modals of obligation
TRANSCRIPT
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MODALS OF OBLIGATION
MUST, HAVE TO, SHOULD, OUGHT TO
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We use must (do) and have to (do) to say that it is necessary to do something.
e.g. Well, it’s 11 o’clock. I must/have to go now, I have a meeting at 11,30.
OBLIGATION or STRONG RECOMMENDATION
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There is sometimes a DIFFERENCE between must and have to.
- With MUST the speakers are giving their own feelings, saying what they think is necessary:
e.g. I must send an e-mail to Liz. I haven’t written to her since Christmas.
e.g. I must study English if I want to pass the exam.
- With HAVE TO the speakers are not giving their feelings. They are just giving facts :
e.g. I can’t come on Saturday, I have to work.
e.g. Students have to wear uniforms at this school.
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You can only use must to talk about the present and future:
e.g. We must go now.
e.g. You must be on time tomorrow
Have to, however, can be used in all forms :
e.g. I had to leave the party early because I felt ill.
e.g. What do I have to do to get a degree in Economics?
BUT, NOTE:
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Have a passport to travel to Africa
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You have to have a passport
to travel to Africa!
http://efllecturer.blogspot.com/
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You mustn’t do something means it is prohibited that you do it.
e.g. You mustn’t tell anyone what I said.
PROHIBITION
e.g. You mustn’t smoke.
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You don’t have to do something means it is not necessary to do it.
e.g. I can stay in bed tomorrow because I don’t have to go to school.
ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION
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You don’t have to get up early at the weekend!
http://efllecturer.blogspot.com/
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You don’t have to work on holiday!
http://efllecturer.blogspot.com/
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We use should (do) and ought to (do) to give advice or say what you think is a good or a bad thing to do.
e.g. You shouldn’t smoke so much.
e.g. That cyclist should be wearing a helmet.
* Should and ought to are very similar, and can often replace each other. But should is much more frequent than ought to.
ADVICE or OPINION
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Take warm clothes if you go to Dublin
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You should take warm clothes if you go to Dublin in winter!
http://efllecturer.blogspot.com/
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You shouldn’t drink so much coffee!
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