bh ~go ued~j~z bh nzo jd ~go

mbe~jdl }u}sod}jbd, ye~goy ~ged ~go dufioy bh mbe~}

ess`jon, ~goyo |j` io ò}} bsoye~by jduodmo edn e

io~~oy mgedmo bh emgjoxjdl udjhbyfj~z |j~gjd edn io&

~|ood ie~mgo}$ ^goyo fez e`}b io e yonumon yj}a bh

jd~oyem~jbd io~|ood ~go nyul edn b~goy jdlyonjod~}$

E`` nzo}, edn ~b e ò}}oy ow~od~ èao}, eyo }od}j~jxo ~b`jlg~ ~b xeyzjdl nolyoo}, edn ~gojy mb`by fez io eh&

hom~on iz b~goy jdlyonjod~} jd ~go hbyfuè~jbd$ Hby

owefs o, }jdmo fedz mb`byed~} eyo }bnjuf }e ~} bh

byledjm emjn, ~goz fez yoem~ jd }bù~jbd |j~g me~jbdjm

nyul} 'o$l$, ed~jgj}~efjdo}*$ Jd ennj~jbd, dbdjbdjm

}uyhem~ed~} fez enxoy}o`z oom~ mb`by }~eij`j~z$ ^gj} j}

fbyo syoxeòd~ |god u}jdl de~uye` mb`byed~}, |gjmg

e`}b ~odn ~b gexo e gjlgoy nolyoo bh ie~mg&~b&ie~mg

êiò 59 ]bfo Mbffbd`z _}on ]|oo~odjdl Elod~}

Iuà

Mbfsyo}}jiò }uley

Mbdhom~jbdoy} }uley

Now~yb}o

L`zmoyjd

@em~b}o

@jujn lùmb}o

Fe`~j~b` }bù~jbd

Feddj~b`

]byij~b`]umyb}o

Wz`j~b`

Jd~od}o

Emo}u`hefo sb~e}}juf

E}sey~efo

]emmgeyjd

]emmgeyjd }bnjuf

]bnjuf mzmèfe~o



20/47

xeyjeij`j~z$ Gb|oxoy, ud jao ey~jmje` nzo}, de~uye`mb`by} nb db~ youjyo HNE moy~jme~jbd syjby ~b u}o jd

nyul sybnum~}$ ]bfo bh ~go fbyo mbffbd }zd~go~jm

mb`byed~} eyo `j}~on jd êiò 5> ~blo~goy |j~g ~gojy

jfsby~ed~ sybsoy~jo}$

\o~~jdl Elod~}

\o~~jdl elod~} gexo iood u}on jd ~ei o~} mbd~ejdjdl

xoyz sbby`z }bùiò nyul} jd bynoy ~b odgedmo ~gojy ye~o

bh nj}}bù~jbd Q787:V$ ]uyhem~ed~} eyo bh~od mgb}od hby

~gj} suysb}o, |j~g }bnjuf èuyz` }u`he~o iojdl ~go fb}~

mbffbd$ Seyenbwjme `z, }bfo jbdjm }uyhem~ed~} gexo

yomod~ z iood hbyfuè~on |j~g bssb}j~o`z mgeylonnyul} ~b sybnumo e }u}~ejdon yoòe}o mbfsòw Q:3:9V$

^gu}, bdo fjlg~ |ed~ ~b mbd}jnoy u}jdl ed udmgeylon

}uyhem~ed~, }umg e} sb`z}byie~o 73 '^|ood 73*, |gjmg

ge} ò}} `jao`jgbbn bh jd~oyem~jdl |j~g mgeylon fbò&

muò}$

Mb&sybmo}}on Owmjsjod~}

J~ j} db| sb}}jiò ~b mbffoymje``z bi~ejd mb&sybmo}}on

owmjsjod~} '}oo êiò 5?*$ ^go}o owmjsjod~} eyo o}}od&

~je``z e ccsyoiòdn bh ~|b by fbyo owmjsjod~} ~ge~ eyo

mbffbd`z u}on jd mbdkudm~jbd |j~g oemg b~goy Q:9e

:9nV$ Enxed~elo} ~b u}jdl mb&sybmo}}on owmjsjod~} jd&mùno e yonum~jbd jd ~go dufioy bh ye| fe~oyje`} edn

sybmo}}jdl ~jfo youjyon hby e ljxod hbyfuè~jbd edn e

sb~od~je` hby jfsybxon ie~mg&~b&ie~mg mbd}j}~odmz$ Jd

ennj~jbd, jdxo}~jle~by} hbudn ~ge~ ~eiò~} syoseyon

hybf }j`jon FMM 'mb&sybmo}}on FMM edn mb``bjne`

}j`jmbd njbwjno* owgjij~on jfsybxon ~eiò~ }~yodl~g,jfsybxon yo~od~jbd bh mbfsyo}}jij`j~z eh~oy lyeduè&

~jbd, edn }usoyjby b| sybsoy~jo} |god mbfseyon ~b

~eiò~} feno hybf ~go}o FMM edn mb` bjne` }j jmbdnjbwjno ennon e} jdnjxjnue` mbfsbdod~} Q:9nV$

JJJ$ ÊI@O^ FED_HEM^_YO

^gu} hey jd ~gj} mges~oy, ~go ofsge}j} ge} iood bd ~go

fe~oyje` ye~goy ~ged bd ~go sybmo}}o} jdxb`xon jd ~eiò~

feduhem~uyo, iu~ ~go è~~oy eyo bh oue` jfsby~edmo$

^go sgeyfemou~jme` jdnu}~yz j} gjlg`z yoluè~on edn

fu}~ mbfs`z |j~g muyyod~ Lbbn Feduhem~uyjdl

Syem~jmo} 'mLFS}*$ Jd ~oyf} bh oujsfod~, ~gj} ~yed}&

è~o} jd~b syoseyjdl sybnum~} jd ~b~e``z odm`b}on }z}&

~of} iz sybmo}}o} ~ge~ fjdjfj{o ~go gedn`jdl edn~yed}hoy bh fe~oyje`}$ Jyyo}som~jxo bh ~go sey~jmuèy

sybnum~jbd ybu~o|o~ lyeduè~jbd by njyom~

mbfsyo}}jbd ~go y}~ }~elo j} `jao`z ~b jdxb`xo ~go

jd~jfe~o fjwjdl ~blo~goy bh }oxoye` sb|noyon jd&

lyonjod~}$

E$ Sb|noy Fjwjdl

^go }ummo}}hu` fjwjdl ~blo~goy bh do sb|noy j} em&

adb|ònlon ~b io bdo bh ~go fbyo njmu`~ udj~ bs&

oye~jbd} iomeu}o, ud jao ~go }j~ue~jbd |j~g `jujn,

soyhom~ gbfblodoj~z j} syem~jme``z ude~~ejdeiò$ E``

~ge~ j} sb}}jiò j} ~b yoe j{o e fewjfuf nolyoo bhyednbfdo}} jd ~go eyyedlofod~ bh ~go jdnjxjnue`

mbfsbdod~} bh ~go fjw$ Jd syem~jmo, sybiòf} e`}b eyj}o

iomeu}o bh ~go jdgoyod~ mbgo}jxodo}} edn yo}j}~edmo ~b

fbxofod~ io~|ood ~go jdnjxjnue` sey~jmò}$ ^go syb&

mo}} j} huy~goy mbfs`jme~on jd fedz }z}~of} iz ~go

syo}odmo bh }jldjmed~ }olyole~jxo jduodmo} jd ~go

sb|noy fjw$ ^go}o eyj}o nuo ~b njoyodmo jd sey~jmò

}j{o, }geso, edn nod}j~z bh ~go mbfsbdod~ sey~jmò}$

êiò 5= Njhhoyodmo} Io~|ood @eao} edn Nzo}

Mgeyem~oyj}~jm} @eao} Nzo}

]bùij`j~z Jd}bùiò jd fb}~ }b`xod~} ]bùiò jd |e~oy, sybszòdo l`zmb`,

edn l`zmoyjd

Fo~gbn bh mb`byjdl Iz nj}soy}jbd Iz }bù~jbdSuyo nzo mbd~od~ 53>3/ Syjfeyz mb`by}; :3:=/

Ye~o bh u}o 3$53$=/ 3$353$3=/

Sey~jmò }j{o 0 3$? ff 59933 fo}g]~eij`j~z

@jlg~ Io~~oy Lbbn

Goe~ Io~~oy Lbbn

Mb`byjdl }~yodl~g Db~ sybsby~jbde` ~b nzo mbd~od~ Njyom~`z sybsby~jbde` ~b suyo nzo mbd~od~

]geno} Xeyjo} |j~g suyo nzo mbd~od~ Mbd}~ed~

]buymo; \eydoy Kodajd}bd Sefsgò~ bd @eao Sjlfod~}, ]os~ofioy 5::3$



21/47

êiò 5> ]bfo Mbffbd`z _}on Sgeyfemou~jme` Mb`byed~} ']zd~go~jm*

]bùij`j~z 'l6533 f@ e~ 9?M* ]~eij`j~

HN(M mb`by Mbffbd defo \e~oy L`zmoyjd Sybszòdo l`zmb` 9?/ O~gedb` @jlg~ Bwjne~jbd sG =

Yone Oyz~gyb}jdo :$3 93$3 93$3 7$3 Sbby Hejy Jd}b` J

Yon >3 E`ùye yon EM 99$3 =$3 5$? :$? Lbbn Hejy DDMi D

Zo``b| ? êy~ye{jdo 93$3 57$3 $3 93$3 93$3 Hejy Sbby ]$ heno X

eDb~o; HN(M Yon = èao ge} iood no`j}~on iz HNE e} bh Kedueyz 9:, 5::3$iDb db~jmoeiò mgedlo$m]`jlg~ heno$nXoyz }`jlg~ heno$oEssyomjeiò heno$hMbfsò~o`z heno}$

]buymo; \eydoy&Kodajd}bd Sefsgò~ bh Moy~jon Mb`by}, ]os~ofioy 5::3$



22/47

J~ j} db~ sb}}jiò goyo ~b syo}od~ e hu`` emmbud~ bh ~go

jd~oyem~jbd} io~|ood ~go}o oom~}, }b ~go yoenoy j} yo&

hoyyon ~b }~edneyn ~ow~} noe`jdl |j~g ~gj} jfsby~ed~

~bsjm Q:=V$ Gb|oxoy, ~goyo fez io ed bs~jfuf fjwjdl~jfo edn jd }umg me}o}, syb`bdlon fjwjdl fez yo}u`~ jd

ed udno}jyon sybnum~$ Jd ~go }somje` me}o bh fjwjdl jd e

ùiyjmed~, |gjmg j} youjyon e~ ~go lyedu o }uyhemo,

bxoyfjwjdl med io sey~jmuèy`z no~yjfod~e`$

Sb|noy fjwoy} xeyz |jno`z jd ~gojy eij`j~z ~b syb&

numo enoue~o`z fjwon sb|noy} edn ~go ~jfo doonon ~b

emmbfs`j}g j~$ Hby jd~jfe~o fjwjdl bh sb|noy}, odoylz

fu}~ io }uss`jon e~ e gjlg odbulg ye~o ~b bxoymbfo ~go

jdgoyod~ yo}j}~edmo ~b njoyod~je fbxofod~ io~|ood

sey~jmò}$ B`noy fjwoy} e~~ofs~ ~b }uss`z }umjod~

odoylz ~b fjw ~go od~jyo ie~mg e~ bdmo, iu~ fbnoyd

no}jld} ~odn ~b io ie}on bd fomgedj}f} hby }ouod&

~je``z hoonjdl e sybsby~jbd bh ~go ~b~e` fjw ~b e yoljbd

bh gjlg&odoylz fjwjdl sb~od~je`$ ^zsjme` owefsò} bh

~go lodoye` no}jld bh }umg fjwoy} eyo }gb|d nje&

lyeffe~jme``z jd Hjl$ 5=$ Fjwjdl j} emgjoxon iz foed}

bh e fejd jfso` oy, |gjmg hoon} fe~oyje` ~b e gjlg&}soon ccmgbssoy, sybnumjdl ed jd~od}o }goey fjwjdl

{bdo$

\j~g e`` fjwoy}, gb|oxoy, j~ j} domo}}eyz ~b o}~ei`j}g

~ge~ ed emmos~eiò nolyoo bh gbfblodoj~z ge} iood

yoemgon$ Uued~j~e~jxo fo~gbnb`bljo} hby o}~ei`j}gjdl

ed ccjdnow bh fjwjdl by ccomjodmz bh fjwjdl eyo

yosby~on jd ~go `j~oye~uyo Q:>V$

Njyom~ Mbfsyo}}jbd

Hby bixjbu} yoe}bd}, ~go sb}}jij`j~z bh mbfsyo}}jdl

fjwon sb|noy} jd~b ~ei o~} |j~gbu~ ed jd~oyfonje~o

lyeduè~jdl }~os j} ed e~~yem~jxo bdo$ Hby fedz zoey},

êiò 5? ]oxoye` Mb&Sybmo}}on Owmjsjod~}

Owmjsjod~ Mbfsbdod~} Feduhem~uyoy

Enxed~b}o H] Hyum~b}o, syoloè~jdj{on }~eymg NFX

Exjmo` MO&5? FMM, luey luf HFM

Mo`èm~b}o FMM, e&èm~b}o fbdbgznye~o Follò LfiG@unjsyo}} e&@em~b}o fbdbgznye~o, sbxjnbdo, myb}sbxj&

nbdo

IE]H

@u}~yoMòey FMM, meyyelooded HFM

Fjmybmoèm FMM, e&èm~b}o fbdbgznye~o Follò LfiG

Sgeyfe~b}o NM@ Edgznybu} em~b}o, em~j~b` NFX

Syb]b`x ]FMM FMM, mb``bjne` }j`jmbd njbwjno Sod|o}~

FMM, Fjmybmyz}~e``jdo mo`ù`b}o$

Hjl$ 5= Gjlg&}goey fjwoy}; 'e* udnoynyjxod1 'i* bxoynyjxod$



23/47

}oxoye` |jno`z u}on nyul}, db~ei`z e}sjyjd, gexo iood

exejèiò jd hbyf} ~ge~ med io ~eiò~on |j~gbu~ huy~goy

~yoe~fod~$ Yomod~`z, ~goyo ge} iood e lyb|jdl jfso~u}

~b noxo`bs }b&me` on njyom~ mbfsyo}}jbd 'NM* hby&

fuè~jbd}, edn ~go yedlo bh owmjsjod~}, o}somje``z nj&

ùod~}, no}jldon hby ~gj} }somjm ybò ge} owsednonnyefe~jme``z$

J~ j} sb}}jiò ~b nj}~jdluj}g ~|b ~zso} bh NM hby&

fuè~jbd}; 'e* ~gb}o |goyo e fekby sybsby~jbd j} ed

em~jxo jdlyonjod~, edn 'i* ~gb}o |goyo ~go em~jxo jd&

lyonjod~ j} e fjdby mbfsbdod~ 'j$o$, 053/ bh ~gombfsyo}}jbd |ojlg~*$ Jd ~go hbyfoy me}o, ~go jdgoyod~

mgeyem~oyj}~jm} bh ~go nyul fbòmuò, jd sey~jmuèy ~go

eij j~z ~b syoseyo e sgz}jme` hbyf ~ge~ |j ` ~eiò~

njyom~ z, |j` gexo sybhbudn oom~} bd ~go ~eiò~}

mgeyem~oyj}~jm}$

J~ fez }bfo~jfo} iz domo}}eyz ~b }ussòfod~ ~go

sybsoy~jo} bh ~go nyul }b ~ge~ j~ mbfsyo}}o} fbyo oe&

}j`z, edn ~go}o doon} gexo iood yoe`j{on iz }oxoye`feduhem~uyoy} bh owmjsjod~}$ Fe~oyje } no}myjion e}

ccmbfsyo}}jbd ejn} eyo db| mbffoymje` z exejèiò$

Jnoe``z, }umg enkuxed~} }gbu`n noxo`bs fomgedjme`

}~yodl~g |gjò jfsybxjdl, by e~ òe}~ db~ enxoy}o`z eh&

hom~jdl, yoòe}o mgeyem~oyj}~jm}$ Efbdl ~go fb}~ }um&

mo}}hu` e~ foo~jdl ib~g ~go}o doon} gexo iood ~go

fjmybmyz}~e``jdo mo`ù`b}o} 'sey~je``z emjn&gznyb`z{on

hbyf} bh mo`ù`b}o*$ E dufioy bh lyeno} eyo exejèiò

ie}on usbd sey~jmò }j{o edn nj}~yjiu~jbd$

Fb}~ b~goy NM owmjsjod~} yoe``z io`bdl jd ~go }om&

bdn me~olbyz, |goyo ~go nyul j} syo}od~ jd `b| mbd&

mod~ye~jbd$ Jd }umg me}o}, ~go u}o bh ed jdowsod}jxo NM

njùod~ j} |eyyed~on$ Iohbyo mbd}jnoyjdl }bfo bh ~go}o,

moy~ejd lodoye`j{e~jbd} eyo |by~g db~jdl }jdmo ~goyo}oof} ~b gexo eyj}od ed oyybdobu} io`joh ~ge~ NM j}

e`|ez} e }jfsòy hbyfuè~jbd ybu~o$ Hby jd}~edmo,

fedz NM `òy}, }umg e} }syez&nyjon èm~b}o, }gbu`n

db~ io yo|byaon iomeu}o ~gj} eom~} ~gojy mbfsyo}}j&

ij`j~z$ Jd ennj~jbd, ~gb}o njùod~} |j~g e èylo sey~jmò

}j{o fez ljxo yj}o ~b fjwjdl sybiòf} nuo ~b }olyole&

~jbd udò}} ed bs~jfuf sybsby~jbd bh do fe~oyje` j}

syo}od~$ Fbyo bh~od, bdo j} hemon |j~g ~go sybiòf bh

ed owmo}}jxo`z deyyb| sey~jmò }j{o nj}~yjiu~jbd }b ~ge~

b|, jd lodoye`, edn udjhbyf hoonjdl ~b ~go njo}, jd

sey~jmuèy, eyo njmu ~$ ]bfo~jfo} ie~mg&~b&ie~mgxeyje~jbd j} fbyo syoxeòd~ jd }bùiò NM `òy}, }umg

e} }uley}$ _d`jao |o~ lyeduè~jbd, NM ge} `j~~ò eij`j~z

~b fe}a jdgoyod~ ~eiò~jdl nomjodmjo} jd ed jdlyonjod~$

Jd ennj~jbd, ~goyo |j` io `j~~ò sb}}jij`j~z hby syjby

|o~~jdl bh e gznybsgbijm nyul edn }ui}ouod~ nj}&

}bù~jbd odgedmofod~, |gjmg j} e sybxod oom~ bh |o~

lyeduè~jbd$ Bd ~go b~goy gedn, NM hbyfuè~jbd} eyo

`jao`z ~b io fbyo }~eiò, }gb| ho|oy eljdl oom~}, edn,

jd }somjm me}o}, boy ~go bd`z |byaeiò sybnum~jbd

fo~gbn$

\o~ Lyeduè~jbd

E`~gbulg fedz owj}~jdl sybnum~} mbd~jduo ~b io syb&

mo}}on iz e òdl~gz |o~ lyedu e~jbd ~ge~ jdm uno}

iòdnjdl bh nyz jdlyonjod~}, |o~ fe}}jdl, }myoodjdl,

edn ~god ~yez by ujnj{on ion nyzjdl, ~goyo j} e ~yodn

~b|eyn u}jdl femgjdo} ~ge~ med meyyz bu~ ~go od~jyo

lyeduè~jbd }ouodmo jd e }jdlò sjomo bh oujsfod~ by

}jdlò&sb~ sybmo}}by Q:?V$ Hbyfuè~by} fu}~ io e|eyo,

gb|oxoy, ~ge~ ~go ~zso bh lyeduè~jbd sybmonuyo u}on

med gexo e sybhbudn jfsem~ bd ~go lyeduò} sybnumon$

^gu}, e hbyfuè~jbd ~ge~ sybnumo} enoue~o lyeduò}

iz mbdxod~jbde` sèdo~eyz fjwjdl fez sybnumo }ui&

bs~jfe` sybnum~ jh ~yed}hoyyon ~b e }jdlò&sb~ syb&mo}}by$

J~ j} lodoye``z elyoon ~ge~ ~goyo |j ` owj}~ ed bs~jfufyedlo bh lyeduò }j{o} hby e sey~jmuèy hbyfuè~jbd, edn

~goyohbyo, moy~ejd lodoye`j{e~jbd} eyo |by~gz ~b db~o

goyo$ \j~gjd `jfj~}, }fe`òy lyeduò} |j`` òen ~b gjlgoy

edn fbyo udjhbyf ~eiò~ |ojlg~ edn gjlgoy ~eiò~

myu}gjdl }~yodl~g, |j~g }ui}ouod~ `bdloy nj}jd~olye&

~jbd ~jfo edn yonumon hyjeij`j~z$ ^go }~yodl~g bh lyed&

uò} ge} e`}b iood }gb|d ~b jduodmo ~go ~od}j o }~yodl~g

bh ~go ~eiò~} syoseyon hybf ~gof, |j~g }~ybdloy lyed&

uò} òenjdl, jd lodoye`, ~b geynoy ~eiò~} Q:8V$

Bdo jfsby~ed~ dnjdl |j~g |jno}syoen jfs`jme~jbd}

eyj}o} hybf |bya iz Mgeunyz edn Ajdl Q:


24/47

med io nuo oj~goy ~b sè}~jm nohbyfe~jbd, |gjmg j} e

fekby hem~by e~~yjiu~jdl ~b ~go ~eiò~} fomgedjme`

}~yodl~g, by ~b iyj~~ò hyem~uyo, |gjmg sybnumo} sbby

ue`j~z mbfsem~} ~ge~ myufiò e} ~go ~eiò~} eyo okom~on

Q9?,:7V$ Jd lodoye`, e} jdmyoe}jdl syo}}uyo j} ess`jon ~b e

mbfsem~, j~} sbyb}j~z |j`` io yonumon$^go }uyhemo eyoe bh ~go jdnjxjnue` sey~jmò} ~gof&

}o`xo} mgedlo} nuyjdl ~go mbfsem~jbd sybmo}}$ Jd&

j~je``z, ed jdmyoe}o jd }uyhemo eyoe j} db~on nuo ~b ~go

hyem~uyo e} mbfsyo}}jbd hbymo jdmyoe}o}$ Oxod~ue``z,

~go }uyhemo eyoe nomyoe}o} nuo ~b ibdnjdl edn mbd&

}b`jne~jbd bh sey~jmò} e~ gjlgoy mbfsyo}}jbd hbymo}

Q9?,:7V$ Gjlumgj o~ e`$ Q:7V sb}~uè~on ~ge~ ed ennj~jbde`

jdmyoe}o jd }uyhemo eyoe bmmuy} eh~oy ~gj} sbjd~ edn ~ge~

~gj} oom~ fez meu}o èfjde~jbd bh ~go ~eiò~ nuo ~b

ow~od}jxo yoibudn e~ nombfsyo}}jbd$ Jd b~goy |byn},

e~ ~go ~eiò~ sudmg sb|noy jd~oyhemo, ~goyo fez io

{bdo} bh gjlg nod}j~z nuyjdl mbfsyo}}jbd, iu~ usbd

nombfsyo}}jbd ~go}o {bdo} gexo oè}~jm yoibudn edneyo su`òn esey~ hybf ~go yo}~ bh ~go ~eiò~ ~ge~ njn db~

mbd~ejd ~gj} gjlg nod}j~z$

^go fekby hbymo} jdxb`xon jd ~go hbyfe~jbd bh e

~eiò~ mbfsem~ eyo j`ù}~ye~on jd Hjl$ 5> 'e }jdlò&odnon

fbno`* edn eyo db~e~on e} hb``b|}; HE yosyo}od~} ~go

ewje` syo}}uyo, |gjmg j} ~go hbymo ess`jon ~b ~go mbf&

sem~ iz ~go ussoy sudmg, H@ j} ~go hbymo ~yed}è~on ~b

~go `b|oy sudmg, edn HN j} ~go hbymo `b}~ ~b ~go njo

|e``$ Jh bdo yofofioy} ~ge~ hby oxoyz hbymo ~goyo fu}~

io ed oue` edn bssb}j~o hbymo, ~go hb``b|jdl yo&

è~jbd}gjs j} bixjbu};

HE H@ HN

HY j} ~go yenje` njo |e`` hbymo ~ge~ noxo`bs} iomeu}o

~go sb|noy j} jd e mbddon odxjybdfod~ 'j$o$, db~ eiò

~b }syoen bu~|eyn e} syo}}uyo j} ess`jon nb|d usbd j~

iomeu}o j~ j} yo}jnjdl |j~gjd ~go njo*$ ^go mbomjod~ bh

hyjm~jbd e~ ~go njo |e``, f\, j} nuo ~b ~go }goeyjdl en&

go}jbd ~ge~ bmmuy} e`bdl ~go njo e e} ~go sb|noy j}feno fbyo nod}o edn mbfsyo}}on$ ^go hb``b|jdl yo&

è~jbd}gjs io~|ood edn HN1 f\, edn HY j} hbudn ~bowj}~;

HN f\HY

^go hbymo bh ~eiò~ okom~jbd hybf ~go njo, HO, j} e

hudm~jbd bh ib~g edn ~go yo}jnue` njo |e`` hbymo,

YN\H, ~ge~ owj}~} eh~oy nombfsyo}}jbd$ E} ~go hyjm~jbd

nomyoe}o}, bdo |j`` bixjbu}`z }oo e mbyyo}sbdnjdl nybs

jd HO$ J~ j} jfsby~ed~ ~b yofofioy goyo ~ge~ j~ j} no&

}jyeiò hby HO ~b io e} `b| e} sb}}jiò }b ~ge~ fjdjfe`

nefelo j} jfsey~on ~b ib~g ~go ~eiò~ edn ~go ~bb`jdl$

^go y}~ ess`jme~jbd} bh ~gj} ~omgdjuo Q::V |oyonjyom~on ~b noxo`bsjdl e fbyo }od}j~jxo e}}o}}fod~ bh

ùiyjmed~ omjodmz ~ged ~ge~ boyon iz ~go ~yenj~jbde`

ccmbomjod~ bh ùiyjme~jbd, by Y&xeùo 'j$o$, H@ ; HEye~jb*$ ]jdmo ~god, j~} u}o ge} iood ow~odnon ~b sybxjno

syonjm~jxo jdhbyfe~jbd bd hbyfuè~jbd soyhbyfedmo

Q533,535V$ @effod} o~ e`$ Q539V gexo }~yo}}on ~go jf&

sby~edmo bh od}uyjdl syomj}jbd edn emmuyemz jd }umg

foe}uyofod~} hby mbyyom~ jd~oysyo~e~jbd bh ~go ne~e }b

sybnumon$

E`~gbulg ~go mgbjmo bh syomj}o ~eiò~ lobfo~yz fez

io fbyo ~go syoyble~jxo bh ~go feyao~jdl nosey~fod~

~ged bh ~go sgeyfemou~jme` hbyfuè~jbd by sybnum~jbd

nosey~fod~, moy~ejd lodoye` ~omgdjme` bi}oyxe~jbd}

fu}~ io ~eaod jd~b emmbud~$ Ioeyjdl jd fjdn ~ge~ fb}~~eiò~} eyo mz`jdnyjme` jd }geso, njefo~oy} io~|ood =

edn 59 ff eyo syohoyyon, |j~g oj~goy ioxoòn onlo} by

ijmbdxow sybò$ @b| gojlg~&~b&njefo~oy ye~jb}, mbd&

}j}~od~ |j~g enoue~o ~eiò~ }~yodl~g, eyo no}jyeiò }b

e} ~b fjdjfj{o njo&|e`` hyem~jbde` oom~}, |gjmg med

mbd}ufo e }jldjmed~ efbud~ bh ~go ~b~e` odoylz yo&

ujyon jd ~eiò~jdl$ Jd ennj~jbd, ~go jd~oyde` }~yo}}

njoyodmo} |j`` io fjdjfj{on jh e ijmbdxow sybò j}

}oòm~on, e`~gbulg ~go ~eiò~} }geso fez eom~ ~go

yoòe}o bh ~go nyul} jd fe~yjw ~eiò~} Q53=V$ ^go oom~ bh

sudmg hemo lobfo~yz edn ùiyjmed~ mbfsyo}}jbd bd~eiò~ sybsoy~jo} ge} iood yosby~on iz Fomg~oy}gojfoy

edn [umaoy Q53>V$

E} e lodoye`j{e~jbd, jdmyoe}jdl mbfsyo}}jbde` hbymo

|j`` yo~eyn nj}soy}jbd bd enfjdj}~ye~jbd, edn ~goyohbyo,

òxo`} }gbu`n io aos~ e} `b| e} sb}}jiò, mbd}j}~od~ |j~g

emgjoxjdl emmos~eiò fomgedjme` sybsoy~jo}$ \j~g }bfo

owmjsjod~} ~goyo j} e myj~jme` mbfsyo}}jbde` hbymo yedlo

youjyon ~b emgjoxo fjdjfuf nj}jd~olye~jbd ~jfo}$

Hjl$ 5> Hbymo} noxo`bson jd ~go hbyfe~jbd bh e ~eiò~ mbf&

sem~$ , njo |e` 1 HE, ewje` syo}}uyo ess`jon iz ussoy sudmg1

HN, hbymo `b}~ ~bnjo |e` 1 HY, yenje`njo |e` 1(, ~eiò~mbfsem~$



25/47

^gj} ge} iood nofbd}~ye~on hby }~eymg&mbd~ejdjdl

hbyfuè~jbd} edn |e} ~gbulg~ ~b io `jdaon ~b syb&

num~jbd bh ed bs~jfuf sbyo }j{o nj}~yjiu~jbd ~ge~ e`&

`b|on yesjn us~eao bh |e~oy |j~gbu~ sybxjnjdl èylo

jd~oyde` ejy }semo} ~b emmbffbne~o ~go }|o``jdl }~eymg

lyejd} Q53?V$ ^go jfsby~edmo bh syo}} }soon fu}~ e`}bio ~eaod jd~b emmbud~, sey~jmuèy`z |goyo sè}~jm no&

hbyfe~jbd j} ~gbulg~ ~b sèz e fekby yb o jd ~eiò~

hbyfe~jbd$ ^go oom~ bh ~gj} ye~o bh mbfsem~jbd ge}

iood nofbd}~ye~on ued~j~e~jxo`z jd e yosby~ iz Yb&

ioy~} edn Yb|o Q538V$

JX$ ÊI@O JDL OU_JSFOD^

E$ Lyedè~by}

Byjljde``z, |o~ lyeduè~jbd jdxb`xon ~go gedn sybmo}}

bh syoseyjdl e |o~ fe}} edn hbymjdl j~ ~gybulg e }myood

bd~b ~yez} ~ge~ |e} sèmon jd~b e mbdxom~jbd bxod|goyo ~go lyeduò} |oyo nyjon$ \j~g jdmyoe}jdl ie~mg

}j{o}, ~go doon hby iuà lyeduè~jbd sybmonuyo} iomefo

domo}}eyz$ Fedz bh ~go}o sybmonuyo} jdxb`xon fjwjdl

~go sb|noyon jdlyonjod~} jd e }somje` yjiibd iòdnoy,

|gjmg mbu`n e`}b emmbfs`j}g ~go |o~ fe}}jdl sybmo}}$

^go fbj}~odon fe~oyje`} |oyo ~god u}ue``z lyeduè~on

iz hbymjdl ~gof ~gybulg e }myood, u}jdl b}mj`è~jdl

ièno} bh e fbnjon mbffjdu~jdl fj``, bd~b ~yez} ~ge~

|oyo ~god ~yed}hoyyon ~b ed bxod hby nyzjdl$ Muyyod~

lyeduè~jdl fo~gbn} med io mè}}jon jd~b ~go hb``b|&

jdl me~olbyjo}; 'e* ~yenj~jbde` fo~gbn} e} no~ej on

eibxo1 'i* gjlg&}goey fjwjdl1 'm* ujn&ion lyeduè~jbd1

edn 'n* }jdlò&sb~ sybmo}}jdl$

Gjlg }goey fjwoy}, |gjmg feao u}o bh ib~g e gjlg&}soon fjwjdl ièno edn mgbssoy, gexo èylo`z yosèmon

~yenj~jbde` sèdo~eyz fjwjdl$ ^gj} sybmo}} med yonumo

lyeduè~jbd ~jfo edn sybnumo} nod}o lyeduò}$ Fe~o&

yje` sybmo}}on jd e gjlg&}goey fjwoy j} nj}mgeylon hybf

~go udj~ edn ~yed}hoyyon ~b e nyzjdl udj~, |j~g by

|j~gbu~ ed jd~oyfonje~o }myoodjdl }~os$

Hùjnj{on ion} gexo iood owsednon hybf ~gojy byj&

ljde` u}o e} nyzoy} ~b odmbfse}} lyeduè~jbd e} |o``$

Lyeduè~jbd jd e ujnj{on ion j} emgjoxon iz }u}&

sodnjdl ~go sb|noy jd ~go ejy bh ~go ujnj{on ion edn

~god }syezjdl e `jujn ijdnoy hybf db{{ò} ~ge~ eyosb}j~jbdon eibxo by io`b| ~go sb|noy ion$ Jd lodoye`,

~bs&}syez bsoye~jbd sybnumo} sbybu} lyeduò} |gj o

ib~~bf&}syez lyeduò} eyo nod}o edn gjlg`z }sgoyjme`$

\god u}jdl ujnj{on ion} jd ~go lyeduè~jbd6nyzjdlfbno, ~go sybmo}} mbdnj~jbd}, }umg e} nyzjdl ~of&

soye~uyo edn òdl~g bh ~go nyzjdl mzmò, fu}~ io bs~j&

fj{on, edn j~ fez io domo}}eyz ~b enbs~ e njoyod~

essybemg ~b hbyfuè~jbd ~ged |bu`n gexo iood u}on

|j~g ~go fbyo ~yenj~jbde` oujsfod~$ Hby owefs o,

lyeduè~jdl ujn j} }syezon jd~b ~go ion bh fjwon

sb|noy e~ e ljxod ~ofsoye~uyo1 j~} xbè~j`j~z edn xj}m&

b}j~z udnoy ~go}o mbdnj~jbd} |j`` jduodmo ~go mgey&

em~oyj}~jm} bh ~go de` sybnum~$ ^go jfsby~ed~

seyefo~oy} lbxoydjdl ~go soyhbyfedmo bh ujnj{onion} u}on e} FLN} ge} iood }~unjon iz \by~} edn

]mgbohoy Q53


26/47

'm* fjwjdl ~go em~jxo }ui}~edmo edn ijdnoy sb|noy}

~blo~goy edn ~god goe~jdl ~b e ~ofsoye~uyo eibxo ~go

fo`~jdl sbjd~ bh ~go ijdnoy$ So`ò~j{e~jbd iz ow~yu}jbd

edn }sgoybdj{e~jbd, by feyufoyj{e~jbd, j} ~go fb}~

mbffbd bh ~go}o fo~gbn}$ ^go seyefo~oy} mbd~yb``jdl

~gj} sybmo}} gexo iood }~unjon iz Fe`jdb|}aj Q537V edn

~go oom~ bd ~go ~eiò~ sybnumon hybf j~ oxeùe~on$

I$ êiò~ Syo}}o}

\j~g ~go owmos~jbd bh syo}}o} no}jldon ~b sybnumo

mbe~on by èzoyon ~eiò~}, ~go noxo`bsfod~ bh ~eiò~jdl

oujsfod~ ge} iood bdo èylo`z bh mbd~jdujdl oxbù~jbd$

Jd fedz eyoe}, ~go jdmod~jxo} gexo mbfo hybf ~go

sgeyfemou~jme` jdnu}~yz, ye~goy ~ged ~go ~eiò~ syo}}

feduhem~uyoy}, e} e yo}u`~ bh moy~ejd ~yodn} jd ~eiò~jdl

bsoye~jbd}$ ^go}o jdmùno 'e* jdmyoe}on ye~o bh sybnum&

~jbd, 'i* njyom~ mbfsyo}}jbd bh sb|noy}, 'm* }~yjdlod~

}~edneyn}hby mòed jdo}} ~b mbfs`z|j~g mLFS},edn 'n*

eu~bfe~jbd, by e~ òe}~ mbd~jdubu} fbdj~byjdl bh ~go

sybmo}}$ Gb|oxoy, ~goyo j} db| oxjnodmo ~b }ullo}~ ~ge~

|o fez io essybemgjdl jdgoyod~ `jfj~} ~b huy~goy no&

xo`bsfod~ bh }bfo syo}} xeyjeiò} bd owj}~jdl `jdo}$

E~ syo}od~, edn jd ~go jffonje~o hu~uyo, bdo meded~jmjse~o ~go mbd~jdue` xzjdl bh bdo feduhem~uyoy

|j~g edb~goy bxoy yoè~jxo`z fjdby jfsybxofod~}, |j~g

sb}}ji`z }jldjmed~ enxedmo} jd jd}~yufod~e~jbd, eu&

~bfe~jbd, edn gzljodo$ Gb|oxoy, }oxoye` oe}z&~b&mòed

gjlg&bu~su~ syo}}o} eyo muyyod~`z feduhem~uyon$ Fb}~

Ajaj}uj fbno`} eyo cc}o`h&mòedjdl edn e``b| hby ~go

od~jyo ~uyyo~ eyoe ~b io `òn |j~g }b`xod~} edn mòedon

iz yuddjdl ~go syo}}$

E` ~eiò~jdl syo}}o} ofs`bz ~go }efo ie}jm

syjdmjsò ~goz mbfsyo}} ~go lyeduèy by sb|noyon

fjw~uyo bh jdlyonjod~} jd e njo io~|ood ~|b sudmgo}

|j~g ~go njo edn j~} e}}bmje~on sudmgo} iojdl me`òn e

cc}~e~jbd bh ~bb`jdl$ êiò~ femgjdo} med io njxjnon

jd~b ~|b nj}~jdm~ me~olbyjo};

5$ ^gb}o |j~g e }jdlò }o~ bh ~bb jdl cc}jdlò

}~e~jbd 'by cc}jdlò&sudmg* by ccommod~yjm

syo}}o}9$ ^gb}o |j~g }oxoye` }~e~jbd} bh ~bb`jdl ccfu`&

~j}~e~jbd 'by ccyb~eyz* syo}}o}Hjluyo} 5? edn 58 sybxjno e }uffeyz bh ~go mbf&

syo}}jbd mzmò} hby yb~eyz edn }jdlò&sudmg ~eiò~

syo}}o}$ ^go hbyfe~jbd bh ~go ~eiò~ mbfsem~ jd ~go}o

~|b ~zso} bh syo}}o} fejd`z njoy} jd ~go mbfsem~jbd

fomgedj}f j~}o`h, e} |o`` e} ~go fumg lyoe~oy }soon}

emgjoxon |j~g yb~eyz ~zso syo}}o}$ ^go }jdlò sudmg

ie}jme``z u}o} e geffoyjdl ~zso bh fb~jbd 'j$o$, ~go

ussoy sudmg fbxo} nb|d |gjò ~go `b|oy sudmg yo&

fejd} }~e~jbdeyz*, |gjò yb~eyz syo}}o} feao u}o bh ed

emmbynjbd&~zso mbfsyo}}jbd 'j$o$, ib~g sudmgo} fbxo

~b|eyn oemg b~goy*$ ^go hbyfoy dn ~gojy syjfeyz u}o

e} ed Y(N ~bb`, |goyoe} ~go è~~oy, gexjdl gjlgoy

bu~su~}, eyo u}on jd fb}~ sybnum~jbd bsoye~jbd}$

]jdlò ]~e~jbd Syo}}o}

E`` mbffoymje` ~zso} bh }jdlò }~e~jbd syo}}o} gexo

o}}od~je``z ~go }efo ie}jm bsoye~jdl mzmò '}oo Hjl$ 58*,

|goyo ``jdl, mbfsyo}}jbd, edn okom~jbd bh ~eiò~} hybf

~go njo j} emmbfs`j}gon iz sudmg fbxofod~ u~j`j{jdl

mef em~jbd}$ Fe~oyje` j} hon ~b ~go njo hybf ~go gbssoy

Hjl$ 5? Fu`~j}~e~jbd syo}} mzmò$



27/47

xje ed b}mj`è~jdl hoon }gbo1 ~go sb}j~jbd bh ~go `b|oy

sudmg e~ ~gj} sbjd~ no~oyfjdo} ~go ~eiò~ |ojlg~$ ^go

hoon }gbo ~god fbxo} e|ez edn ~go ussoy sudmg no}&modn} jd~b ~go njo ~b mbfsyo}} ~go ~eiò~, |j~g ~go ow&

~od~ bh ~gj} fbxofod~ mbd~yb` jdl ~go òxo` bh

mbfsyo}}jbd hbymo$ E} ~go ussoy sudmg fbxo} us|eyn,

~go `b|oy sudmg yj}o} edn jd }b nbjdl okom~} ~go ~eiò~

hybf ~go njo$ E~ ~gj} sbjd~, ~go hoon }gbo fbxo} jd edn

adbma} ~go ~eiò~ bu~ bh ~go femgjdo e} ~go `b|oy

sudmg fbxo} ~b j~} ib~~bf sb}j~jbd yoenz hby ~go dow~

syo}} mzmò$

^go èylo}~ }jdlò&sudmg femgjdo} eyo meseiò bh

feajdl ~eiò~} us ~b 99 ff jd njefo~oy e~ ye~o} bh

eibu~ 73 ~eiò~} soy fjdu~o '^SF* edn owoy~jdlfewjfuf hbymo} bd ~go bynoy bh >3 aD '}oo êiò 58*$

Jd j}bè~on me}o} ~eiò~} med bd`z io feno bd ~gj} ~zso

bh femgjdo, sybiei`z iomeu}o ~gojy fbno bh bsoye~jbd

ljxo} ~go fe~oyje` e `bdloy ccn|o`` ~jfo udnoy mbf&

syo}}jbd$ E`~gbulg ~go ~eiò bu~su~ ye~o hybf }jdlò

}~e~jbd syo}}o} med io jdmyoe}on iz u}o bh fu ~j~js

~bb`jdl, ~go yb~eyz femgjdo yofejd} ~go fo~gbn bh

mgbjmo hby sybnum~jbd suysb}o}$

Hjl$ 58 ]jdlò }~e~jbd syo}} mzmò$



28/47

Fu`~j}~e~jbd Syo}}o}

Jd ~gj} ~zso bh femgjdo ~go bsoye~jdl mzmò edn fo~g&

bn} bh ``jdl, mbfsyo}}jbd, edn okom~jbd eyo njoyod~

hybf ~gb}o bh }jdlò&}~e~jbd syo}}o} edn eyo }uffey&

j{on jd Hjl$ 5?$ Fbyo }somjme``z, ~go njo} edn sudmgo}eyo fbud~on bd e yb~e~jdl ~uyyo~$

E`` bsoye~jbd} ~eao sèmo }jfu`~edobu}`z jd njoyod~

}~e~jbd}$ ]jw~ood }~e~jbd} |oyo mbffbd`z u}on jd oey&

`joy femgjdo} |j~g bu~su~} io~|ood ?33 edn 5333 ^SF

edn ~eiò~ njefo~oy} us ~b 5? ff$ Syo}}o} |j~g bu~su~}

bynoy} bh feldj~uno lyoe~oy ~ged ~go eibxo eyo db|

|jno`z exejèiò$ ^go njo} eyo `òn e} ~goz se}} io&

doe~g e }~e~jbdeyz hoon hyefo, |gjmg fez io ~~on |j~gsennò} ~b ejn fe~oyje` ~yed}hoy$ ^go njo mexj~jo} eyo

mbfsò~o`z `òn edn owmo}} okom~on syjby ~b mbfsyo}&

}jbd$ Mbfsyo}}jbd jdxb`xo} ~go fbxofod~ bh ib~g

sudmgo} io~|ood mbfsyo}}jbd yb` }, jd mbd~ye}~ ~b

}jdlò }~e~jbd bsoye~jbd} |goyo bd`z ~go ussoy sudmg

oom~} mbfsyo}}jbd$ Okom~jbd bmmuy} e} ib~g sudmgo}

eyo fbxon e|ez hybf ~go njo bd mef ~yema} ud~j` ~go

~eiò~ j} mbfsò~o`z mòey bh ~go njo, e~ |gjmg sbjd~ j~

gj~} ~go onlo bh ~go hoon hyefo edn j} adbmaon b ~go

syo}}$ ^bb`jdl syo}}uyo fez io owoy~on gznyeu`jme``z,

ye~goy ~ged ~gybulg ~go u}o bh fomgedjme` meffjdl

em~jbd}, e} j} ~go me}o |j~g femgjdo} sybnumon iz

Mbuy~bz$

^go |ez} jd |gjmg jdnjxjnue` feduhem~uyoy} bh ~e&

iò~jdl oujsfod~ gexo }bulg~ ~b emgjoxo gjlgoy bu~&

su~ he`` jd~b hbuy lybus};

5$ Jdmyoe}jdl ~go oom~jxo dufioy bh sudmgo} 'j$o$,fu`~j~jsson*

9$ Jdmyoe}jdl ~go dufioy bh }~e~jbd}

=$ Jdmyoe}jdl ~go dufioy bh sbjd~} bh mbfsyo}}jbd

>$ Jdmyoe}jdl ~go ye~o bh mbfsyo}}jbd 'j$o$, ~uyyo~

}soon*

Oemg bh ~go}o essybemgo} ge} j~} b|d sey~jmuèy }o~

bh enxed~elo} edn nj}enxed~elo}$ Jd ennj~jbd, e`` feao

nofedn} bd b~goy e}som~} bh syo}} no}jld edn moy~ejdlodoye` jdgoyod~ mgeyem~oyj}~jm} bh njo mbfsem~jbd gexo

~b io ~eaod jd~b emmbud~$

Lodoye``z, ~go gjlg&}soon femgjdo} mbd}j}~ bh

ccnbuiò&yb~eyz syo}}o} |goyo ~go mzmò bh bsoye~jbd j}yosoe~on ~|jmo jd bdo yoxbù~jbd bh ~go ~uyyo~ meyyzjdl

~go ~bb`jdl, e`~gbulg bdo syo}} 'Felde, Xom~by Mbys$*

ge} hbuy mzmò} soy yoxbù~jbd '~go Felde j} db `bdloy

feduhem~uyon nuo ~b ~go }fe`` nofedn youjyon hby~go}o xoyz gjlg&bu~su~ femgjdo}*$ Fb}~ gjlg&bu~su~

~eiò~ syo}}o} gexo bnn dufioy} bh }~e~jbd}, |j~g us ~b

535 jd ~go èylo}~ syo}}o} '}oo êiò 5


29/47

nohbyf, edn yoem~ ~b hyjm~jbde` oom~}$ ^go hbyfuè~by

gjf}o`h j} eiò ~b fbdj~by ~go oom~} bh ennj~jxo} jd ~go

bxoye`` ~eiò~jdl sybmo}}, e} |o`` e} ~go oom~} bh bs&

oye~jbd xeyjeiò} jd ~go feduhem~uyo edn soyhbyfedmo

bh ~go nb}elo hbyf$ E} }~e~on eibxo, ~gj} feyaon`zyonumo} ~go hbyfuè~by} yo jedmo bd ofsjyjmj}f jd

hbyfuè~jbd no}jld$ Jd ~go eyoe bh sybnum~ edn ue`j~z

mbd~yb`, J^F} eyo eiò ~b fbdj~by ~eiò~ |ojlg~ edn

sudmg edn femgjdo |oey edn nefelo$ Fbyo yomod~`z,

J^F} gexo iood u}on ~b mgeyem~oyj{o udjuo cc~zsjme`

ie~mgo} bh fe~oyje`} }b ~ge~ bdo ge} e ie}o`jdo hby

~ybuiò}gbb~jdl hbyfuè~jbd} by e ie}j} hby ue`j~z

mbd~yb` Q53:555V$

J^F} jd Yo}oeymg edn Noxo`bsfod~

^go ~eiò~jdl sybmo}} jdxb`xo} ~|b sgodbfode; 'e* e

yonum~jbd jd ~go iuà xbùfo bh ~go ~eiò~ fe}} iz

o`jfjde~jbd bh ejy, yohoyyon ~b e} ccmbfsyo}}jbd, edn 'i*

ed jdmyoe}o jd ~go fomgedjme` }~yodl~g bh ~go fe}} nuo

~b sey~jmò&sey~jmò jd~oyem~jbd}, |gjmg j} ~oyfon ccmbd&

}b`jne~jbd$ ^gj} è~~oy sybmo}} yo}u`~} hybf u~j`j{e~jbd

bh ~go hyoo }uyhemo odoyljo} bh ~go sey~jmò} jd ibdn

hbyfe~jbd, yohoyyon ~b e} ccmb`n |o`njdl, sù} jd~oy&fbòmuèy jd~oyem~jbd} xje xed noy \ee } hbymo}, hby

owefs o$ ^go sybmo}} j} odgedmon iz lodoye~jbd bh èylo

eyoe} bh mòed }uyhemo, |gjmg eyo ~god syo}}on ~blo~goy1

}umg e fomgedj}f j} hoe}jiò jh essyomjeiò iyj~~ò

hyem~uyo edn sè}~jm nohbyfe~jbd med io jd~ybnumon jd~b

~go }z}~of$ ^goyohbyo, ~go feddoy jd |gjmg ~go xeyjbu}mbfsbdod~} mbfsyo}} |j`` io }jldjmed~$

J~ j} e`}b jfsby~ed~ ~b essyomje~o ~ge~ ~go iogexjbybd nombfsyo}}jbd med feyaon`z eom~ ~go mgeyem~oy&

j}~jm} bh ~go dj}gon ~eiò~}, iomeu}o ~go }~yum~uyo fu}~

io }~ybdl odbulg ~b emmbffbne~o ~go yombxoyz& edn

okom~jbd&jdnumon }~yo}}o}$ Jdnoon, ~eiò~ }~yodl~g j} e

njyom~ hudm~jbd bh ~go dufioy bh cc}uyxjxjdl ibdn} jd

~go dj}gon ~eiò~$ Jd ennj~jbd, eij j~z ~b fbdj~by

okom~jbd hbymo} òen} ~b xeùeiò jdhbyfe~jbd bd ù&

iyjmed~ omjodmz$

Ede`z}j} bh Ne~e Bi~ejdon hybf J^F}

Foe}uyofod~ bh ~go sudmg edn njo hbymo} sù} ~go yo&

è~jxo nj}sèmofod~ bh ~go sudmgo} med sybxjno ye|

ne~e |gjmg, |god }uj~ei`z sybmo}}on edn jd~oysyo~on,

hemj`j~e~o ~go oxeùe~jbd bh fedz ~eiò~jdl seyefo~oy}$

Fedz bh ~go |byaoy} y}~ jdxb`xon jd jd}~yufod~jdl

~ei o~ syo}}o} mbdmod~ye~on bd noyjxjdl yoè~jbd}gjs}

io~|ood ~go ess`jon hbymo HE edn ~go sbyb}j~z O bh~go mbd}b`jne~jdl fe}}$

Gomao` sybsb}on ~ge~ e mbyyoè~jbd owj}~} io~|ood

zjo`n }~yodl~g edn ed ofsjyjme``z no~oyfjdon mbd}~ed~,

A, |gjmg j} e foe}uyo bh ~go eij`j~z bh ~go mbfsem~ ~b

nohbyf Q97,559V$ Go nj}mbxoyon ~ge~, jdnoon, A j} jd&

xoy}o`z sybsby~jbde` ~b zjo`n }~yodl~g$ Huy~goy, go no&yjxon ed oue~jbd owsyo}}jdl ~go yoè~jbd}gjs io~|ood

~go nod}j~z bh e mbfsem~ edn ~go mbfsyo}}jbde` hbymo

ess`jon$ ^gj} yoè~jbd}gjs j} ie}on bd ~go e}}ufs~jbd

~ge~ nomyoe}jdl xbjn }semo 'j$o$, nomyoe}jdl sbyb}j~z* bh

e mbfsem~ hb``b|} e y}~ bynoy ye~o sybmo}};

nN

nS A5 N

|goyo

N yoè~jxo nod}j~zSsyo}}uyo

'5


30/47

|goyo

E `d5

5 N3

I

edn I j} e foe}uyo bh sey~jmò yoeyyedlofod~$

J~ ge} iood mèjfon Q55=V ~ge~ ~go syo}od~e~jbd bhne~e jd ~go hbyf bh E~gz&Gomao s`b~} Q559,55>V, e}

j`ù}~ye~on jd Hjluyo 5


31/47

n\

n~ sb|oy

^go ye~jbdeò iogjdn ~gj} essybemg j} ~ge~ nuo ~b ~go

xeyzjdl nolyoo} bh ibdn hbyfe~jbd, njoyod~ fe~oyje`}

youjyo e lyoe~oy, by ò}}oy, efbud~ bh odoylz ~b mbf&

syo}} ~gof ~b e ljxod nolyoo$ Jd e ~eiò~ syo}} yuddjdl

e~ e ljxod }soon, ~go ye~o bh nbjdl |bya fu}~ ~goyohbyo

io njoyod~ edn fez io yoè~on ~b ~eiò~ }~yodl~g$ Jd

ennj~jbd, }jdmo sè}~jm nohbyfe~jbd j} e ~jfo&nosodnod~

sgodbfodb

modern pharmaceutics 4th edition chapter 10

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