Models 1

Cultural Diffusion• Cultural diffusion or spatial

diffusion is the spread of an idea or innovation from its source to other cultures.

• Diffusion occurs through the movement of people, goods or ideas.

• Carl Sauer focused on cultural diffusion in his book Agricultural Origins and Dispersals (1952)

Types of Diffusion• There are two main types of Diffusion:• Expansion Diffusion– The spread of an item or idea from one place to others. In the

process it remains and often strengthens in the origin area.• Contagious diffusion-rapid widespread diffusion by direct contact.

Affects all areas uniformly as it spreads outward. E.g. the spread of Islam.

• Hierarchical diffusion-or cascade diffusion-the process of spreading ideas first between large cities and only later to smaller cities.

• Stimulus diffusion-the spread of an underlying principle even though the main idea is not spread. E.g. industrialization

• Relocation Diffusion– The innovation or idea is physically carried to new areas by

migrating individuals or populations. E.g. Christianity brought to the New World by missionaries and colonists.

A Contagious Diffusion

BHierarchical Diffusion

Population and Migration

• In 1798 he published An Essay on the Principle of Population

• Malthus was the first to sound the alarm that the world’s population was expanding more rapidly than food production.

• He was the first to recognize exponential or geometric population growth.

• Today those who share his concerns are Neo-Malthusians

Rev. Thomas Malthus 1766-1834

• Demographic Transition• Demographic cycles of population growth– Stage 1 High Stationary Growth with high birth rates 40/1000 or

higher and high death rates.– Stage 2 Early Expanding with high birth rates and declining death

rates (birth 40s/death 20/1000) = rapid growth in pop.– Stage 3 Late Expanding with declining birth rates (30s) and low

death rates (10) = still significant growth– Stage 4 Low Stationary has low birth rates and low death rates

(birth 15 and death 10 or lower) SPL Stationary Population Level

The Demographic Transition

Second Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution

• 18th century gains in agricultural production:– Crop yields improved with better farming methods– New crops such as potatoes, turnips and alfalfa– Storage and distribution improved which alleviated

famines and shortages.• Industrial Revolution was also a factor:– Improved sanitation– Improved medical care– Disease prevention such as smallpox vaccine

• Crude death rate-the number of deaths per 1,000 each year.

• Crude birth rate-the number of births per 1,000 each year.

• Natural increase (NIR)rate-the % by which a population grows in a year. Computed by subtracting the % of CBR-CDR.

• Total Fertility Rate (TFR) the number of children born to women of childbearing age-usually reported as a percentage.

• Dependency ratio-the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people old enough to work.

Population Pyramids –

Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the total population, divided by gender.

For poorer countries, the chart is shaped like a pyramid. Infant mortality rates are high, life expectancy is shorter.

• Population Pyramids-display a country’s population in a bar graph form.

• Each 5 year group with the youngest 0-4 years old at the base of the pyramid are called cohorts.

• Males are shown on the left side and females are shown on the right.

• A wide-based pyramid indicates a country in Stage 2 of the Demographic transition.

Population PyramidsCharts that show the percentages of each age group in the

total population, divided by gender.

For wealthier countries, the chart is shaped like a lopsided vase. Population is aging, TFRs are declining.

• Four Patterns of Population Structure• Each nation faces different problems due to a large

base with many young or negative growth.

Migration

Ernst Ravenstein’s “Laws of migration1885 he studied the migration of England

• Most migrants go only a short distance.• Big cities attract long distance migrants.• Most migration is step-by-step.• Most migration is rural to urban• Each migration flow produces a counterflow.• Most migrants are adults-families are less

likely to make international moves.• Most international migrants are young males.

• Gravity model is an inverse relationship between volume of migration and distance to the destination.

• Gravity model was anticipated by Ravenstein. • The physical laws of gravity first studied by Newton can

be applied to the actions of humans in terms of migration and economics

• Spatial interaction such as migration is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them.

• International refugees cross one or more borders and are encamped in a country not their own.

• International refugees abandon their homes, but not their countries-this is the largest number world wide.

Lee’s Model of Migration

Lee’s Model

• Push factors – reasons to migrate from• Pull factors -- reasons to migrate to• Both places have + and - reasons to leave and

stay – reasons to migrate and not to migrate

• Intervening obstacles – barriers exist to migrating (money, border patrol, etc.)

Culture

Core-Domain-Sphere Model

Core-Domain-Sphere Model

• D.W. Meinig• The hearth or core is where the cultural traits

are most prevalent

Political

Immanuel Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory:1. The world economy has one market and a global

division of labor.2. Although the world has multiple states, almost

everything takes place within the context of the world economy.

3. The world economy has a three-tier structure.European nations and those settled by European

migrants established colonies throughout the world to extract wealth.

This period of colonialism established the current imbalance in world economic and political power

“Heartland” theory by Halford Mackinder 1904

“Heartland” theory by Halford Mackinder 1904

• Heartland theory-- A 1904 proposal by Mackinder that the key to world conquest lay in control of the interior of Eurasia

Agriculture

Von Thünen Model

• Von Thünen Model – What farmers produce

varies by distance from the town, with livestock raising farthest from town.

– Cost of transportation governs use of land.

– First effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity.

Von Thünen• Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783-1850) wrote Der

Isolierte Staat (The Isolated State) which is the foundation of location theory.

• Noted how crops near Rostock, Germany changed with no change in soil-mapped the pattern

• With terrain, soils and rainfall the same he created the ringed-pattern

• Noted that transportation costs governed land use

Von Thünen Model

Application of Von Thünen Model

• Geographer Lee Liu studied the spatial pattern of agriculture production in China.Found:

- farmers living in a village farm both lands close to the village and far away intensively- methods varied spatially – resulting in land improvement (by adding organic material) close to village and land degradation (lots of pesticides and fewer conservation tactics) farther from village.

Boserup’s Model

• Malthus believed that agriculture methods determines population

• Boserup’s Model argues the population determines agriculture (possibilism) – In other words, innovation would out pace population demands

Boserup’s Model

Development

Core-Periphery Model

• Immanuel Wallerstein proposed the World Systems Theory with promoted the Core-Periphery concept.

• Unlike the term-developed and developing, the Core-Periphery Model does not imply that change will occur.

• Core-Periphery regionalism got its start during the period of colonialism was re-enforced by the Industrial Rev. and continues in the age of globalization.

Core-Periphery Model• New approach to developed

or underdeveloped idea• Core-Periphery also used in a

political context• Core-the nations with a high

level of prosperity with dominant economies globally

• Periphery-poor nations that are dependent on the core as markets for raw materials and sources of technology

• Semi-Periphery-better off than periphery, but still dominated by the core to some degree

Core-Periphery Model

• Uses polar projection

Development Models

Modernization ModelWalt Rostow’s model assumes all countries follow a

similar path to development or modernization, advancing through five stages of development, climbing a ladder of development.

- traditional- preconditions of takeoff- takeoff- drive to maturity- high mass consumption

Models of DevelopmentWalt Rostow created this liberal model of development in

the 1960s1. First Stage-Traditional

1. Subsistence farms-limited technology2. Rigid social structure3. Resistance to change-transition triggered by external influence

2. Second Stage-Preconditions for Take-Off1. Progressive Leadership-commercial exploitation of agriculture

& extractive industries2. Greater flexibility-installation of infrastructure-roads, railways,

etc.3. Greater openness to new technology4. Greater Diversity of products produced

Models of Development3. Third Stage-Take Off

1. Experiences industrial growth2. Urbanization3. Industrialization, technology & mass production

4. Drive to Maturity1. Diffusion of technology2. Industrial specialization3. International trade4. Modernization at the core5. Population growth is reduced

5. Fifth Stage-Final Stage1. Mass consumption-widespread production of goods &

services2. High incomes3. Majority of workforce in service sector

Rostow’s Ladder of Development

Models of Development• Structuralist Model this is

the alternate to the Liberal Model that states disparities are inevitable due to structural features of the global economy.

• These disparities can not be easily changed-it is misleading to assume that all areas will go through the same economic process of development

Models of Development• Dependency Theory is

another Structuralist Model

• Political & economic relationships between nations & regions limit the development of the less well off areas

• Colonial dependencies are still in place from long ago.

• Dependency theory sees little hope for economic prosperity in some traditional parts of the world

Dependency TheoryThe political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer areas.

-- Economic structures make poorer countries dependent on wealthier countries.

-- Little hope for economic prosperity in poorer countries.

Dependency Ratio by Country, 2005

A measure of the number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 65 that depends on each working-age adult.

A Changing World• Until 1980s there were 3

Blocs– First World-The Capitalist

West-the most advanced nations-democratic & capitalist

– Second World-The Communist East of the Soviet Union & its Eastern European Satellites, Red China, N. Korea & Vietnam

– Third World-non aligned nations with mixed economies and state control-now an obsolete term

Three Tier StructureCore Processes that incorporate

higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology

* Generate more wealth in the world economy

Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery

processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery.

* Serves as a buffer between core and periphery

Periphery Processes that incorporate

lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology

* Generate less wealth in the world economy