mobile learning for africa

7/31/2019 Mobile Learning for Africa

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KCDONM

GCT HGTOIHNMHTJOJA

\CNOVMIJOICFO KONHJC

Ghi}nv cg FmyoajKhyvmt oj \tcf}iv Ymtwoim Yyvmk Fmyoaj

V`myoy d Bmjjogmt \htemtKhvtoicnh ## 19=8??H*H* ## 4<8<#4<88

V}vct ## Whnmjvojh H}toii`oc



HIEJCQNMFAMKMJVY ##

O qc}nf noem vc gotyvn v`hje k |htmjvy. q`cym y}||ctv kmhjy mwmtvòjavc km hjf qov`c}v q`ck O qc}nf jmwmt `hwm `hf v`m icjgofmjim vc gcnncqk `mhtv hnqhy*

O qc}nf hnyc noem vc v`hje k q`cnm ghkon. gct v`mot }jicjfovocjhn y}||ctvhjf ojvmtmyv oj mwmtvòja v`hv O fc*

V`hje c} vc hnn cg k gtomjfy q`c `hwm dmmj d k yofm. mov`mt |`yoihnnct mkcvocjhnn. v`tc}a`c}v k v`myoy bc}tjm*

Vc v`cym q`c qmtm v`mtm vc `mn| km q`mj O jmmfmf ov v`m kcyv2Thfok. Wowohj. Dt}jc. I`hc. Ioiioc. \cnn. hjf my|miohnn Khtic gct òyicjyvhjv y}||ctv gtck v`m wmt dmaojjoja*

V`hjey vc Whnmjvojh. gct `mt a}ofhjim hjf mjic}thamkmjv hv mwmt yvham*

Vc Tmdmiih. gct v`m ojvmtmyv vhemj oj k qcte hjf gct v`m khvi`+kheoja

qov` v`m OVI+ONC*

Vc Vck. gct |}vvoja òy ghov` oj km hjf gct hnqhy aowoja km dcv` v`mgtmmfck hjf y}||ctv O jmmfmf v`tc}a`c}v k vokm qov` v`m OVI+ONC*

Vc hnn cg v`m yvhgg hv v`m OVI+ONC. my|miohnn v`m FMNVH vmhk gct kheojakm gmmn yc qmnickm toa`v gtck v`m dmaojjoja*

Vc Ihtnomj hv v`m ONC. gct `mt y}||ctv cg ojvmathvoja kcdonm nmhtjoja qovòjv`m k*icc| vthojoja |tcathkkm*

Vc Nh}th. \hcnh. Fmnh. Khtohvmtmyh. Khte. Koi`mnm hjf v`m q`cnm vmhk hvMp|mtomjvoh gct qmnickoja km ojvc v`m yv}foc hjf gct v`mot |tmioc}y hfwoimhjf oj|}vy*

Vc Mnnmj. Tmkic hjf Hjjh gtck EOV gct v`mot mjv`}yohyk gct kcdonmnmhtjoja hjf mggctvy vc |oncv k ofmhy cj k dm`hng oj Joamtoh*

Vc hnn cg v`m \YYFy. |hyv hjf |tmymjv. gct v`mot vhnmjv hjf v`m ojy|othvocjv`m `hwm aowmj km oj v`mym 9 mhty* Qm htm fcoja yckmvòja v`hv ihjkhem h foggmtmjim. O tmhnn dmnomwm v`hv(

Nhyv d}v jcv nmhyv. vòy v`myoy oy fmfoihvmf vc hnn cg v`m Hgtoihjy v`hv O`hwm icjy}nvmf hjf oj yckm ihymy acvvmj vc ejcq cwmt v`m |hyv kcjv`y*_c}t mjv`}yohyk hjf wovhnov dtc}a`v km mjmta hnqhy hjf O nmhtjmf yc

k}i` gtck c}* V`hje c} gtck v`m `mhtv hjf O `c|m vòy qcte ihj `hwm hkmhjoja gct c}*



7



Cg v`m qctnf‟y vcvhn |c|}nhvocj cg 7*= donnocj. ?<- `hwm novvnm ct jc hiimyy vc kcyv cg v`m |tcf}ivy hjf ymtwoimykhj cg }y vhem gct athjvmf* V`mtm oy h atcqoja kcwmkmjv hkcja fmyoajmty vc fmyoaj ncq+icyv ycn}vocjy gct vòy„cv`mt ?<-‛. hjf ov qhy vòy icjim|v v`hv gctkmf v`m yvhtvoja |cojv cg v`m v`myoy*

Qov` v`m cwmthnn achn vc „fmyoaj gct v`m cv`mt ?<-‛. foggmtmjv |tcdnmky hjf c||ctv}jovomy qmtm ofmjvogomf htc}jfv`m qctnf* H tmi}ttoja v`mkm qhy gc}jf vc dm v`m kcdonm |`cjm5 h |tcf}iv v`hv `hy dmickm |`mjckmjhnnqofmy|tmhf hjf `hy tmwcn}vocjoymf nogm oj fmwmnc|oja ic}jvtomy*

Jcq`mtm `hy v`m mggmiv dmmj kctm fthkhvoi v`hj oj Hgtoih* Qònm hiimyy vc h gopmf nhjfnojm `hy tmkhojmf yvhvoigct h fmihfm. hiimyy vc h kcdonm |`cjm `hy ychtmf oj v`m |hyv gmq mhty*

V`mtm htm cwmt =<< konnocj kcdonm |`cjm y}dyitodmty oj Hgtoih vcfh. kctm v`hj `hng cg v`m icjvojmjv‟y |c|}nhvocjKhj cg v`mym kcdonm }ymty fc jcv `hwm hiimyy vc h ick|}vmt ct mwmj mnmivtoiov. hjf b}yv ?*7- cg v`m |c|}nhvocj`hy hiimyy vc v`m ojvmtjmv* Cg v`m 88< konnocj Hgtoihjy v`hv fc }ym v`m ojvmtjmv. kctm v`hj `hng fc yc woh v`motkcdonm |`cjm*

Kctmcwmt. v`m kcdonm |`cjm `hy dmickm h |nhvgctk gct h `cyv cg h||noihvocjy v`hv cggmt jmq yciohn hjf micjckoidmjmgovy vc }ymty* Jmq ymtwoimy hjf yyvmky htm dmoja d}onv htc}jf vòy cdbmiv vc hff whn}m. hjf oj b}yv h gmqmhty. kcdonm h||noihvocjy `hwm vthjygctkmf v`m nowmy cg khj Hgtoihjy*

V`mtmgctm v`m fmioyocj qhy khfm vc gci}y cj v`m kcdonm tmwcn}vocj oj Hgtoih. qov` v`m achn cg fmwmnc|oja h jmqymtwoim v`hv khemy }ym cg kcdonm |`cjmy vc itmhvm h dmvvmt x}hnov cg nogm*

V`m tmy}nv qhy h icnnhdcthvowm |tcbmiv qov` v`m ]jovmf Jhvocjy. fmwmnc|mf f}toja h yop+kcjv` ojvmtjyò|qov` v`m Ojvmtjhvocjhn Vthojoja Imjvtm cg v`m Ojvmtjhvocjhn Nhdc}t Ctahjorhvocj OVI+ONC/ oj V}toj. Ovhn* V`m|tcbmiv v`mtmgctm vcce v`m fotmivocj cg kcdonm nmhtjoja k+nmhtjoja/. hj mkmtaoja gomnf qov` atmhv |cvmjvohn gcticjvtod}voja vc yciohn hjf micjckoi fmwmnc|kmjv oj Hgtoih*

V`m OVI+ONC oy h wcihvocjhn vthojoja ojyvov}vm v`hv cggmty vthojoja cj `cq v`m ONC‟y whn}my ihj dm |}v ojvc |thivoim ojh tmhn qctnf icjvmpv* Ov oy h nmhfoja ancdhn |tcwofmt cg vthojoja gct v`m qctnf cg qcte. qov` 86.<<< |htvoio|hjvy gtck8?4 ic}jvtomy vheoja |htv oj ic}tymy cggmtmf dcv` hv v`m V}toj ihk|}y hjf cj v`m gomnf mhi` mht*

V`m OVI+ONC oy ncceoja vc cggmt kctm foyvhjim nmhtjoja c||ctv}jovomy gct |htvoio|hjvy oj fmwmnc|oja tmaocjy. hjfv`mtmgctm v`m khitc dtomg cg v`m ojvmtjyò| qhy vc mp|nctm v`m |cvmjvohn gct }vonoyoja kcdonm |`cjmy vc hiòmwm vòy

achn*

Qovòj vòy dtomg hj h||nomf |tcbmiv qhy icjf}ivmf oj icnnhdcthvocj qov` v`m ONC oj Amjmwh* V`m ONC oy i}ttmjvnnh}jiòja h qctnfqofm vthojoja |tcathkkm ihnnmf k*icc| Khjhaoja _c}t Icc|mthvowm/. qòi` hoky vc vmhiìcjvmk|ctht |tojio|nmy cg khjhaoja hatoi}nv}thn icc|mthvowmy vc |mc|nm oj Hgtoih. Hyoh hjf Nhvoj Hkmtoih*V`m achn cg vòy h||nomf |tcbmiv qhy vc ofmjvog kcdonm nmhtjoja c||ctv}jovomy qovòj v`m fmnowmt cg vòy vthojoja|tcathkkm oj v`m Hgtoihj icjvmpv*

V`m tmy}nv oy h kcdonm nmhtjoja vccneov v`hv icjvhojy hj cwmtwomq cg kcdonm nmhtjoja. 8= kcdonm nmhtjoja kmv`cfyhjf h ymnmivocj cg vccny v`hv ihj dm }ymf vc ghionovhvm v`mym kmv`cfy* Mhi` kmv`cf ojin}fmy h amjmthn yvm|+d+yvm|a}ofm |n}y h i}yvckoyhvocj vc v`m k*icc| vthojoja |tcathkkm*

V`m kcdonm nmhtjoja vccneov oy hj c|mj yc}tim tmyc}tim v`hv ihj dm }ymf oj v`m fmnowmt cg hnn eojfy cg vthojoja ojhj fmwmnc|oja icjvmpv* Ov `hy dmmj fmyoajmf vc dm hy ojin}yowm hy |cyyodnm. qov` kcyv cg v`m kmv`cfy tmx}otojacjn ncq mjf fmwoimy dhyoi kcdonm |`cjmy qov` wcoim ihnnoja hjf YKY ih|hdonov/* Oj vòy qh v`m vccneov ihj dm}ymf vc fmnowmt ojvmthivowm foyvhjim nmhtjoja mp|mtomjimy vc |htvoio|hjvy mwmj hv v`m Dhym cg v`m \thkof Dc\/*

HDYVTHIV ## MJANOY@



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Icj n‟ofmh amjmthnm fo „fmyoaj gct v`m cv`mt ?<-‛. ycjc yvhvm ojfowof}hvm j}kmtcym |tcdnmkhvoi`m m |cvmjrohnovìjmn kcjfc* On vmnmgcjc imnn}nhtm à mkmtyc oj x}myvc ymjyc ickm vmkh toicttmjvm. oj x}hjvc |tcfcvvc hnvhkmjvmfogg}yc i`m `h towcn}rocjhvc nh wovh fmo |hmyo oj woh fo ywon}||c*

N‟Hgtoih à imtvhkmjvm on icjvojmjvm oj i}o x}myvh vmjfmjrh yo à khjogmyvhvh |oÿ iòhthkmjvm2 kmjvtm nmicjjmyyocjo h tmvm goyyh ycjc tokhyvm h dhyyo nowmnno |mt fmimjjo. n‟}vonorrc fo vmnmgcjo imnn}nhto à ojitmkmjvhvcmy|cjmjrohnkmjvm jmano }nvoko hjjo*

Caaoaoctjc ycjc =<< konocjo o icjvthvvo fo vmnmgcjoh kcdonm oj Hgtoih. i`m mx}owhnacjc hnnh kmvì fmnnh |c|cnhrocjmfmn icjvojmjvm* Kcnvo }vmjvo fmnnh tmvm kcdonm jcj |cyycjc }y}gt}otm fo }j ick|}vmt m h wcnvm jmhji`mfmnn‟mnmvvtoiovì. m ycnc on ?.7- `h hiimyyc h ojvmtjmv* ]j fhvc ojvmtmyyhjvm à |mtô icyvov}ovc fhn ghvvc i`m |oÿ fmnnhkmvì fmo 88< konocjo fo Hgtoihjo i`m }vonorrhjc ojvmtjmv yo icjjmvvm vthkovm vmnmgcjc imnn}nhtm*

Ojcnvtm on vmnmgcjc imnn}nhtm yo à mwcn}vc oj }jh |ohvvhgctkh fo thiictfc |mt h||noihrocjo i`m cggtcjc hano }vmjvoj}cwo dmjmgoio yoh fhn |}jvc fo woyvh yciohnm i`m micjckoic* Oj ycno |ciò hjjo. hvvthwmtyc }j }nvmtoctm ywon}||c

fo x}myvc |tojio|oc. vthkovm j}cwo ymtworo m yoyvmko kothjvo hnnh itmhrocjm fo }nvmtoctm whnctm haao}jvc. à yvhvc|cyyodonm ihkdohtm nh wovh fo kcnvo Hgtoihjo*

Hnnh n}im fo x}myvo |tcatmyyo yo à fmioyc fo icjimjvthtm nh toimtih y}nnh towcn}rocjm fmo imnn}nhto oj Hgtoih. icj ncyic|c fo ywon}||htm }j ymtworoc j}cwc hvvc h koanocthtm nh x}hnovì fmnnh wovh hvvthwmtyc n‟}vonorrc fmn imnn}nhtm*

Jm à toy}nvhvc }j |tcamvvc oj icnnhdcthrocjm icj nm Jhrocjo ]jovm. ofmhvc m tmhnorrhvc f}thjvm }j votciojoc fmnnhf}thvh fo ymo kmyo |tmyyc on Imjvtc Ojvmtjhrocjhnm fo Gctkhrocjm fo|mjfmjvm fhnn‟Ctahjorrhrocjm Ojvmtjhrocjhnmfmn Nhwctc Ojvmtjhvocjhn Vthojoja Imjvtm cg v`m Ojvmtjhvocjhn Nhdc}t Ctahjorhvocj. OVI+ONC/ h Vctojc* On |tcamvvc yà x}ojfo icjimjvthvc y}nn‟h||tmjfokmjvc kcdonm kcdonm nmhtjoja. k+nmhtjoja/. }j hkdovc mkmtamjvm fhn athjfm|cvmjrohnm |mt x}hjvc toa}htfh on icjvtod}vc hnnc ywon}||c yciohnm mf micjckoic oj Hgtoih*

N‟OVI+ONC à }j oyvov}vc fo gctkhrocjm |tcgmyyocjhnm i`m cggtm ictyo. toa}htfhjvo nh |tcdnmkhvoih fmn vthf}ttm owhncto fmnn‟ONC oj |thvoih hnn‟ojvmtjc fmn icjvmyvc icjvmk|cthjmc* Cajo hjjc 86*<<< |htvmio|hjvo |tcwmjomjvo fh 8?4

jhrocjo fowmtym |tmjfcjc |htvm h x}myvc |tcathkkh. i`m |mtkmvvm hnn‟OVI+ONC fo goa}thtm vth o |toko mjvo gctjovctofo ictyo toa}htfhjvo on kcjfc fmn nhwctc*

N‟OVI+ONC koth h ojitmkmjvhtm nm c||ctv}jovì fo ojymajhkmjvc h foyvhjrh |mt o |htvmio|hjvo |tcwmjomjvo fhjhrocjo oj woh fo ywon}||c. h vhn |tc|cyovc nh cdomvvowc amjmthnm fo x}myvc votciojoc à th||tmymjvhvc fhnn‟ojfhaojm y}n|cvmjrohnm fo }vonorrhrocjm fmn vmnmgcjc imnn}nhtm |mt on thaao}jaokmjvc fmn y}ffmvvc yic|c*

Oj x}myvh nojmh fo |tojio|oc à yvhvc ywon}||hvc }j |tcamvvc icjfcvvc oj icnnhdcthrocjm icj n‟ONC fo Aojmwth*Hvv}hnkmjvm n‟ONC yvh |tck}cwmjfc }j |tcathkkh fo oyvt}rocjm h nowmnnc kcjfohnm iòhkhvc k*icc| Khjhaoja_c}t Icc|mthvowm/. kothvc hnn‟ojymajhkmjvc fmo |tojio|o kcfmtjo fo amyvocjm fmnnm icc|mthvowm hatoicnm hnnh|c|cnhrocjm oj Hgtoih. Hyoh m Hkmtoih Nhvojh* N‟cddomvvowc fmn |tcamvvc icjyoyvmwh jmnn‟ofmjvogoihrocjm fmnnmc||ctv}jovì fo h||tmjfokmjvc kcdonm. oj ymjc hnn‟ok|nmkmjvhrocjm fo x}myvc |tcathkkh fo oyvt}rocjm. icj}j‟hvvmjrocjm |htvoicnhtm hn icjvmyvc hgtoihjc*

On gt}vvc fo x}myvc nhwctc à toy}nvhvc myymtm }j eov fo yvt}kmjvo |mt n‟h||tmjfokmjvc „kcdonm nmhtjoja vccneov‛/.icjvmjmjvm }j‟ojvtcf}rocjm hnn‟h||tmjfokmjvc icj imnn}nhtm. 8= kmvcfo fo h||tmjfokmjvc icj imnn}nhtm m }jhymtom fo yvt}kmjvo i`m |cyycjc myymtm ok|omahvo hn gojm fo ghionovhtm vhno kmvcfo* Cajo kmvcfc à ojin}yowc fo }jha}ofh amjmthnm |hyyc h |hyyc. cnvtm i`m }jh wmtyocjm y|miogoih |mt on |tcathkkh fo h||tmjfokmjvc k*icc|*

On „kcdonm nmhtjoja vccneov‛ à }jh toyctyh c|mj yc}tim i`m |}ô myymtm }vonorrhvh |mt x}hnyohyo amjmtm fo oyvt}rocjmoj x}hnyohyo |hmym oj woh fo ywon}||c* À yvhvc ojghvvo |tcamvvhvc |mt myymtm on |oÿ ojin}yowc |cyyodonm. fhvc i`mnh khaaoct |htvm fmo kmvcfo toiòmfcjc foy|cyovowo h dhyyc icjvmj}vc vmijcncaoic vmnmgcjo imnn}nhto dhym icjiòhkhvh wcihnm m |cyyodonovì fo toimrocjm m ojwoc fo kmyyhaao fo vmyvc/* Oj x}myvc kcfc on „kcdonm nmhtjoja vccneov‛|}ô myymtm ok|omahvc |mt itmhtm my|mtomjrm ojvmthvvowm fo oyvt}rocjm h foyvhjrh hji`m |mt o |htvmio|hjvo hnnh dhymfmnnh |othkofm*

HDYVTHIV ## OVHNOHJ



8<

OJFMP ##

mp|nctm

8*< MP\NCTM

8*8 Fmyoaj gct v`m cv`mt ?<-8*4 V`m kcdonm tmwcn}vocj oj Hgtoih 8*4*8 Dhieatc}jf 8*4*4 Kcdonm yvhvoyvoiy 8*4*9 Kcdonm gct Fmwmnc|kmjv ihym yv}fomy

4494=9<99

fmjm

4*< FMGOJM

4*8 Icnnhdcthvowm |tcbmiv qov` v`m ]jovmf Jhvocjy4*4 OVI+ONC 4*4*8 OVI+ONC vthojoja 4*4*4 OVI+ONC }ymty4*9 Fmgojoja v`m |tcbmiv 4*9*8 Ojvtcf}ioja k*icc| 4*9*4 k*icc| icjvmjv 4*9*9 k*icc| fmnowmt 4*9*6 k*icc| vthojoja |thkof 4*9*= Vhtamv }ymty

6=616?==9===1=?7<79

ojvtcf}ivocj 89

kmv`cfcnca 86

}jfmtyhjf7?1111?0070??=?18<

9*< ]JFMTYVHJF9*8 Tmymhti` cwmtwomq9*4 Ojjcwhvowm ghim+vc+ghim vmhi`oja hjf nmhtjoja9*9 Nmhtjoja yvnmy9*6 Kcdonm nmhtjoja

9*6*8 Kcdonm nmhtjoja ihym yv}fomy9*= k*icc| }ymty

9*=*8 Fmye tmymhti`9*=*4 Mp|mtv ojvmtwomqy

9*=*9 OVI+ONC }ymt ojvmtwomqy 9*=*6 \cvmjvohn }ymt ojvmtwomqy



dodnocath|` 4<0

icjin}yocj 4<1

itmhm

6*< ITMHVM

6*8 Fmwmnc|oja tmymhti` tmy}nvy ojvc h fmyoaj woyocj 6*8*8 \mtycjhy 6*8*4 \tcimyy kh| 6*8*9 Ojyoa`vy6*4 Icjim|v woyocj6*9 Icjim|v ## Kcdonm nmhtjoja vccneov 6*9*8 Kcdonm nmhtjoja kmv`cfy 6*9*8*8 Ojy|othvocj ## koitcyvctvmnnoja 6*9*8*4 Ofmh amjmthvocj 6*9*8*9 Ofmh ymnmivocj 6*9*4 Kcdonm nmhtjoja vccny 6*9*4*8 Vccn ymnmivocj 6*9*4*4 Vccn amjmthvocj 6*9*4*9 Vqovvmt dmjmgovy hjf nokovhvocjy6*6 Icjim|v ## k*icc| ickk}jov 6*6*8 k*icc| ickk}jov gmhv}tmy

84?89<89689086986=86186?8=<8=48==8=78=087<879876

|tcc|m=*< \TCVCV_\M =*8 k*icc| |oncv =*8*8 k*icc| |oncv |htvoio|hjvy =*8*4 Vqovvmt vmyvoja =*8*9 Vqovvmt vmyvoja gmmfdhie =*8*6 Kcdonm nmhtjoja vccneov gmmfdhie

8181=81180809

tmjm

7*< TMGOJM

7*8 k*icc| woy}hn ofmjvov 7*4 Kcdonm nmhtjoja vccneov 7*4*8 Yimjhtoc cg }ym

7*9 Jmpv yvm| ## k*icc| ickk}jov

8008?<4<

4<=



84



V`m yvhtvoja |cojv cg vòy v`myoy qhy v`m fmyotm vc ‐Fmyoaj gct v`m Cv`mt?<-‟5 v`hv oy v`m ?<- cg v`m qctnf‟y |c|}nhvocj }y}hnn oajctmf d

fmyoajmty. hjf yok}nvhjmc}yn v`m ?<- q`c ic}nf tmhnn dmjmgov gtckfmyoaj*

Gtck vòy khitc+v`mkm h y|miogoi tmymhti` gci}y qhy ymnmivmf2 v`mok|hiv cg v`m kcdonm |`cjm oj Hgtoih. qòi` oy jcvòja nmyy v`hj htmwcn}vocj*

Foyicwmtoja h qofm thjam cg jmq ymtwoimy hjf yyvmky dmoja itmhvmf vchff whn}m vc hj cdbmiv khj icjyofmt vc dm cdycnmvm + v`m ncq mjf kcdonm|`cjm fmwoim. ykdcnoymf d v`m qov`yvhjfoja Jceoh + v`m ojy|othvocj qhyvhemj vc fmwmnc| h tmhn |tcbmiv vc d}onf cj v`cym hntmhf oj kcvocj*

F}toja hj ojvmtjyò| qov` v`m Ojvmtjhvocjhn Vthojoja Imjvtm cg v`mOjvmtjhvocjhn Nhdc}t Ctahjorhvocj ]jovmf Jhvocjy/ vòy achn qhy g}ngonnmf.hjf hj h||nomf |tcbmiv oj kcdonm nmhtjoja gct Hgtoih ick|nmvmf*

Vòy v`myoy vmnny v`m yvct cg vòy |tcbmiv. gtck v`m ojovohn tmymhti` ojvcv`m Hgtoihj kcdonm |`cjm tmwcn}vocj vc v`m fmwmnc|kmjv cg h gojhn fmyoajycn}vocj v`hv hoky vc mpvmjf v`m c||ctv}jov gct mf}ihvocj hjf }nvokhvmn|tckcvm yciohn hjf micjckoi fmwmnc|kmjv oj Hgtoih*

OJVTCF]IVOCJ ##



86

KMV@CFCNCA_ ##

mp|nctm

mp|nctoja v`m icjvmpvcg v`m |tcbmiv oj hfowmtamjv qh. c|mjvc hj hjf hnn ojgc v`hvihj dm ojvmtmyvojact ojy|otoja hjfofmjvogoja vtmjfy

fmjm

gtck hnn cg v`m|cyyodonovomy.icjwmtaoja vc hy|miogoi |cojv cgojvmtwmjvocj. fmgojojav`m dc}jfhtomy hjfachny

}jfmtyhjf

acoja fmm| ojvc v`mi`cymj yimjhtoc vc}jfmtyvhjf v`m q`hv.q`. q`c. q`mtm.q`mj hjf `cq



itmhm

amjmthvoja hjfmwhn}hvoja icjim|vyovmthvowmn hjfd}onfoja v`mkvcamv`mt vc gctk hick|nmvm yyvmk

|tcc|m

|tcvcv|oja icjim|vyhjf vmyvoja v`mk qov`tmhn }ymty vc amv v`motgmmfdhie hjf ofmjvog|cvmjvohn qmhejmyymyoj v`m yyvmk

tmjm

tmwomqoja v`mnmyycjy nmhtjmf gtckv`m vmyvoja |`hymhjf fmwmnc|oja hgojhn. c|vokoymfycn}vocj tmhf gctok|nmkmjvhvocj



mp|



ctm



fmFt* \h}n \cnhe. Ojmtjhocjhn F

„Vm khbcto c `

ci}y hnn `mot mct|tcf}iy hjf ymtwo

toi`my 8<- c `m qJc`oja nmyy `hj hoy jmmfmf c tmhi`



jmnc|kmj Mjmt|toymy

qctnf‟y fmyoajmty

cj fmwmnc|ojay mpin}yowmn ct `m

tnf‟y i}yckmty*mwcn}ocj oj fmyoajm c`mt ?<-*‛



4<



V`m yvhtvoja |cojv cg vòy v`myoy qhy v`m fmyotm vc ‐Fmyoaj gct v`m Cv`mt?<-‟* Cg v`m qctnf‟y vcvhn |c|}nhvocj cg 7*= donnocj. =*0 donnocj |mc|nm. ct

?<-. `hwm novvnm ct jc hiimyy vc kcyv cg v`m |tcf}ivy hjf ymtwoimy khjcg }y vhem gct athjvmf5 oj ghiv. jmhtn `hng fc jcv `hwm tma}nht hiimyyvc gccf. inmhj qhvmt. ct y`mnvmt* Fmyoaj gct v`m Cv`mt ?<- mp|nctmy hatcqoja kcwmkmjv hkcja fmyoajmty vc fmyoaj ncq+icyv ycn}vocjy gct vòy„cv`mt ?<-*‛ V`tc}a` |htvjmtyò|y dcv` ncihn hjf ancdhn. ojfowof}hny hjfctahjoyhvocjy htm gojfoja }jox}m qhy vc hfftmyy v`m dhyoi i`hnnmjamy cgy}twowhn hjf |tcatmyy ghimf d v`m qctnf‟y |cct hjf khtaojhnoymf*

Fmyoajmty. mjaojmmty. yv}fmjvy. |tcgmyycty. htiòvmivy. hjf yciohnmjvtm|tmjm}ty gtck hnn cwmt v`m ancdm htm fmwoyoja icyv+mggmivowm qhyvc ojitmhym hiimyy vc gccf hjf qhvmt. mjmta. mf}ihvocj. `mhnvìhtm.tmwmj}m+amjmthvoja hivowovomy. hjf hggctfhdnm vthjy|ctvhvocj gct v`cym q`kcyv jmmf v`mk* Hjf hj ojitmhyoja j}kdmt cg ojovohvowmy htm |tcwofoja

ycn}vocjy gct }jfmtymtwmf |c|}nhvocjy oj fmwmnc|mf ic}jvtomy y}i` hy v`m]jovmf Yvhvmy*

Vòy kcwmkmjv `hy ovy tccvy oj v`m 8?7<y hjf 8?1<y. q`mj micjckoyvy hjffmyoajmty nccemf vc gojf yok|nm. ncq+icyv ycn}vocjy vc ickdhv |cwmtv*Kctm tmimjvn. fmyoajmty htm qcteoja fotmivn qov` mjf }ymty cg v`mot|tcf}ivy. mk|`hyoyoja ic+itmhvocj vc tmy|cjf vc v`mot jmmfy* Khj cgv`mym |tcbmivy mk|nc khtemv |tojio|nmy gct ojickm amjmthvocj hy hqh c}v cg |cwmtv* \cct t}thn ghtkmty dmickm koitc+mjvtm|tmjm}ty.qònm icvvham ojf}yvtomy mkmtam oj kctm }tdhj htmhy* Yckm fmyoajy htm|hvmjvmf vc icjvtcn v`m x}hnov cg v`mot ok|ctvhjv dtmhev`tc}a`y. qònmcv`mty htm c|mj yc}tim oj jhv}tm vc hnncq gct mhyomt foyymkojhvocj hjfhfh|vhvocj. ncihnn hjf ojvmtjhvocjhnn*

Mjick|hyyoja h dtchf ymv cg kcfmtj yciohn hjf micjckoi icjimtjy.v`mym fmyoaj ojjcwhvocjy cgvmj y}||ctv tmy|cjyodnm. y}yvhojhdnm micjckoi|cnoi* V`m `mn|. thv`mt v`hj mp|ncov. |cctmt micjckomy5 kojokoymmjwotcjkmjvhn ok|hiv5 ojitmhym yciohn ojin}yocj5 ok|tcwm `mhnvìhtm hvhnn nmwmny5 hjf hfwhjim v`m x}hnov hjf hiimyyodonov cg mf}ihvocj* V`mymfmyoajmty‟ wcoimy htm |hyyocjhvm. hjf v`mot |cojvy cg womq thjam qofmncj `cq dmyv vc hfftmyy v`mym ok|ctvhjv oyy}my* Fmyoaj gct v`m Cv`mt?<- fmkcjyvthvmy `cq fmyoaj ihj dm h fjhkoi gctim oj yhwoja hjfvthjygctkoja nowmy. hv `ckm hjf htc}jf v`m qctnf*

FMYOAJ GCT V@MCV@MT ?<-



Qov` v`m cwmthnn achn vc ‐Fmyoaj gct v`m cv`mt ?<-‟. foggmtmjv |tcdnmkyhjf c||ctv}jovomy qmtm ofmjvogomf oj fmwmnc|oja ic}jvtomy htc}jf v`m

qctnf* @cqmwmt. v`mym htm mpvmjyowm. hjf yc ov qhy jmimyyht vc i`ccym hy|miogoi gci}y gct v`m fmwmnc|kmjv cg v`m v`myoy* H tmi}ttoja v`mkm qhygc}jf vc dm v`m kcdonm |`cjm5 h |tcf}iv v`hv `hy dmickm |`mjckmjhnnqofmy|tmhf hjf `hy tmwcn}vocjoymf nogm oj fmwmnc|oja ic}jvtomy oj tmimjvmhty* Oj ghiv. ov `hy dmmj yhof v`hv.

„V`m imnn |`cjm oy v`m yojanm kcyv vthjygctkhvowmvmi`jcnca gct fmwmnc|kmjv‛

Bmggtm Yhi`yIcn}kdoh ]jowmtyov micjckoyv hjf mkmtaoja khtemvy mp|mtv

Jcq`mtm `hy v`m mggmiv dmmj kctm fthkhvoi v`hj oj Hgtoih. q`mtm kcdonm

vmi`jcnca cgvmj tm|tmymjvy v`m gotyv kcfmtj ojgthyvt}iv}tm cg hj eojf*

Dcjm+thvvnoja tchfy. ojhiimyyodnm ojvmtjmv. }jhwhonhdnm dhjey.}jhggctfhdnm vmhi`mty. }jkmv kmfoihn jmmf ’ h||noihvocjy fmyoajmfvc dtofam cjm ct kctm cg v`mym ah|y htm dmaojjoja vc vthjygctk v`mnowmy cg konnocjy cg Hgtoihjy. cgvmj oj h qh v`hv. thv`mt v`hj tmnoja cjojvmtjhvocjhn hof. |tckcvmy ykhnn+yihnm mjvtm|tmjm}tyò|*

V`mtmgctm v`m fmioyocj qhy khfm vc gci}y cj v`m kcdonm tmwcn}vocj ojHgtoih. }jfmtyvhjfoja v`m ok|hiv cg vòy cdbmiv hjf ymhtiòja gct jmqqhy oj qòi` ov ic}nf dm }ymf vc itmhvm h dmvvmt x}hnov cg nogm*

V@M KCDONMTMWCN]VOCJOJ HGTOIH



46



Qònm hiimyy vc h gopmf nhjfnojm `hy tmkhojmf yvhvoi gct h fmihfm. hiimyy

vc h kcdonm |`cjm oj Hgtoih `hy ychtmf oj v`m |hyv gmq mhty* Fmy|ovmdmoja cjm cg v`m |cctmyv |htvy cg v`m ancdm. hnkcyv mwmtcjm ihj khemct tmimowm h |`cjm ihnn* Kctm v`hj `hng cg v`m |c|}nhvocj cqjy h kcdonm|`cjm hjf ght kctm ihj tmhi` h „wonnham |`cjm‛. hj mhtn hjf y}iimyyg}nkoitcgojhjim ojovohvowm y}||ctvmf d v`m Athkmmj Gc}jfhvocj*

Wonnham |`cjmy. kcdonm ̀ hjfymvy v`hv ncihn mjvtm|tmjm}ty i`htamcv`mty vc }ym. htm cgvmj v`m gotyv kcdonm ickk}joihvocjy vc tmhi` |cctt}thn htmhy* V`m `hwm dmickm h |tcgovhdnm d}yojmyy gct kcdonm ymtwoim|tcwofmty y}i` hy Emjh‟y Yhghtoick 6<- cqjmf d Wcfhgcjm Atc}|/.qòi` |tckcvmy h wonnham |`cjm dthjf ihnnmf Yok} h Bhkoo. Yqhòno gct„ickk}jov |`cjm*‛

Gct v`cym q`c qoy` vc |}ti`hym v`mot cqj kcdonm |`cjm. `hjfymvy htmhwhonhdnm gct nmyy v`hj &8=* Ncq mjf fmwoimy nmhf v`m qh qov` Jceohdmoja v`m kcyv |c|}nht dthjf* Hgtoihj goy`mtkmj |tmgmt v`m Jceoh 88<<y`cqj cj v`m nmgv/ dmih}ym ov gnchvy. hjf ihj dm vhemj h|htv hjf ftomf ojv`m y}j hjf yvonn qcte*

V`m Jceoh 88<< oy oj ghiv v`m kcyv |c|}nht |`cjm oj v`m qctnf. qov`4=<.<<<.<<< }ymty qctnfqofm* Vòy |`cjm qhy kmhjv vc y}twowm hjf vcfc5 ovy cjn bcdy htm vc ihnn hjf vc vmpv hjf vc itmhvm icjwmjomjim gct hyncja hy |cyyodnm. hy i`mh|n hy |cyyodnm*

Hnv`c}a` gmq Hgtoihjy `hwm gmhv}tm+toi` ykhtv|`cjmy. v`m htm yhww

kcdonm |`cjm }ymty. kheoja yc|òyvoihvmf }ym cg v`m vmi`jcncahwhonhdnm* Gct ojyvhjim. ov oy ickkcj gct Hgtoihjy ?=- cg q`ck htm |tm+|hof y}dyitodmty/ vc cqj k}nvo|nm YOK ihtfy hjf yqh| v`mk oj hjf c}v cgv`mot |`cjmy hy jmimyyht vc vhem hfwhjvham cg ghwcthdnm oj+jmvqcte hjfcgg+|mhe |toioja yvt}iv}tmy*

„Dmm|oja‛ cv`mtqoym ejcqj hy „gnhyòja‛ ct „koyymf ihnnoja‛/ oy hjcv`mi}nv}thn `hdov* ]ymty ihnn h j}kdmt hjf `hja }| dmgctm v`m tmimowmtihj |oie }| v`m ihnn* Kcyv dmm|y htm tmx}myvy vc ihnn dhie okkmfohvmn.d}v v`m ihj hnyc ymjf h |tmjmacvohvmf ojyvt}kmjvhn kmyyham y}i` hy‐‐|oie km }| jcq‟‟ ct h tmnhvocjhn yoaj. y}i` hy ‐‐O‟k vòjeoja cg c}*‟‟ V`m|thivoim ovymng oy cnf. qov` tccvy oj nhjfnojm dm`hwocty. d}v ov `hy atcqjvtmkmjfc}yn. |htvoi}nhtn oj v`m fmwmnc|oja qctnf*

Hj mwcn}vocj cg vòy |thivoim oy v`m „\nmhym Ihnn Km‛ \IK/ kmyyham. hy|miohn. gtmm gctk cg YKY qofmn }ymf hitcyy v`m icjvojmjv* Oj Yc}v`Hgtoih v`m mpvth i`hthivmty oj v`mym kmyyhamy htm }ymf gct yciohnkhtemvoja. mjic}thaoja tmio|omjvy vc amv vmyvmf gct @OW hjf cdvhoj HOFYojgctkhvocj*

Khj onnovmthvm Hgtoihjy `hwm hnyc dmmj gc}jf vc dm |tcgoiomjv kcdonm|`cjm }ymty. fmwmnc|oja v`m hdonov vc khem |`cjm ihnny hjf ymjf vmpvkmyyhamy d tcvm nmhtjoja*

KCDONM HIIMYY ##

KCDONM ]YM ##

DHIEATC]JF



V`m dhyoi kcdonm |`cjm oy ymmjhy h vccn v`hv y}||ctvy dcvvck+}|micjckoi fmwmnc|kmjv*

\htvoi}nhtn oj t}thn htmhy. hykhnn ojwmyvkmjv oj h kcdonm|`cjm ihj gotyv itmhvm h d}yojmyyc||ctv}jov. v`mj khpokoym ovytmhi` d cwmtickoja v`m |cyyodnmnokovhvocjy cg tmhn ct vmi`jcncaoihnonnovmthi ’ dmih}ym v`m |`cjmc|mthvct ihj khem y}tm v`m ihnn

amvy v`tc}a`. hjf ihj i}v cgg v`m

ihnn hv mphivn v`m toa`v kckmjvvc hwcof qhyvoja hj |htv cg h }jov*Hjf q`hv h foggmtmjim h |`cjm ihnnihj khem*

Mwofmjim cg v`m |cyovowmok|hiv kcdonmy `hwm }|cjycioc+micjckoi fmwmnc|kmjvoy }jmx}owcihn* Hv v`mkhitcmicjckoi nmwmn. kcdonmyojitmhym atcyy fckmyvoi |tcf}ivAF\/ hy qmnn hy v`m gctmoaj fotmivojwmyvkmjv v`hv nmyy fmwmnc|mfic}jvtomy cgvmj yvt}aanm vchvvthiv* Hyymyykmjvy cg v`mok|hiv cg kcdonmy oj Ojfoh hjfY}fhj gc}jf v`hv. `hwoja hi`omwmfh itovoihn |mjmvthvocj thvm cg 4=-.mwmt 8<- ojitmhym oj |mjmvthvocjtmy}nvmf oj h 8*4- ojitmhym oj hyvhvm‟y micjckoi atcqv`. f}m

|htvn vc v`m atmhvmt |tcf}ivowov

hjf mggoiomji cg ykhnn d}yojmyymyq`oi` dmjmgovvmf gtck ok|tcwmfojgctkhvocj gncqy* H g}jfhkmjvhn|tojio|nm cg micjckoiy oy v`hvkhtemvy jmmf ojgctkhvocj vcg}jivocj mggoiomjvn. hjf kcdonm|`cjmy htm |tcwofoja ojgctkhvocjvc |mc|nm q`c jmwmt `hf ov dmgctm

Dmcjf v`m khitcmicjckoiojfoihvcty. mwofmjim y}aamyvyv`m mj`hjimf ickk}joihvocjhjf ojgctkhvocj gncqy v`hvkcdonmy |tcwofm `hwm yoajogoihjvok|hiv cj }ymty‟ nowmno`ccfy.my|miohnn v`cym kcyv w}njmthdnmhjf vthfovocjhnn ̀ htf+vc+tmhi`*H atcqoja dcf cg mwofmjimy}aamyvy v`hv hiimyy vcickk}joihvocjy dccyvy ojickmyhjf khemy ncihn micjckomy ght

kctm mggoiomjv*

47

MICJCKOI OK\HIV ##

Nhie cg hiimyy vc mnmivtoiov `hyhnyc dmmj cwmtickm d khjHgtoihjy. q`c i`htam v`mot |`cjmy}yoja amjmthvcty hwhonhdnm oj ncihny`c|y hy qmnn hy ycnht |hjmny hjfiht dhvvmtomy*



K+H\\NOIHVOCJY ##

Khj cg v`m dmjmgovy cggmtmf dkcdonm |`cjmy htm h tmy}nv cg v`m|tcwoyocj cg dhyoi wcoim ymtwoimy.d}v v`mtm oy h atcqoja tmhnoyhvocjv`hv v`m kcdonm ihj dm }ymf gctk}i` kctm*

Yojim v`m kcdonm |`cjm dmihkm hickkcj|nhim ovmk oj Hgtoih. vòycdbmiv `hy dmickm h |nhvgctk gcth `cyv cg h||noihvocjy v`hv cggmtjmq yciohn hjf micjckoi dmjmgovyvc kcdonm |`cjm }ymty*

Hy oj v`m tmyv cg v`m qctnf. ojHgtoih v`m kcdonm |`cjm oy jcncjamt b}yv h fmwoim gct kheojahjf tmimowoja ihnny* @cqmwmt. v`mhffovocjhn }ymy cg kcdonm |`cjmy

htm wmt foggmtmjv oj vòy |htv cgv`m qctnf* Thv`mt v`hj n}p}thff+cjy. „kcdonm h||noihvocjy‛oj Hgtoih cgvmj kmmv myymjvohn`}khj jmmfy oj ihymy q`mtmcv`mt ojgthyvt}iv}tm ghnny y`ctv*

Ov oy ok|ctvhjv vc ihyv hyofm v`micjjcvhvocj cg „h||noihvocj‛ hy h|omim cg ycgvqhtm* Ojyvmhf. oj vòyv`myoy „h||noihvocj‛ oy tmahtfmf ojv`m kctm novmthn ymjym2

h||noihvocj ;v`m y|miohn }ym ct |}t|cymvc qòi` yckmvòja oy |}v

V`mtmgctm. oj v`m icjvmpv cgkcdonm |`cjmy. hj „h||noihvocj‛ oytmahtfmf hy „h qh cg }yoja‛ v`mkcdonm |`cjm2

kcdonm h||noihvocj ;jmq ymtwoimy hjf yyvmkyd}onv htc}jf v`m kcdonm|`cjm vc hff whn}m

Oj b}yv h gmq mhty. kcdonmh||noihvocjy `hwm vthjygctkmf v`mnowmy cg khj Hgtoihjy*

Gct mphk|nm. v`tc}a` mwmj v`mkcyv dhyoi mjvt+nmwmn kcdonm|`cjmy. ghtkmty ihj y}dyitodmvc ojgctkhvocj ymtwoimy y}i`hy khtemv |toimy hjf qmhv`mt

gctmihyvy5 c}ja }tdhj iovormjyihj vthjygmt kcjm dhie vc v`mot`ckm wonnhamy5 `mhnv` qctemty ihjaowm fohajcymy hjf icnnmiv fhvhoj tmhn+vokm5 jmqy ihj dm y|tmhfhjf tmhf oj itoyoy yov}hvocjy5 hjfiovormjy ihj d}onf c|ojocj hjfkcdonoym*

V`mym ymtwoimy hjf yyvmky htm

in}yvmtmf oj h j}kdmt cg foggmtmjvymivcty. hnv`c}a` ymwmthn y|hjkctm v`hj cjm ymivct*

V`m kcdonm h||noihvocjyv`hv i}ttmjvn mpoyv htmkhojn oj v`m gojhjiohn.`mhnv` hjf hatoi}nv}tmymivcty. qov` h gmq ojmf}ihvocj hjf acwmtjhjim*

V`}y vmtky `hwm dma}j vc htoym

y}i` hy k+dhjeoja. k+`mhnv`.k+hatoi}nv}tm hjf k+nmhtjoja*

Kcdonm c|mthvcty `hwm dmmjgotyv vc ymorm v`m c||ctv}jovomy.}yoja v`m kcdonm vc y}||n h`cyv cg ickkmtiohn ymtwoimyv`hv ihj khojn dm fmyitodmfhy ojgcvhojkmjv. h kop cgmjvmtvhojkmjv hjf ojgctkhvocj

ymtwoimy* @cqmwmt. yckmc|mthvcty htm |tcwofojaickkmtiohn ymtwoimy v`hv `hwm hfotmiv ok|hiv cj ycioc+micjckoifmwmnc|kmjv*

Dhjeoja gct v`m }jdhjemf

Kcdonm dhjeoja ymtwoimy. gctmphk|nm. `hwm |tcwofmf konnocjy

cg }jdhjemf |mc|nm qov` v`mc||ctv}jov vc }ym gojhjiohnymtwoimy y}i` hy kcjm vthjygmtydonn |hkmjvy hjf yhwojayhiic}jvy*

K6F ##

Hyofm gtck v`m kcdonmc|mthvcty. v`mtm `hy dmmj hjhwof ojvmtmyv oj v`m atcqojagomnf cg kcdonm h||noihvocjy ojfmwmnc|oja icjvmpvy gtck cv`mt

ctahjoyhvocjy. y}i` hy JACy.i`htovomy. fmyoaj hjf ojjcwhvocjyv}focy. }jowmtyovomy hjfmjvtm|tmjm}ty*

„Kcdonm gct Fmwmnc|kmjv‛. ctK6F. `hy dmickm cjm cg v`mimjvthn htmhy cg ojwmyvkmjvhjf gci}y oj v`m vmi`jcnca hjffmwmnc|kmjv ickk}jovomy*



40

V`m achn cg y}i` mggctvy oy vc }ym kcdonm vmi`jcnca hjf tmnhvmf ymtwoimyvc fotmivn ct ojfotmivn hfftmyy v`m |tcdnmk cg |cwmtv hjf vc |tckcvmyciohn |tcatmyy*

V`}y v`m mpvmjv cg kcdonm h||noihvocjy tmhi`my k}i` g}tv`mt v`hj v`mkctm |tckojmjv gomnfy y}i` hy k+dhjeoja hjf k+`mhnv`. mwmj `mn|oja vc|tckcvm `}khj toa`vy y}i` hy fmkcithi. gtmmfck cg y|mmi` hjf yhgmv*

]jnoem thfoc ov oy `htf gct h}v`ctovomy vc dncie kcdonm yoajhn qov`c}v

ymwmtmn foyt}|voja h ic}jvt‟y ojgthyvt}iv}tm hjf micjck* Oj vokmy cg}jtmyv ct h}v`ctovhtohj t}nm v`m YKY ihj g}jivocj hy v`m cjn yc}tim cgjmqy* Gct mphk|nm v`m Ncjfcj+dhymf YQ Thfoc Hgtoih tma}nhtn ymjfyc}v h ymnmivocj cg `mhfnojmy vc 9<.<<< |mc|nm oj Rokdhdqm woh YKY*

V`m ]y`hòfo qòi` kmhjy „vmyvokcj‛ oj Yqhòno/ c|mj yc}tim |nhvgctkqhy ojovohnn fmwmnc|mf vc kh| tm|ctvy cg wocnmjim oj Emjh hgvmt v`m|cyv+mnmivocj ghnnc}v hv v`m dmaojjoja cg 4<<0* V`m |nhvgctk hnncqy }ymtyvc tm|ctv hjf kh| ojiofmjvy qovjmyymf woh YKY. qòi` htm icnnmivmf hjfwoy}hnoymf cj hj cjnojm kh|. hjf `hy yojim dmmj }ymf vc kcjovct mnmivocjyhjf kh| itoyoy ojgctkhvocj hy qmnn hy i}thvm ncihn tmyc}timy*

Oj 4<8< v`m atc}jf+dtmheoja ‐FTI Y|mhey‟ |tcbmiv vcce |nhim. aowoja hwcoim vc vmjy cg v`c}yhjfy cg Icjacnmym* ]yoja ojjcwhvowm kcdonm Amc\cnnvmi`jcnca |cqmtmf d Kcdonm Hiictf. kctm v`hj 6 konnocj Icjacnmymtmimowmf hj YKY hyeoja v`mk vc vhem |htv oj v`m nhtamyv kcdonm |cnn mwmticjf}ivmf* 8*4 konnocj vmpv tmy|cjymy qmtm tmimowmf hjf v`m tmy}nvyy`htmf cj v`m ojvmtjmv. hnncqoja Icjacnmym vc vmnn v`m qctnf v`motv`c}a`vy. c|ojocjy. hjf mwmj v`mot `c|my gct h dmvvmt Icjac*

Tmg}ammy ]jovmf oy hj JAC v`hv }ymy ymi}tm qmd hjf kcdonm vmi`jcncavc mjhdnm tmg}ammy vc gojf ncwmf cjmy v`tc}a`c}v v`m qctnf* ]ymty ihjojvmthiv qov` v`m yyvmk cwmt yok|nm YKY vc ymhti` gct |mc|nm. hjf og v`mgojf yckmcjm v`m vòje koa`v dm ghkon v`m ihj ymjf h kmyyham hy qmnn*

DHTTOMTY VC K+H\\NOIHVOCJY ##

Hyofm gtck v`m y}iimyyg}n mphk|nmy. ov oy ok|ctvhjv vc hnyc icjyofmt v`mghivcty v`hv òjfmt v`m vhem cgg cg kcdonm h||noihvocjy gct micjckoi hjfyciohn fmwmnc|kmjv oj Hgtoih*

Gotyvn. v`m kcyv yoajogoihjv dhttomt oy v`m vcvhn icyv cg cqjmtyò| hjf }ym.o*m* icyv cg fmwoim. hotvokm. i`htaoja. mvi* V`m icyv cg ickk}joihvocj k}yvac fcqj ’ YKY oy wmt cwmt|toimf hjf yc oy wcoim hjf fhvh vthggoi*

Ymicjfn. khj h||noihvocjy hjf ymtwoimy jmwmt tmhi` c}v vc v`m khyymyf}m vc |cct khtemvoja* Y}dyitodmty k}yv ejcq q`hv ycn}vocjy htmhwhonhdnm. q` hjf `cq vc }ym v`mk*

Vòtfn. khj ojvmtwmjvocjy htm jcv fmyoajmf qov` yihnm oj kojf* Khj cg

v`m mpoyvoja YKY dhymf h||noihvocjy v`hv ic}nf dmjmgov v`m |cct v`m kcyvhtm yvonn oj v`mot ojghji oj v`m tmaocj*

H gmq y}iimyyg}n ihymy. jhkmn kcdonm kcjm yyvmky hjfwhtoc}y `mhnv` tmnhvmf ycn}vocjy htm dmoja }ymf hv yihnm.d}v v`m ghiv tmkhojy v`hv v`m j}kdmt cg yihnmf+}| kcdonmymtwoimy htm yvonn gmq hjf#ct nokovmf amcath|òihnn*

Cv`mt dhttomty ojin}fm nhie cg mnmivtoiov. onnovmthi. nhja}ham. |towhioyy}my. amjfmt. hjf icjimtjy hdc}v ymi}tov m*a* |`cjm v`mgv/*



9<

19- CG V@MYM HTM OJ

FMWMNC\OJAIC]JVTOMY

19-41-

DONNOCJ=*9

J]KDMT CGKCDONM \@CJMYCJ V@M \NHJMV

@HWM H \@CJM=C]V CG 7 \MC\NM

KCDONM \MJMVTHVOCJ ##

Oj ctfmt vc }jfmtyvhjf v`m kcdonm

tmwcn}vocj oj Hgtoih. v`m gotyv yvm|qhy vc tmymhti` v`m yvhvoyvoiycg kcdonm |`cjm |mjmvthvocj.icjvmp}hnoymf oj dcv` h qctnfqofmhjf h fmwmnc|oja qctnf icjvmpv*

V@M J]KDMTCG YKY YMJVMWMT_ FH_MPIMMFY V@M\C\]NHVOCJCG V@M \NHJMV

<

7*8 VTONNOCJYKY YMJV

4<84<<.<<<

YMICJFMWMT_

OJ

KCDONM ]YM ##

Hy gct fhvh vthggoi. v`m vcvhn

j}kdmt cg YKY ymjv ancdhnnvto|nmf dmvqmmj 4<<1 hjf 4<8<.gtck hj myvokhvmf 8*0 vtonnocj vc hyvhaamtoja 7*8 vtonnocj*

?<-KCDONM JMVQCTEY TMHI@

CG V@M QCTNF\C\]NHVOCJ

HJF 0<- CGV@M \C\]NHVOCJOJ T]THN HTMHY

8<- OJITMHYM

8*4- OJITMHYMOJ IC]JVT_‟Y AF\

OJ KCDONM \@CJM\MJMVTHVOCJ ITMHVMY

MICJCKOI OK\HIV ##

Kcdonm |`cjmy `hwm h |cyovowmmicjckoi ok|hiv. gct mphk|nmok|tcwoja hiimyy vc hjf }ym cgojgctkhvocj. itmhvoja jmq bcdy

vc hfftmyy fmkhjf gct kcdonm+tmnhvmf ymtwoimy. hjf |tcwofojah |nhvgctk gct h||noihvocjyghionovhvoja jmq ymtwoimy*

JMVQCTE ICWMTHAM ##

KCDONM YVHVOYVOIY ##



NHJFNOJMY89.<<<.<<<

88<.<<<.<<<

=<<.<<<.<<<%

OJVMTJMV]YMTY

KCDONM \@CJM

Y]DYITODMTY

OJ V@M _MHT 4<<<

KCDONM \@CJMYV@M J]KDMT CG

V@M J]KDMT CGGOTYV MPIMMFMF

NHJFNOJMY

HGTOIH @HY ACJMKCDONM HGVMT

MP\MTOMJIOJA HVMI@JCNCA_ B]K\

CG V@M 8DONNOCJ\MC\NMOJ HGTOIH

KCTM V@HJ @HNGHTM KCDONM \@CJM

Y]DYITODMTY

V@MTM HTM4<< KONNOCJ

OJ HGTOIH V@HJ

OJ V@M ]YH

KCTM KCDONM \@CJMY

KCDONM HGTOIH ##

Hgtoih `hy v`m ghyvmyv atcqojakcdonm |`cjm khtemv oj v`m qctnf.qov` kctm v`hj =<< konnocj kcdonm|`cjm y}dyitodmty vcfh*

Q`mj v`m kcdonm |`cjm httowmfoj Hgtoih. ov x}oien y}|mtymfmfv`m nhjfnojm oj h yc+ihnnmf‐nmh|gtcaaoja‟ mggmiv* V`hv oy vc yhv`hv v`m jhvocj fof jcv gotyv }ym v`mvmnm|`cjm. v`mj ictfnmyy kcfmny.

v`mj ac v`tc}a` ovmthvocjy cgi`}je kcdonm `hjfymvy vc httowmhv vcfh‟y kcdonm |`cjm* Oj h y`ctv|mtocf cg vokm. htmhy qov` wotv}hnnjc |`cjm ojgthyvt}iv}tm `hwmdmmj vthjygctkmf ojvc |nhimyq`mtm v`m kcdonm |`cjm oy jmhtn}dox}ovc}y*

Oj hffovocj. ov oy ok|ctvhjv vcjcvm v`hv toa`v jcq v`mtm htmmwmj kctm kcdonm |`cjm }ymtyv`hj cqjmty. hy oj v`m wonnhamyov oy ickkcj gct h q`cnm ghkonvc y`htm cjm kcdonm |`cjm. ctvc |h gct v`m }ym cg ickk}jov|`cjmy cggmtmf d ncihn koitc+mjvtm|tmjm}ty*

V`m j}kdmt cg kcdonm |`cjmy}dyitodmty oj Hgtoih `hy fc}dnmfyojim 4<<0 hjf k}nvo|nomf vmjgcnfyojim 4<<4* Vòy kmhjy v`hv.

Qònm 18- cg v`m |c|}nhvocj ojfmwmnc|mf ic}jvtomy htm cjnojm.cjn 48- cg v`m |c|}nhvocj ojfmwmnc|oja ic}jvtomy htm cjnojm*Hv v`m mjf cg 4<8<. ojvmtjmv }ymt|mjmvthvocj oj Hgtoih tmhi`mf?*7-. ght dmòjf dcv` v`m qctnfhwmtham 9<-/ hjf v`m fmwmnc|ojaic}jvt hwmtham 48-/*

KCDONM WY OJVMTJMV ##

HV V@OY THVMMWMT_ YOJANM \MTYCJQONN CQJ H KCDONMD_ V@M _MHT 4<4<

*7-HGTOIH

QCTNFQCTNFFMWMNC\OJA

48- <-? 9

88< konnocj |mc|nm oj Hgtoih hiimyyv`m ojvmtjmv. qòi` tm|tmymjvy 88-cg v`m icjvojmjv‟y |c|}nhvocj*

V`m vc| ojvmtjmv hiimyyojaic}jvt oy Joamtoh qov` 66konnocj }ymty. gcnncqmf d Ma|v.Kctciic. Yc}v` Hgtoih ' Hnamtoh*

V`mtm htm = vokmy kctm kcdonm|`cjm y}dyitodmty v`hj ojvmtjmv}ymty oj Hgtoih*

Kctm v`hj =<- cg Hgtoih‟y ojvmtjm}ymty hiimyy v`m qmd woh v`motkcdonm |`cjm. qòi` tm|tmymjvy8<- cg kcdonm |`cjm y}dyitodmty*

4. - ATCQV@9=1

YOJIM 4<<<OJ OJVMTJMV ]YM

88< KONNOCJOJVMTJMV

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KCDONM OY V@MJC*8 QH_ VC Y]TGV@M QMD OJ HGTOIH



94

YMTWOIM

YMTWOIM

YCGVQHTM

YMTWOIM

YCGVQHTM

@HTFQHTM



Hjhnyoja hnn cg v`m ojjcwhvowmkcdonm h||noihvocjy gc}jf oj

Hgtoih. ov qhy gc}jf v`hv v`mym htmcggmtmf vc kcdonm |`cjm }ymty hv 9nmwmny cg ojvmtwmjvocj2

## ymtwoim cjn

## ymtwoim % ycgvqhtm

## ymtwoim % ycgvqhtm % `htfqhtm

Ov ihj dm ymmj v`hv ov oy |cyyodnmvc |tcwofm kcdonm |`cjm }ymtyqov` hffovocjhn ymtwoimy v`hv fcjcv tmx}otm v`mk vc fcqjnchf

hj hffovocjhn ycgvqhtm vc v`motkcdonm. gct mphk|nm YKY+dhymfymtwoimy*

V`m jmpv nmwmn }y}hnn tmx}otmy hi}yvck ycgvqhtm vc dm ojyvhnnmfcj v`m }ymt‟y kcdonm |`cjm.v`}y hj h||noihvocj oj v`m kcyvickkcjn |mtimowmf ymjym. ctov ihj kmhj v`hv v`m }ymt k}yvhiimyy ycgvqhtm woh hjcv`mtfmwoim m*a* h ick|}vmt/ oj ctfmtvc dmjmgov gtck v`m ymtwoim*

H v`otf nmwmn oy hnyc mkmtaoja.qov` jmq ojjcwhvowm „hff+cj‛vmi`jcnca dmoja itmhvmf vcvthjygctk kcdonm |`cjmy ojvcfmwoimy v`hv ihj |mtgctk cv`mt|tcf}iv g}jivocjy. }y}hnn qov`icttmy|cjfoja ycgvqhtm*

Cj v`m gcnncqoja |hamy. 4 ihymyv}fomy htm y`cqj gct mhi` nmwmn

cg ojvmtwmjvocj. gct foggmtmjv gomnfyy}i` hy k+`mhnv` hjf k+dhjeoja.hy gcnncqy2

ymtwoim

## Vpvmhanm

## Vmpv vc I`hjam

ymtwoim % ycgvqhtm

## K+\MYH

## Yvc| Yvciec}vy

ymtwoim % ycgvqhtm % `htfqhtm

## JMYVH

## Imnnyic|m

IHYM YV]FOMY

KCDONM GCTFMWMNC\KMJV

9 NMWMNY ## IHYM YV]FOMY ##



96

YMTWOIM

Vpvmhanm oy h ymtwoim v`hv hoky vc `mn| v`m konnocjy cg kcdonm |`cjm }ymtyoj fmwmnc|oja ic}jvtomy khem kcjm qov` v`mot kcdonm* V`m ymtwoimfoyvtod}vmy ykhnn bcdy c}vyc}timf d ick|hjomy/ woh vmpv kmyyhaoja ojtmv}tj gct ykhnn |hkmjvy*

Vpvmhanm ghionovhvmy kcdonm „itcqfyc}tioja‛+ dtmheoja fcqj bcdy ojvcykhnn vhyey hjf ymjfoja v`mk vc ncvy cg ojfowof}hny* V`mym bcdy cgvmjojwcnwm ncihn ejcqnmfam hjf thjam gtck v`ojay noem i`mieoja q`hv yvtmmvyoajy yh oj t}thn Y}fhj gct h yhvmnnovm+jhwoahvocj ymtwoim vc vthjynhvoja

qctfy ojvc h Emjhj fohnmiv gct ick|hjomy vtoja vc y|tmhf v`motkhtemvoja* Gct mphk|nm. h qckhj nowoja oj t}thn Hgtoih kh `hwm nokovmfhiimyy vc qcte. d}v y`m ihj yvonn }ym `mt kcdonm |`cjm vc icnnmiv ncihn|toim hjf |tcf}iv fhvh ct mwmj ick|nmvm khtemv+tmymhti` y}twmy*

\hkmjvy htm vthjygmttmf vc h }ymt‟y |`cjm d h kcdonm kcjm ymtwoim.y}i` hy K+\MYH. ct d |tcwofoja hffovocjhn ihnnoja itmfov*

Qcteoja qov` cwmt 44< kcdonm c|mthvcty. vpvmhanm oy hdnm vc tmhi` 4 donnocjy}dyitodmty oj 0< ic}jvtomy* Ov hntmhf `hy v`m nhtamyv icjvthiv+nhdc}tgctim oj Emjh hjf jmq qhy cg }yoja ov htm dmoja gc}jf hnn v`m vokm*

VPVMHANM ## k+mk|nckmjv



Vmpv vc I`hjam VVI/ cggmty hj ojvmthivowm kcdonm YKY x}or qovèjcqnmfam x}myvocjy nojemf qov` h tmqhtfoja yyvmk ojimjvowm/* Dkmhjy cg vòy mf}vhojkmjv hjf vòy ojvmthivowm qh cg ickk}joihvoja. v`mYKY x}or oy fmyoajmf vc thoym hjf `mn| tmycnwm em oyy}my htc}jf ncihnfmwmnc|kmjv |tcathky*

VVI oy h jcj+|tcgov ctahjoyhvocj v`hv }ymy kcdonm |`cjm vmi`jcnca vcicnnmiv hjf foyymkojhvm `mhnv` ojgctkhvocj* VVI `hy dmmj cjm cg v`m|ocjmmty oj }yoja kcdonm |`cjmy gct `mhnv` kcjovctoja hjf hfwcihi oj

]ahjfh tmhiòja c}v vc v`m amjmthn |}dnoi hv h nhtam yihnm* VVI qcteoy fmkhjf ftowmj hjf ymvy }| ick|nmvm |tcathkkmy qov` ncihn hjfojvmtjhvocjhn |htvjmty* V`m hok cg VVI oy vc khem nogm yhwoja ejcqnmfammhyon hwhonhdnm vc v`m amjmthn |}dnoi hjf my|miohnn vc ickk}jov hjfghkon nmwmn ihtmaowmty* VVI oy y|miohnoymf oj ojvmthivowm hjf ojimjvowmdhymf YKY |tcathky hfftmyyoja h qofm thjam cg `mhnv` oyy}my y}i` hy@OW#HOFY. khnhtoh hjf tm|tcf}ivowm `mhnv`*

VMPV VC I@HJAM ## k+`mhnv`



97

YMTWOIM

YCGVQHTM

K+\MYH K gct kcdonm. |myh oy Yqhòno gct kcjm/ oy h kcdonm kcjmymtwoim nh}ji`mf d Wcfhgcjm oj Emjh oj 4<<1. hjf oy yc ght v`m kcyvy}iimyyg}n hjf qofmy|tmhf ymtwoim itmhvmf gct kcdonm |`cjmy oj Hgtoih*

V`m K+\MYH yyvmk hnncqy i}yvckmty vc fm|cyov hjf qov`fthq ihy`woh ncihn K+\MYH hamjvy5 vthjygmt kcjm vc cv`mt }ymty hjf jcj }ymty

hjq`mtm oj v`m ic}jvt5 |h donny hjf yhwm kcjm vc hj hiic}jv*Nmyy v`hj 4 mhty hgvmt ovy nh}ji`. K+\MYH `hf aowmj 7*= konnocj Emjhjyhiimyy vc gojhjiohn ymtwoimy gct v`m 8yv vokm. hjf oy jcq }ymf oj 1<- cgEmjhj ̀ c}ym`cnfy*

8<.<<< |mc|nm tmaoyvmt qov` K+\MYH mwmt yojanm fh hjf hnkcyv 88- cgEmjh‟y AF\ acmy v`tc}a` v`m K+\MYH ymtwoim*

V`m ymtwoim oy icjyvhjvn dmoja fmwmnc|mf* V`m ctoaojhn ofmh qhy gctkoitc+nchjy. v`mj ov dmihkm h kcjm vthjygmt vccn gct mphk|nm gct c}ja|mc|nm qcteoja oj v`m iov vc ymjf kcjm fotmivn vc v`mot ghkon oj v`mwonnham/. hjf jcq ov `hy dmickm h yhwojay vccn hy qmnn qov` v`m K+EMY@Cmx}ov hiic}jv nh}ji`mf oj icnnhdcthvocj dmvqmmj Mx}ov Dhje hjf

Yhghtoick/*Gcnncqoja v`m y}iimyy cg K+\MYH. cv`mt c|mthvcty y}i` hy KVJ `hwmtm|noihvmf v`m icjim|v hjf kcdonm dhjeoja oy jcq y|tmhfoja v`tc}a`c}vv`m tmyv cg Hgtoih*

V`m „Yvc| Yvcie+C}vy‛ ihk|hoaj oy dhymf htc}jf h novvnm+ejcqj. d}vfmwhyvhvoja. |tcdnmk* Kmfoiojm yvcie+c}vy + q`mtm ncihn inojoiy hjf|`htkhiomy t}j c}v cg òa`+fmkhjf. it}iohn kmfoiojmy + htm h |cvmjvohnnnmv`hn |tcdnmk oj h j}kdmt cg Hgtoihj ic}jvtomy. mv acwmtjkmjvy ojyoyvv`m fcj‟v cii}t* V`m vmhk dmòjf v`m Yvc| Yvcie+C}vy |tcbmiv ymv c}v vcgojf h ycn}vocj hjf hyemf v`mkymnwmy. ‛Q`hv ic}nf dm kctm |cqmtg}n v`hjh kh| qòi` icjvthfoivy v`mym acwmtjkmjv inhoky3‛

Oj 4<<?. hivowoyvy oj Emjh. ]ahjfh. Khnhqo hjf Rhkdoh yvhtvmf y}twmojainojoiy. i`mieoja yvcie nmwmny cg myymjvohn kmfoiojmy* Hgvmt woyovojainojoiy hjf |`htkhiomy. hivowoyvy tm|ctv v`mot tmy}nvy }yoja v`mot kcdonm|`cjmy v`tc}a` yvt}iv}tmf. icfmf vmpv kmyyhamy ’ „p..r‛ ’ q`mtm v`mgotyv j}kdmt tm|tmymjvy v`mot ic}jvt icfm. v`m ymicjf v`mot foyvtoiv ctiov. hjf v`m vòtf v`m kmfoiojm qòi` v`m gc}jf vc dm c}v cg yvcie* V`mkmyyhamy htm v`mj woy}hnn foy|nhmf cj hj cjnojm kh|. y`cqoja y|miogoitm|ctvy d ncihvocj hjf d}onfoja }| „`cv y|cvy‛ cg hivowov*

Qovòj v`m gotyv qmme hncjm. v`m vmhk icnnmivmf tm|ctvy cg 4=< yvcie+c}vycg myymjvohn kmfoiojmy* Dmih}ym ojickoja fhvh h}vckhvoihnn |c|}nhvmyv`m kh|. ov tm|tmymjvy hj hnkcyv tmhn+vokm |oiv}tm cg yvcie+c}vy* Hgvmth y}iimyyg}n nh}ji` hjf h qmme |oncvoja v`m ymtwoim. v`m „yvcie+c}v YKYj}kdmt‛ `hy dmmj foyvtod}vmf vc kmfoiojm }ymty v`tc}a`c}v mhi` ic}jvtyc v`hv hjcjm qov` h kcdonm |`cjm ihj ymjf oj h yvcie+c}v tm|ctv* V`mymkmyyhamy htm gotyvn i`miemf d yvhgg hv @mhnv` Hivocj Ojvmtjhvocjhn dmgctmdmoja |cyvmf }| cj v`m kh|* V`m cwmthnn hok oy vc |tmwmjv v`m acwmtjkmjvgtck dmoja hdnm vc fmj q`hv‟y `h||mjoja hjf d}onf }| |}dnoi |tmyy}tm*

YVC\ YVCIE+C]VY ## k+`mhnv`

K+\MYH ## k+dhjeoja



90

YMTWOIM

YCGVQHTM

@HTFQHTM

H jmq htmh cg k+`mhnv` v`hv oy jcv mv qmnn ejcqj hjf fmwmnc|mf. d}vv`hv oy hntmhf dmoja mp|nctmf oy hff+cj vmi`jcnca2 fmwoimy v`hv ihj dmicjjmivmf vc h kcdonm |`cjm vc mpvmjf ovy ih|hiovomy*

Cjm mphk|nm oy JMVTH Jmht+Mm Vccn gct Tmgthivowm Hyymyykmjv/fmwmnc|mf d v`m KOV Kmfoh Nhd* Ov oy h yok|nm hjf hggctfhdnm fmwoim

q`oi` ihj dm |tcf}imf gct nmyy v`hj ]Y&4/ v`hv ihj fohajcym ymwmthnmm icjfovocjy. tm|nhioja `mhw hjf mp|mjyowm mx}o|kmjv hjf kheoja mmfohajcyvoi vmi`jcnca hiimyyodnm vc |mc|nm oj fmwmnc|oja ic}jvtomy*

JMVTH icjyoyvy cg h ykhnn |nhyvoi fmwoim ino||mf cjvc v`m |`cjm‟y yitmmj*V`m |hvomjv nccey ojvc h voj nmjy. |tmyymy v`m |`cjm‟y httcq emy vckhem h ymv cg |hthnnmn atmmj hjf tmf nojmy cwmtnh|. dtojaoja womq ojvcy`ht| gci}y. hjf tm|mhvy v`oy moa`v vokmy gct mhi` mm hy v`m nojmy h||mhthv foggmtmjv hjanmy* Ycgvqhtm nchfmf cjvc v`m |`cjm v`mj |tcwofmy v`m|tmioym |tmyito|vocj fhvh* V`m mjvotm |tcimyy vhemy }jfmt vqc koj}vmy*

JMVTH ## k+`mhnv`



Hjcv`mt ojwmjvocj oy v`m ImnnYic|m. fmwmnc|mf d tmymhti`mty hv v`m]jowmtyov cg Ihnogctjoh. Dmtemnm. q`oi` cjn tmx}otmy h kcdonm |`cjm vcdm mx}o||mf qov` h yok|nm ihkmth gct ov vc dmickm h koitcyic|m v`hv ihjfmvmiv foymhymy noem khnhtoh*

ImnnYic|m v}tjy h yvhjfhtf ihkmth+mjhdnmf kcdonm |`cjm ojvc h inojoihn

x}hnov koitcyic|m. qov` khajogoihvocj }| vc =<p* @mhnv` qctemty ojfmwmnc|oja ic}jvtomy. q`mtm mp|mjyowm mx}o|kmjv. ghionovomy hjf cj+v`m+atc}jf |`yoiohjy htm yihtim. ihj }ym v`m kcdonm koitcyic|m vc x}oienhjf mhyon ih|v}tm okhamy cg dnccf imnny. nmyocjy hjf ojgmivocjy hjfvthjykov v`mk vc tmkcvm mp|mtvy gct hjhnyoy hjf fohajcyoy*

V`m ImnnYic|m `hy v`m |cvmjvohn vc |tcwofm h ncq+icyv. vokm+mggoiomjv ’mwmj vokm+itovoihn + qh cg fohajcyoja hjf kcjovctoja ojgmivoc}y foymhymy.y}i` hy khnhtoh hjf VD. vqc cg v`m doaamyv eonnmty oj v`m fmwmnc|oja qctnf.hy qmnn hy |tcwofoja mhtn qhtjoja cg c}vdtmhey*

IMNNYIC\M ## k+`mhnv`



fm



jm



fmJmnycj Khjfmnh

„Mf}ihocj oy `m k qmh|cj q`oi` c}

`m qctnf*‛



jmy |cqmt}nj }ym c i`hjam



66



67



V`m Ojvmtjhvocjhn Nhdc}tCtahjorhvocj ONC/ oy v`m cnfmyv

]J hamji. qcteoja vcqhtfy v`machn cg fmimjv qcte gct hnn*

V`m }jox}m vto|htvovm yvt}iv}tmcg v`m ONC aowmy hj mx}hn wcoimvc qctemty. mk|ncmty hjfacwmtjkmjvy vc mjy}tm v`hvv`m womqy cg v`m yciohn |htvjmtyhtm incymn tmgnmivmf oj nhdc}tyvhjfhtfy hjf oj y`h|oja |cnoiomyhjf |tcathkkmy*

Oj 8?76 v`m ONC ofmjvogomf v`m jmmf

vc vthoj |mc|nm cj `cq vc |}v ovywhn}my ojvc |thivoim oj h tmhn qctnficjvmpv. hjf yc ov itmhvmf v`mOjvmtjhvocjhn Vthojoja Imjvtm OVI+ONC/ oj V}toj. Ovhn hy ovy wcihvocjhnvthojoja ojyvov}vm. v`m cjn cjm cgovy eojf oj v`m qctnf*

V`m imjvtm‟y koyyocj oy vc dm v`mnmhfoja ancdhn |tcwofmt cg nmhtjojahjf vthojoja gct v`m qctnf cg qcte*

Qov` 86.<<< |htvoio|hjvy

mhi` mht gtck 8?4ic}jvtomy. htc}jf `hng cgv`m imjvtm‟y qcte vhemy|nhim hv ovy nhtam V}tojihk|}y oj Ovhn. qònm v`mtmyv cg ovy vthojoja hivowovomyvhem |nhim cj v`m gomnf ojfmwmnc|oja tmaocjy*

V`m imjvtm‟y nmhtjoja.ejcqnmfam+y`htoja hjf

ojyvov}vocjhn ih|hiov+d}onfojahivowovomy hjf |tcathkkmy gctacwmtjkmjvy. qctemty‟ hjfmk|ncmty‟ ctahjoyhvocjy hjfcv`mt fmwmnc|kmjv |htvjmty htmdhymf cj v`m nhvmyv vòjeoja.dmyv |thivoimy hjf ick|hthvowmmp|mtomjimy oj v`m gomnfy cg2

## toa`vy hv qcte

## mjvmt|toym. koitcgojhjim hjfncihn fmwmnc|kmjv

## mk|nckmjv hjf yeonnyfmwmnc|kmjv

## yciohn |tcvmivocj

## yciohn fohnca}m. nhdc}t nhq hjfnhdc}t hfkojoyvthvocj

## qctemty‟ hjf mk|ncmty‟ctahjoyhvocjy

## amjfmt hjf jcj+foyitokojhvocj

## y}yvhojhdnm fmwmnc|kmjv hjfacwmtjhjim

V`m OVI+ONC oy ncceoja vccggmt kctm foyvhjim nmhtjoja

c||ctv}jovomy. gct mphk|nmgct amcath|òihnn oycnhvmf|htvoio|hjvy*

V`m i}ttmjvn cggmt m+nmhtjojaic}tymy oj ctfmt vc tmhi` y}i`|htvoio|hjvy hv h foyvhjim.`cqmwmt v`m htm hqhtm v`hv ojv`m tmaocjy q`mtm v`m qcteHgtoih. Hyoh hjf Nhvoj Hkmtoih/.jcv hnn cg v`mot vhtamv atc}| `hyhiimyy vc h ick|}vmt. v`m ojvmtjmct mwmj mnmivtoiov*

Cj v`m cv`mt `hjf. v`m kcdonm|`cjm oy }dox}ovc}y hjf tmhfonhiimyyodnm vc hnn*

V`mtmgctm v`m khitci`hnnmjam cg v`m |tcbmivqhy ofmjvog kcdonmc||ctv}jovomy hitcyy v`mOVI+ONC hjf qovòj vòy. vcofmjvog hjf ihtt c}v hjh||nomf |tcbmiv*

OVI+ONC

CWMTWOMQ ## HIVOWOVOMY ## V@M I@HNNMJAM ##

OJVMTJHVOCJHN VTHOJOJA IMJVTM CG V@MOJVMTJHVOCJHN NHDC]T CTAHJORHVOCJ



60

FOYVHJIM NMHTJOJA ##G4G VTHOJOJA ##

VTHOJOJA HVV]TOJ IHK\]Y

VTHOJOJA CJV@M GOMNF

\V

\V \V

M+NMHTJOJA



OVI+ONC vthojoja oy fmnowmtmf oj v`mgcnncqoja 9 qhy2

## Ghim+vc+ghim G4G/ vthojoja

G4G vthojoja ic}tymy vhem |nhimhv v`m OVI+ONC ihk|}y oj V}toj.Ovhn ct cj v`m gomnf oj fmwmnc|ojatmaocjy* Oj v`m nhvvmt ihym. v`mOVI+ONC yvhgg ac vc fmwmnc|ojaic}jvtomy hjf |tcwofm i}yvck+khfm ic}tymy dhymf cj fmkhjf.ct v`m `otm |tcgmyyocjhny vcfmnowmt v`m vthojoja cj v`mot dm`hn}yoja OVI+ONC vthojoja khvmtohny*

## Foyvhjim nmhtjoja

I}ttmjvn foyvhjim nmhtjojaic}tymy htm cggmtmf vc|htvoio|hjvy woh m+nmhtjojakcf}nmy v`hv htm |tokhtonick|nmvmf cjnojm. hnv`c}a` yckmic}tymy hnncq |htvoio|hjvy vcfcqjnchf mpmtioymy vc ick|nmvmcggnojm hjf nhvmt }|nchf vc v`mm+nmhtjoja |nhvgctk* Kcdonmnmhtjoja oy hjvoio|hvmf gct v`mg}v}tm d}v oy jcv i}ttmjvn |htv cgv`m imjvtm‟y vthojoja cggmtoja*

## Dnmjfmf nmhtjoja

Dnmjfmf ic}tymy ickdojm h G4Gvthojoja ymyyocj qov` foyvhjimnmhtjoja hjf ojin}fmy 9 |`hymy2dmgctm. f}toja hjf hgvmt v`m G4Gymyyocj* V`oy gctkhv oy dmickojakctm qofmy|tmhf hitcyy imjvtm*

VTHOJOJAOVI+ONC

DNMJFMF NMHTJOJA ##

% \V

\V

M+NMHTJOJAG4G VTHOJOJA%



=<



\htvoio|hjvy cg v`m OVI+ONC vthojoja ic}tymy }y}hnn ghnn ojvc 9 ihvmactomy.v`m „v`tmm |htvomy‛ v`hv khem }| v`m wcoim cg v`m ONC2

## Acwmtjkmjv cggoiohny

## Qctemty

## Mk|ncmty

@cqmwmt ncvy cg cv`mt |mc|nm vhem |htv vcc. fm|mjfoja cj v`m foggmtmjvic}tymy cggmtmf* Gct mphk|nm |htvoio|hjvy thjam gtck JAC qctemty.}jowmtyov |tcgmyycty. bc}tjhnoyvy. nhqmty. b}famy. koitc+mjvtm|tmjm}ty.icc|mthvowm tm|tmymjvhvowmy. tmymhti`mty. hjf yc cj*

Hj ok|ctvhjv |cojv oy v`hv v`m OVI+ONC fcmy jcv }y}hnn vthoj „mjf }ymty‛d}v ojyvmhf ovy |htvoio|hjvy htm v`cym oj |cyovocjy qovòj ojyov}vocjyhjf ctahjoyhvocjy. `cqmwmt ojgctkhn/ q`mtm v`m qonn ac cj vc g}tv`mtfoyymkojhvm v`m ejcqnmfam v`m ahoj gtck v`mot vthojoja mp|mtomjim qov`v`m OVI+ONC*

V`mtmgctm khj cg v`m ic}tymy htm VcV vthojoja cg vthojmty/ gci}yymf*V`hv kmhjy v`hv hy qmnn hy vmhiòja v`mk icjvmjv ejcqnmfam hjf yeonny/.v`m OVI+ONC hnyc vmhi`my ovy |htvoio|hjvy hdc}v ojjcwhvowm hjf ojvmthivowmnmhtjoja kmv`cfy. yc v`hv v`m htm dmvvmt mx}o||mf vc |hyy cj q`hv v`mnmhtj*

Vòy oy h wmt ok|ctvhjv |htv cg v`m imjvtm‟y woyocj cg fogg}yoja ejcqnmfamhy qofmn hy |cyyodnm v`tc}a` h „k}nvo|noihvocj mggmiv‛* V`mot ofmh oy v`hv2

„qm ihjjcv vmhi` v`m q`cnm qctnf. d}v qm ihj vmhi` yckm |mc|nmhjf qm ihj vmhi` v`cym |mc|nm `cq vc vmhi` cv`mty‛

Vòy oy hnyc v`m hffmf whn}m v`hv v`m cggmt vc v`mot |htvoio|hjvy. hyctahjoyhvocjy htm hdnm vc ymjf b}yv cjm tm|tmymjvhvowm qov` v`m icjgofmjimv`hv vòy |mtycj qonn dm mx}o|mf vc y`htm v`mot ejcqnmfam q`mj v`mtmv}tj*

]YMTYOVI+ONC



=4



FMGOJOJAV@M \TCBMIV

Hy |tmwoc}yn kmjvocjmf.v`m khitc i`hnnmjam cg v`m

|tcbmiv qhy vc ofmjvog kcdonmc||ctv}jovomy hitcyy v`m OVI+ONChjf qovòj vòy. vc ofmjvog hjfihtt c}v hj h||nomf |tcbmiv*

Oj ctfmt vc fmgojm vòy h||nomf|tcbmiv. hj mpvmjyowm ojovohntmymhti` qhy ihttomf c}v ojvcv`m OVI+ONC‟y i}ttmjv vthojojahivowovomy. ojin}foja h ymtomy cgojvmtwomqy qov` vthojmty gtck v`mfoggmtmjv vthojoja }jovy*

Gtck vòy ojovohn tmymhti` yckmem vtmjfy qmtm ofmjvogomf oj v`mOVI+ONC2

## Kcwm vcqhtfy dnmjfmf nmhtjoja

## Vhtamvoja }ymty qovìcjjmivowov |tcdnmky

## Y}yvhojhdnm ycn}vocjy

V`mtmgctm oj v`m ymnmivocj cghj h||nomf |tcbmiv. ov qhy gmnvok|ctvhjv vc tmgnmiv v`mym 9vtmjfy*

Gcnncqoja v`m hjhnyoy cg v`mtmymhti` |`hym. 9 c|vocjy gct hjh||nomf |tcbmiv qmtm ofmjvogomfhjf ick|htmf hfwhjvhamy hjffoyhfwhjvhamy. gtck qòi` cjmqhy ymnmivmf gct fmwmnc|kmjv*

V`m |tcbmiv ymnmivmf gct

mp|nctoja kcdonm nmhtjojaoy ihnnmf k*icc|. hjf oy ojghiv h qctnfqofm vthojoja|tcathkkm i}ttmjvn ojfmwmnc|kmjv. nmf d v`m ONC`mhfx}htvmty oj Amjmwh*

Vòy |tcbmiv qhy ymnmivmf gct hj}kdmt cg tmhycjy2

Gtmmfck ## Hy h jmq |tcbmiv.v`m fmnowmt khvmtohn oy mv vcdm fmwmnc|mf. yc v`mtm htm nmyyicjyvthojvy

Ic`myowmjmyy ## G4G hjf foyvhjimnmhtjoja qonn dm fmwmnc|mficji}ttmjvn. yc h ic`myowmvthojoja |hieham ihj dm itmhvmf

Vokmnojmyy ## \tcbmiv }jfmtqhjcq hjf hv h yvham v`hv oy |mtgmivvc yvhtv fmwmnc|oja v`m vthojojakhvmtohn hjf fmnowmt kmv`cfy

Y}||ctv ## Hy 4<84 qonn dm

v`m ]J‟y Ojvmtjhvocjhn _mhtcg Icc|mthvowmy. v`m k*icc||tcathkkm qonn dm y}||ctvmf dv`m mjvotm ]jovmf Jhvocjy yyvmk

Woyodonov ## C||ctv}jov gctwoyodonov gct v`m OVI+ONC hitcyyv`m ]J yyvmk

V`m gojhn yvm| oj fmgojoja v`m|tcbmiv qhy vc itmhvm h y|miogoi

dtomg gct v`m h||nomf |tcbmiv. qòi`qhy fmgojmf hy gcnncqy2

Ojvmathvm kcdonm nmhtjojaojvc v`m fmnowmt cgv`m k*icc| vthojoja|tcathkkm vc |tcwofm hjok|tcwmf }ymt mp|mtomjimv`tc}a`c}v v`m q`cnmi}yvckmt bc}tjm*

Yvm||oja dhie gtck v`m h||nomf|tcbmiv vc v`m khitc i`hnnmjam cgofmjvogoja kcdonm c||ctv}jovomyhitcyy v`m OVI+ONC. vthjygmthdonovvc cv`mt OVI+ONC ic}tymy qhy cgem ok|ctvhjim* V`mtmgctm v`mgojhn c}v|}v cg v`m |tcbmiv qhyhnyc mjwoyocjmf hy gcnncqy2

Gtck v`m h||nomf k*icc||tcbmiv. itmhvm h kcdonmnmhtjoja khyvmt v`hv ihj dm

}ymf hitcyy hnn cv`mt OVI+ONC ic}tymy*

KMV@CFCNCA_ ## YMNMIVMF \TCBMIV ## DTOMG ##



=6



k*icc| yvhjfy gct khjhaoja c}t icc|mthvowm hjf hokyvc vmhi` icjvmk|ctht |tojio|nmy cg khjhaoja hatoi}nv}thnicc|mthvowmy vc |mc|nm oj Hgtoih. Hyoh hjf Nhvoj Hkmtoih

Ov oy h jmq ojovohvowm gtck v`m ONC qòi` oy dhymf cj h |tmwoc}y |tcbmivihnnmf KHVICK v`hv qhy nh}ji`mf oj v`m 8?1<y*

KHVICK yvhjfy gct Khvmtohn hjf Vmi`jox}my gct Icc|mthvowmKhjhamkmjv Vthojoja. hjf qhy hj ONC |tcathkkm v`hv fmwmnc|mfvthojoja khj}hny hjf vthojoja ih|hiovomy oj kctm v`hj 7< ic}jvtomy gtck8?10 }jvon 8??8*

Vcfh. KHVICK icjyoyvy cg 6< vthojmty‟ khj}hny hjf 7< nmhtjojamnmkmjvy* Oj khj icc|mthvowm icnnmamy hjf vthojoja imjvtmy. v`mKHVICK khvmtohn oy yvonn dmoja }ymf*

@cqmwmt. yojim 8??8. v`mtm `hy jcv dmmj hjcv`mt ick|tm`mjyowm.yvhjfhtfoymf nmhtjoja |tcathkkm cj icc|mthvowm khjhamkmjv*

V`mtmgctm h jmmf qhy ofmjvogomf vc itmhvm h jmq vthojoja|hieham v`hv tmgnmivy icjvmk|ctht |thivoimy oj v`m qctnfcg hatoi}nv}thn icc|mthvowm khjhamkmjv* G}tv`mtkctm. v`mofmh oy vc kcfmtjoym v`m fmnowmt cg vòy khvmtohn vcc*

V`m fmwmnc|kmjv cg v`m |hieham qhy ojovohvmf oj 4<<? d v`m Icc|mthvowmGhionov gct Hgtoih ICC\HGTOIH/. h tmaocjhn vmi`joihn icc|mthvocj|tcathkkm cg v`m ONC*

Fmwmnc|kmjv cg v`m k*icc| vthojoja icjvmjv v`mj qmjv }jfmtqh.tmy}nvoja gtck h icnnhdcthvowm mggctv ojwcnwoja h qofm thjam cg |htvjmtyy}i` hy icc|mthvowm fmwmnc|kmjv hamjiomy. icc|mthvowm icnnmamy.icc|mthvowm ctahjoyhvocjy. ctahjoyhvocjy cg hatoi}nv}thn |tcf}imty.}jowmtyovomy hjf hamjiomy cg v`m ]jovmf Jhvocjy*

Jcq 6 fthgv kcf}nmy `hwm dmmj |tcf}imf gct v`m k*icc| vthojoja|hieham. qòi` hvvmk|v vc khem accf }ym cg KHVICK qònyv tmgnmivoja

i`hjamy oj v`m icc|mthvowm hjf hatoi}nv}thn icjvmpv. hy qmnn hy ojvmathvojakcfmtj nmhtjoja kmv`cfy hjf vmi`jox}my*

V`mym fthgv kcf}nmy qmtm y}dkovvmf vc tmhfoja ickkovvmmy ojwcnwojah qofm thjam cg mp|mtvy gtck |htvjmt ctahjoyhvocjy. g}v}tm }ymty hjfojfm|mjfmjv icjy}nvhjvy* Vmyvoja cg v`mym mpvmjyowmn tmwomqmf fthgvydmahj oj B}jm 4<88 hjf qonn icjvoj}m oj v`m ickoja kcjv`y. hjf v`m gojhn|hieham ojin}foja |tojvmf ic|omy. \FGy hjf h qmdyovm/ oy gctmihyv gctnh}ji` oj nhvm 4<88*

OJVTCF]IOJA

K_*ICC\



=7



K_*ICC\

ICJVMJVQovòj v`m fowmtyov cgicc|mthvowmy qctnfqofm + cjm

gojfy gct ojyvhjim icc|mthvowmyhkcjayv jmqy hamjiomy. yi`ccnyhjf atmmj mjmta y}||nomty +hatoi}nv}tm tmkhojy h ymivctq`mtm icc|mthvowmy htm h|tckojmjv gctk cg mjvmt|toym*

Hatoi}nv}tm oy h it}iohn ymivct gctancdhn fmwmnc|kmjv hy „ghtkmtygmmf v`m qctnf‛* Hatoi}nv}tm oyhnyc v`m ymicjf atmhvmyv yc}timcg mk|nckmjv qctnfqofm*@oyvctoihnn y|mheoja. hatoi}nv}tm

`hy dmmj em oj v`m fmwmnc|kmjv|hv`y cg khj ic}jvtomy*

V`m k*icc| vthojoja|hieham oy kcvowhvmfd v`m icjwoivocj v`hvyvtcja hjf tm|tmymjvhvowmhatoi}nv}thn ctahjoyhvocjyhtm ojfoy|mjyhdnm gct v`m|tckcvocj cg fmkcithi.gct h dmvvmt foyvtod}vocj cg

ojickm hjf gct h ic}jvt‟ymicjckoi fmwmnc|kmjv*

Mwofmjim y`cqy v`hv khjic}jvtomy qov` hj ok|ctvhjvhatoi}nv}thn ymivct hnyc `hwmyvtcja hatoi}nv}thn icc|mthvowmy*

@cqmwmt. hatoi}nv}thnicc|mthvowmy ghim j}kmtc}y

mpvmtjhn hjf ojvmtjhn i`hnnmjamy*

Mpvmtjhn i`hnnmjamy kh dmnojemf vc khtemvy. tma}nhvocjy.ojgthyvt}iv}tm ct inokhvm i`hjam.qònm ojvmtjhn i`hnnmjamy }y}hnn`hwm vc fc qov` acwmtjhjim hjfkhjhamkmjv oyy}my*

Icc|mthvowmy htm mjvmt|toymygct qòi` v`m |tokht hok oy jcvkheoja |tcgov d}v tmy|cjfoja vckmkdmty‟ jmmfy hjf hy|othvocjy*Icc|mthvowm kmkdmty cqj v`motmjvmt|toym v`tc}a` icc|mthvowm

y`htmy. icjvtcn v`mot mjvmt|toymv`tc}a` fmkcithvoi kmi`hjoyky.hjf. gojhnn. htm v`m |tojio|hn}ymty cg v`m icc|mthvowm ymtwoimy*Vòy khemy v`m icc|mthvowm htmyonomjv d}v hnyc h ick|nmp hjfi`hnnmjaoja d}yojmyy kcfmn*Icc|mthvowmy kh gojf v`mkymnwmyyvtmvi`mf dmvqmmj hv vokmyicjgnoivoja/ kmkdmty‟ ojvmtmyvy.d}yojmyy c||ctv}jovomy hjf yciohnicjyofmthvocjy*

V`m k*icc| vthojoja|hieham hoky vc yvtmjav`mjv`m khjhamkmjv cghatoi}nv}thn icc|mthvowmyyc v`hv v`m ihj cggmtòa` x}hnov. mggoiomjv hjfmggmivowm ymtwoimy vc v`motkmkdmty*

V`m cdbmivowm cg v`m vthojoja|tcathkkm oy vc mp|cym mpoyvoja

hjf |cvmjvohn/ khjhamty cghatoi}nv}thn icc|mthvowmy vckhbct khjhamkmjv oyy}myv`hv htm y|miogoi vc icc|mthvowmmjvmt|toymy oj v`m hatoi}nv}thnkhtemv* Mphk|nmy ojin}fm2 v`mf}hn i`hthivmt cg icc|mthvowmyhyyciohvocj hjf mjvmt|toym ojcjm/ hjf yc}jf fmioyocj kheojacj ymtwoim |tcwoyocj. oj |htvoi}nhtgct ymtwoimy v`hv htm ickkcj vckhj hatoi}nv}thn icc|mthvowmy.

y}i` hy oj|}v y}||n hjfkhtemvoja*

V`mym oyy}my htm tmgnmivmf oj v`mk*icc| vthojoja |hieham. qòiìcjyoyvy cg 6 kcf}nmy2

## v`m i`hnnmjamy gct hatoi}nv}thnicc|mthvowmy

## icc|mthvowm ymtwoim |tcwoyocj

## y}||n cg ghtk oj|}vy

## icc|mthvowm khtemvoja

Oj hffovocj. v`m |hieham icjvhojyh vthojmt‟y vccneov v`hv hivy hy ha}ofm gct vmhiòja v`m 6 icjvmjvkcf}nmy. ojin}foja 80 ojvmthivowmghim+vc+ghim vthojoja kmv`cfyv`hv icwmt v`m em icjvmjv cg v`mvthojoja |hieham*

CWMTWOMQ ## 6 KCF]NMY ##



=0



K_*ICC\

FMNOWMT_V`m k*icc| vthojoja oy ojvmjfmf vc dm fmnowmtmf oj Hgtoih. Hyoh hjf NhvojHkmtoih. dmaojjoja qov` Hgtoih* Foggmtmjv kcfmy cg fmnowmt htm |nhjjmfgct v`m k*icc| vthojoja |tcathkkm. ojin}foja2

## V`m itmhvocj cg h jmq dnmjfmf nmhtjoja ic}tym hv v`m OVI+ONC oj V}toj

## Ghim+vc+ghim vthojoja hivowovomy cj v`m gomnf

## Hj m+nmhtjoja kcf}nm

## Foyvtod}vocj cg v`m 6 icjvmjv kcf}nmy oj h |tojvmf gctkhv

## H fmfoihvmf qmdyovm qov` gtmm fcqjnchfhdnm \FGy cg v`m 6 kcf}nmy

Kcdonm nmhtjoja oy hnyc gctmihyv. `cqmwmt thv`mt v`hj hyvhjfhncjm mnmkmjv. ov oy ojvmjfmf vc ick|nokmjv hjf hffwhn}m vc v`m hdcwm vthojoja fmnowmt kcfmy*

Vc ghionovhvm ghim+vc+ghim vthojoja. h vthojmt‟y vccneov `hy dmmj itmhvmf d

v`m OVI+ONC* Vòy |tcwofmy k*icc| vthojmty qov` |thivoihn vccny y}i` hy hyhk|nm vthojoja hamjfh hjf h ymtomy cg nmhtjoja hivowovomy v`hv v`m vthojmtihj }ym vc ymv }| |htvoio|hvct. nmhtjmt+imjvmtmf vthojoja qctey`c|y*

Cdbmivowmy cg v`m vthojmt‟y vccneov

## Vc mx}o| vthojmty qov` v`m ejcqnmfam hjf yeonny jmmfmf vc fmyoaj hjfghionovhvm ojvmthivowm hjf mp|mtomjvohn nmhtjoja dhymf qctey`c|y cj v`mkhjhamkmjv cg hatoi}nv}thn icc|mthvowmy*

## Vc mp|cym vthojmty vc h thjam cg foggmtmjv nmhtjoja kmv`cfcncaomy vcvthjykov y}dbmiv khvvmt mp|mtvoym*

## Vc mjhdnm hj mjbchdnm |tcimyy cg nmhtjoja hjf ejcqnmfam y`htoja*

Q`hv oy oj v`m vccneov3

V`m vccneov icjvhojy h ymtomy cg 80 ghim+vc+ghim nmhtjoja hivowovomy v`hv `hwmdmmj gctk}nhvmf vc `mn| v`m nmhtjmty vc hix}otm v`m ejcqnmfam. yeonny hjfhvvov}fmy cg v`m foggmtmjv kcf}nmy hjf tmnhvmf nmhtjoja vc|oiy* V`m vthojmtihj i`ccym v`m nmhtjoja hivowovomy qòi` htm kcyv h||tc|tohvm gct òy#`mtvhtamv h}fomjim* V`m hivowovomy `hwm dmmj fmyoajmf oj y}i` h qh v`hv v`mihj dm mhyon hfh|vmf vc v`m ncihn icjvmpv* V`mtm oy hnyc hj mphk|nm cg hkcfmn vthojoja. vc aowm hj ofmh cj `cq v`m kcf}nmy hjf nmhtjoja vc|oiyihj dm yvt}iv}tmf oj h yvhjfhtf vthojoja ic}tym*

VTHOJMTY VCCNEOV ##

FMNOWMT_ KCFMY ##



7<

Hy fmyitodmf |tmwoc}yn. v`m OVI+ONC fcmy h ncv cg „vthojoja cg vthojmty‛ ycv`hv v`mot vmhiòjay icjvoj}m vc y|tmhf hy ght hy |cyyodnm hjf dmjmgov v`m

khpok}k j}kdmt cg |mc|nm*

V`m k*icc| vthojoja oy jc foggmtmjv. hjf v`m fohathk cj v`m toa`vonn}yvthvmy v`m yvthvma cg fmnowmtoja vòy vthojoja* Ov `hy h |thkof y`h|myokonht vc v`hv cg v`m icc|mthvowm kcwmkmjv yvt}iv}tm. qov` 6 nmwmny*

Hv v`m dhym. cj v`m gotyv nmwmn. v`mtm htm |tokht hatoi}nv}thn icc|mthvowmyciomvomy hjf cv`mt ghtkmty‟ ctahjoyhvocjy v`hv qhjv vc dmickmicc|mthvowmy* V`mj cj v`m ymicjf nmwmn v`mtm htm ymicjfht icc|mthvowmyciomvomy. cv`mtqoym ejcqj hy }jocjy* V`m vòtf nmwmn ojin}fmy jhvocjhnicc|mthvowm ctahjoyhvocjy y}i` hy gmfmthvocjy5 acwmtjkmjv dcfomy5icc|mthvowm icnnmamy5 }jowmtyovomy v`hv cggmt icc|mthvowm yv}fomy5 hjfJACy v`hv qcte qov` hatoi}nv}thn icc|mthvowmy* V`m vc| nmwmn tm|tmymjvy

icjgmfmthvocjy. qòi` c|mthvm hv jhvocjhn hjf yckmvokmy hv ojvmtjhvocjhnnmwmny. hjf ojvmtjhvocjhn JACy ymtwoja v`m icc|mthvowm kcwmkmjv*

V`m |thkof y`h|m ymmky vc ojfoihvm h òmthtiòihn tmnhvocjyò| dmvqmmjv`m foggmtmjv nhmty. d}v vòy oy hiv}hnn jcv v`m ihym* Oj tmhnov. h òa`mtctahjoyhvocjhn nhmt y`c}nf dm icjyofmtmf vc dm h ymtwoim |tcwofmt vc v`mncqmt ctahjoyhvocjhn nhmt* Gct ojyvhjim. h icc|mthvowm }jocj |tcwofmy|htvoi}nht ymtwoimy. y}i` hy bcojv khtemvoja. vc ovy kmkdmt |tokhticc|mthvowmy* V`m |tokht icc|mthvowmy vcamv`mt fmiofm cj v`m yvthvmahjf hivowovomy cg v`m icc|mthvowm }jocj*

K_*ICC\

VTHOJOJA\_THKOF



74



V`m k*icc| vthojoja |tcathkkm oy ojvmjfmf gct h qofm thjam cgyvhem`cnfmty oj v`m icc|mthvowm kcwmkmjv*

V`oy vhtamv h}fomjim ihj dm fowofmf ojvc }ymty hjf dmjmgoiohtomy*

V`m }ymty htm vthojmty khojn gtck v`m ymicjfht hjf vmtvoht nmwmny cg

v`m k*icc| vthojoja |thkof/ hjf ymng nmhtjmty khojn gtck v`m |tokhthjf ymicjfht nmwmny cg v`m |thkof/* V`mym ojin}fm2

## Nmhfmty hjf khjhamty cg icc|mthvowm yvt}iv}tmy. y}i` hy }jocjy.gmfmthvocjy hjf icjgmfmthvocjy

## Icc|mthvowm vthojmty qcteoja oj icc|mthvowm icnnmamy. JACy hjf cv`mtojin}foja |towhvm/ vthojoja |tcwofmty

## Icc|mthvowm cggoimty hjf mpvmjyocj yvhgg cg acwmtjkmjv fm|htvkmjvyhjf hamjiomy

V`m dmjmgoiohtomy cj v`m cv`mt `hjf htm vthojmmy khojn gtck v`m|tokht nmwmn cg v`m vthojoja |thkof/. o*m* icc|mthvowm khjhamty*

V`mym htm mpoyvoja hjf |cvmjvohn khjhamty cg hatoi}nv}thn icc|mthvowmy.q`c htm noemn vc hntmhf |cyymyy yckm |thivoihn mp|mtomjim hy hivowmkmkdmty oj hatoi}nv}thn icc|mthvowmy hjf kh `hwm h ghtkoja hivowov hyqmnn hy h khjhamtohn tcnm*

VHTAMV

]YMTY



}jfm



fm Htoihj |tcwmtd

„Vm htkmt q`c `mnfy `ojey `h `o

oy `m dmy*‛



jmjm wmt nmg `oyhtkoja yymk



70



ojjcwhvowm ghim+vc+ghim vmhiòjahjf nmhtjoja

## V`m hok qhy vc mp|nctm|htvoio|hvct hjf itmhvowm ghim+vc+ghim vthojoja kmv`cfy* \htvoi}nhtachny cg vòy |htv cg v`m tmymhti`qmtm vc icjyofmt v`m hfwhjvhamyhjf foyhfwhjvhamy cg ghim+vc+ghimvthojoja kmv`cfy hjf `cq v`mymkmv`cfy koa`v dm tmitmhvmf cwmth foyvhjim ct ojvmathvmf qov`kcdonm nmhtjoja*

nmhtjoja yvnmy

## V`m hok qhy vc mp|nctm v`mfoggmtmjv qhy oj qòi` |mc|nmnmhtj. hy ojy|othvocj gct v`micjim|v amjmthvocj |`hym*

kcdonm nmhtjoja

## V`m hok qhy vc }jfmtyvhjfq`hv kcdonm nmhtjoja oy `cq ovoy i}ttmjvn fmgojmf/ hjf v`m tcnmcg kcdonm nmhtjoja oj fmwmnc|ojaicjvmpvy* Kctmcwmt v`m achn cgvòy |htv cg v`m tmymhti` qhy vcofmjvog q`hv kcdonm nmhtjoja

ic}nf kmhj oj vmtky cg vòyy|miogoi |tcbmiv o*m* vc fmwmnc| hjhfh|vmf fmgojovocj/*

kcdonm nmhtjoja ihym yv}fomy

## V`m hok qhy vc ofmjvogy}iimyyg}n ihymy cg kcdonmnmhtjoja |tcbmivy gct fmwmnc|ojaicjvmpvy. oj |htvoi}nht hjhnyojav`m kmv`cfy hjf vccny }ymf*

k*icc| }ymty

Oj vòy x}hnovhvowm tmymhti` |`hymgotyv+`hjf tmymhti` qhy ihttomfc}v oj ctfmt vc d}onf h |oiv}tm cgv`m foggmtmjv k*icc| }ymty hjfv`mot jmmfy*

Hy |htv cg vòy |`hym v`m gcnncqojahivowovomy qmtm ihttomf c}v2

## Mp|mtv ojvmtwomqy

## Ojvmtwomqy qov` OVI+ONC }ymty

## Ojvmtwomqy qov` |cvmjvohnk*icc| }ymty

TMYMHTI@

CWMTWOMQOj v`m }jfmtyvhjf |`hym v`m achnqhy vc ac fmm| ojvc v`m y|miogoi

|hthkmvmty cg v`m |tcbmiv. ojctfmt vc ojgctk hjf ojy|otm v`micjim|v amjmthvocj |`hym*

Vòy |`hym icjyoyvmf cg vqch||tchi`my2

## Fmye tmymhti`

## Gomnf tmymhti`

Vòy qhy vc itmhvm h ic`myowm|oiv}tm cg v`m |tcbmiv icjvmpv qov`h dhnhjim dmvqmmj x}hjvovhvowm

hjf x}hnovhvowm tmymhti` tmy}nvy*V`m y|miogoi tmymhti` vthiey gctdcv` v`m fmye hjf gomnf tmymhti`h||tchi`my htm c}vnojmf cj v`mtoa`v*

Ov oy ok|ctvhjv vc jcvm v`hv v`mymtmymhti` vthiey qmtm ihttomfc}v oj |hthnnmn. jcv y}iimyyowmn.oj ctfmt vc mjy}tm v`m ic`myowmfmwmnc|kmjv cg }jfmtyvhjfojahjf vc yvok}nhvm itcyy |cnnojhvocjdmvqmmj ofmhy hjf icjim|vy*

CWMTWOMQ ## FMYE TMYMHTI@ ## GOMNF TMYMHTI@ ##



1<



V`m OVI+ONC‟y mp|mtvoym nomy jcv cjn oj v`m icjvmjv cg ovy vthojoja ic}tymyd}v hnyc oj v`mot fmnowmt*

V`m imjvtm vtomy vc kcwm hqh gtck v`m vthfovocjhn „\cqmt\cojv|tmymjvhvocj‛ kcfm cg vmhiòja hjf vc ojyvmhf cggmt |htvoio|hvct hjfitmhvowm ghim+vc+ghim vthojoja kmv`cfy*

V`m achn cg vòy h||tchi` oy jcv cjn vc fmnowmt v`mot cqj vthojoja kctmmggmivowmn d}v hnyc vc ojy|otm v`mot |htvoio|hjvy vc ac cj vc }ym v`mymojvmthivowm vmhiòja kmv`cfy v`mkymnwmy. |htvoi}nhtn oj Vthojoja cgVthojmt VcV/ ic}tymy*

V`m FMNVH fm|htvkmjv cg v`m OVI+ONC `hy h fhvhdhym cg ghim+vc+ghimkmv`cfy v`hv ov }ymy oj v`m fmwmnc|kmjv cg hj jmq ic}tym*

Vòy fhvhdhym qhy icjy}nvmf hjf v`m kmv`cfy hjhnymf oj ctfmt vc hye

`cq v`m koa`v |tcwofm ojy|othvocj gct kcdonm nmhtjoja5 gct mphk|nm dmojatmitmhvmf cwmt h foyvhjim ct ojvmathvmf qov` h kcdonm vhye*

V`m fhvhdhym icjvhojy h j}kdmt cg qofmy|tmhf kmv`cfy hfh|vmf vc hvthojoja icjvmpv. y}i` hy dthojyvctkoja. tcnm |nh. YQCV hjhnyoy. ihymyv}f hjf Fm Dcjc‟y vòjeoja `hvy* Cgvmj kmv`cfy htm aowmj h jmq vqoyvvc itmhvm h òa`mt nmwmn cg ojvmthivocj dmvqmmj |htvoio|hjvy. gct mphk|nm hwhtohvocj cj v`m yvctvmnnoja kmv`cf oy v`m ‐y|mmf fhvoja‟ yimjhtoc y`cqjcj v`m nmgv/ oj qòi` |htvoio|hjvy mpi`hjam yvctomy hdc}v v`mot |tcgmyyocjhmp|mtomjim cg v`m ymyyocj‟y y}dbmiv*

V`mtm htm hnyc h j}kdmt cg kmv`cfy gci}yymf y|miogoihnn cj v`m vmhiòjahjf nmhtjoja. gct mphk|nm2

## Goy`dcqn

## Qctnf ihgï

## Yciockmvtoiy

## Boayhq

## \mmt hyyoyv

H ymnmivocj cg v`mym htm c}vnojmf cj v`m gcnncqoja |hamy*

## Tc}jf tcdoj

## Vc| 8<< noyv

## Hgvmt hivocj tmwomq

## Ejcqnmfam ghot

## C|mj y|him

OJJCWHVOWMGHIM+VC+GHIM

VMHI@OJAHJF NMHTJOJA



14

GOY@DCQN ##

V`m goy`dcqn kmv`cf oy fmyoajmf vc ghionovhvm fohnca}m dmvqmmj mp|mtvyoj h qh v`hv mp|cymy cv`mty vc v`mot ejcqnmfam q`onm mp|hjfoja v`micnnmivowm }jfmtyvhjfoja cg h y}dbmiv*

Ejcqnmfamhdnm |mc|nm v`m goy`/ yov oj iotinm vc foyi}yy h ymtomy cgfotmivocjhn x}myvocjy* V`m htm y}ttc}jfmf d h nhtamt atc}| cg cdymtwmty

oj hj c}vmt iotinm v`m dcqn/*V`m imjvtm iotinm oy v`m yvham gct y|mheoja hjf icjvtod}voja*

V`cym cj v`m c}vmt nmwmn k}yv noyvmj hivowmn hjf kcwm ojvc v`m tcnm cg goy`q`mj v`m qoy` vc |htvoio|hvm oj v`m icjwmtyhvocj*

ATC]\ HV@M GOY@DCQN

ATC]\ DCDYMTWMTY

OJFOWOF]HNY



16

BOAYHQ ##

Qcteoja atc}|y htm mhi` hyyoajmf h |htvoi}nht |htv cg h |tcdnmk. ct|}rrnm |omim. hjf v`m vccny vc fmwmnc| oj+fm|v` ejcqnmfam cg v`hv y|miogoiick|cjmjv*

V`m |omimy htm v`mj |}v vcamv`mt }yoja woy}hn khvmtohny hjf ghionovhvocjvmi`jox}my*

H icc|mthvowm nmhtjoja yvthvma v`hv mjic}thamy |mc|nm vc fmwmnc| v`motcqj }jfmtyvhjfoja hjf v`mj y`htm ejcqnmfam qov` v`m atc}| hy h q`cnm*

H |cqmtg}n nmhtjoja kmv`cf v`hv mkdmfy nmyycjy q`mj |htvoio|hjvy vmhi`|mmty oj v`m tm|ctv+dhie tc}jf*

H D

I F

H D

I F

H D

I F

H D

I F



\MMT HYYOYV ##

\mmt hyyoyv oy h |htvoio|hvct kmv`cf cg nmhtjoja qov` hjf v`tc}a` |mmtyd y`htoja mp|mtomjim. ojyoa`v hjf ejcqnmfam*

Oj v`oy kmv`cf. v`m ‐|mmt hyyoyvmm‟ ojfowof}hn ct vmhk/ |tmymjvy hi`hnnmjam ct |tcdnmk v`m htm ghioja vc h atc}| cg |mmty. q`c v`mj ojwovmfvc khem y}aamyvocjy dhymf cj v`mot mp|mtomjimy cg `cq v`m yov}hvocj

koa`v dm ok|tcwmf* H ghionovhvct emm|y vthie cg v`m foyi}yyocj hjf|tcwofmy hj mjwotcjkmjv icjf}iowm vc y`htoja mp|mtomjimy*

V`m |mmt hyyoyv kmv`cf oy fmyoajmf `mn| ofmjvog jmq h||tchi`my hjfnojmy cg ojx}ot q`onm fmwmnc|oja yvtcja jmvqctey hkcjayv v`m |mc|nmojwcnwmf*

3\H

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17

EOJMYV@MVOI



10



V`mtm htm whtoc}y fmgojovocjy cg kcdonm nmhtjoja yckmvokmy qtovvmj hyk+nmhtjoja ct kNmhtjoja/. v`m kcyv myvhdnoy`mf dmoja2

Hj yctv cg nmhtjoja v`hv `h||mjy q`mj v`m nmhtjmt oyjcv hv h gopmf. |tmfmvmtkojmf ncihvocj. ct nmhtjoja v`hv`h||mjy q`mj v`m nmhtjmt vhemy hfwhjvham cg v`m nmhtjojac||ctv}jovomy cggmtmf d kcdonm vmi`jcncaomyC‟Khnnm mv hn*. 4<<9/

Hjhnyoja vòy fmgojovocj. ov oy gmnv v`hv v`m ojvmathvocj cg vmi`jcnca oyjcv jmimyyht* Gct mphk|nm. og h vhye oy aowmj vc h kcdonm nmhtjmt wohYKY. hjf v`m v`mj ac cgg vc ick|nmvm v`hv vhye. v`m htm jcv nmhtjojav`tc}a` v`mot kcdonm |`cjm d}v d v`mot cqj mp|mtomjim* V`m |`cjm oy b}yv h i`hjjmn gct ickk}joihvocj dmvqmmj v`m nmhtjmt hjf v`m vmhi`mt#ghionovhvct*

V`m whn}m cg kcdonm nmhtjoja oy jcv oj v`m fmwoimy v`mkymnwmy d}v v`mhdonov gct |mc|nm vc hiimyy nmhtjoja „cj v`m ac‛ hy |htv cg mwmt+kctmd}y hjf amcath|òihnn foyvtod}vmf nowmy* Og yckmcjm vhemy h dcce vcyv}f cj v`m d}y qònm acoja vc qcte. oy vòy jcv hnyc „kcdonm nmhtjoja‛3

Vthpnmt 4<<=/ fmyitodmy v`m em i`hthivmtoyvoiy cg kcdonm nmhtjoja hy2

V`mtmgctm vheoja h yvm| dhie. vòy vmtk qhy dtcemj fcqj ojvc „kcdonm‛hjf „nmhtjoja‛. fmgojmf oj v`m Cpgctf Mjanoy` Foivocjht hy gcnncqy2

kcdonm. hfbmivowm ## hdnm vc kcwm ct dm kcwmf gtmmn ct mhyon

nmhtjoja. jc}j ## v`m hix}oyovocj cg ejcqnmfam ct yeonny v`tc}a` yv}f.

mp|mtomjim. ct dmoja vh}a`v

Icjyofmtoja v`m hdcwm. h jmq fmgojovocj cg kcdonm nmhtjoja qhy itmhvmfqovòj v`m icjvmpv cg vòy |tcbmiv2

V`m hdonov vc fmwmnc| ejcqnmfam ct yeonny v`tc}a` mjahaojaqov` nmhtjoja khvmtohny oj hj mjwotcjkmjv ct ncihvocj

V`mtmgctm qònm kcdonm nmhtjoja }y}hnn y|mhey hdc}v kcdonm |`cjmy.v`m vmi`jcnca y`c}nf dm womqmf hy h vccn hdnm vc ghionovhvm hj mj`hjimfnmhtjoja mp|mtomjim hjf jcv v`m ictm mnmkmjv*

KCDONMNMHTJOJA

## y|cjvhjmc}y

## yov}hvmf

## noa`vqmoa`v

## icjjmivmf

## |towhvm

## ojgctkhn

## |mtycjhnoymf

## ojvmthivowm

## |ctvhdnm

## dovm+yormf

## icjvmpv hqhtm



0<



04

\heoyvhjo kcdonm c|mthvct Kcdonoje `hy yc}a`v vc fmkcjyvthvm v`m |cqmt cg kcdonm |`cjmy vc ok|tcwm novmthithvmy gct hfcnmyimjv aotny oj t}thn htmhy cg \heoyvhj q`mtm tmhfoja khvmtohny htm cgvmj yihtim* Oj 4<<? Kcdonoje|htvjmtmf qov` ]JMYIC hjf ncihn JAC D}jhf cj h |oncv |tcbmiv ojwcnwoja 4=< aotny hamf 8=+46 q`c `hf tmimjvnick|nmvmf h dhyoi novmthi |tcathkkm* Mhi` cg v`m aotny qhy |tcwofmf qov` h ncq+icyv kcdonm |`cjm hjf |tm|hoficjjmivocj. hjf vmhi`mty qmtm vthojmf vc vmhi` yv}fmjvy `cq vc tmhf hjf qtovm }yoja kcdonm |`cjmy*

YKY kmyyhamy qmtm ymjv tma}nhtn oj hj mggctv vc khojvhoj hjf ok|tcwm |htvoio|hjvy‟ novmthi. q`oi` cgvmj nh|ymydmih}ym cg ojhfmx}hvm hiimyy vc ojvmtmyvoja tmhfoja khvmtohn* V`m aotny tmimowmf }| vc yop kmyyhamy h fh cj hwhtomv cg vc|oiy ojin}foja tmnoaocj. `mhnv` hjf j}vtovocj. hjf qmtm mp|mivmf vc |thivoym tmhfoja hjf qtovoja fcqjv`m kmyyhamy hjf tmy|cjfoja vc v`mot vmhi`mty woh YKY* Kcjv`n hyymyykmjvy cg |htvoio|hjvy‟ nmhtjoja ahojyqmtm icjf}ivmf vc hyymyy ok|hiv*

\tcathkkm ctahjoymty mjic}jvmtmf icjyofmthdnm tmyoyvhjim cj v`m |htv cg |htmjvy hjf ickk}jov nmhfmtyvc v`m ofmh cg hnncqoja aotny vc `hwm kcdonm |`cjmy. nhtamn f}m vc v`m icjymtwhvowm yciohn jctky cg v`m htmh*V`oy tmyoyvhjim dmahj vc ycgvmj. `cqmwmt. cjim |mc|nm dmahj vc ymm v`m jhv}tm cg v`m kmyyhamy v`m aotny qmtmtmimowoja hjf v`m dmjmgovy v`m |tcathkkm icjgmttmf* Mphky vhemj d v`m aotny |htvoio|hvoja oj v`m |tcathkkmy`cqmf yvtoeoja mhtn ahojy oj novmthi. qov` v`m y`htm cg aotny tmimowoja v`m ncqmyv yictmy ftc||oja jmhtn 0<-*

]ymty ihj |h ]Y&7 vc d} v`mot |`cjmy hv v`m mjf cg v`m |tcathkkm hjf icjvoj}m tmimowoja vmpv kmyyhamy* Oj4<8< Kcdonoje hjjc}jimf v`m mp|hjyocj cg v`m |tcathkkm vc ojin}fm hj hffovocjhn 8.<<< gmkhnm nmhtjmty*

YKY GCT NOVMTHI_ ##



Oj 4<<?. v`m DDI Qctnf Ymtwoim Vt}yv nh}ji`mf DDI Bhjhnh ‐Qojfcq‟/. h atc}jfdtmheoja k}nvo+|nhvgctk |tcbmiv}yoja kcdonm |`cjmy vc |tcwofm Mjanoy` nhja}ham vmhiòja vc konnocjy cg |mc|nm oj Dhjanhfmy` gct v`m gotyv vokm.q`mtm 06- cg |mc|nm y}twmmf d v`m DDI |tcinhokmf nmhtjoja Mjanoy` qhy h vc| |toctov gct v`mot g}v}tm*

Oj ovy gotyv ? kcjv`y hncjm. Bhjhnh `hf hntmhf hvvthivmf v`tmm konnocj ihnny qov` h òa` thvm cg tm|mhv }ymty* V`mymtwoim ic}nf jcv dm yok|nmt* Hnn i}yvckmty jmmf vc fc oy fohn 9<<< vc hiimyy `}jftmfy cg v`tmm koj}vm h}focnmyycjy. qòi` thjam gtck ‐Myymjvohn Mjanoy`‟ vc ‐Mjanoy` gct Qcte‟* Nmhtjmty ihj v`mj hyymyy v`mot |tcatmyy qovòjvmthivowm h}foc x}orrmy. ct mwmj tmictf v`mot cqj yvctomy oj Mjanoy`*

Vc khem v`m nmyycjy hggctfhdnm. DDI Bhjhnh `hy vmhkmf }| qov` hnn yop cg Dhjanhfmy`‟y kcdonm c|mthvcty q`c`hwm hatmmf vc i}v v`m icyv cg ihnny vc v`m ymtwoim d }| vc 1=-* Mhi` nmyycj nhyvy v`tmm koj}vmy hjf icyvy nmyyv`hj v`m |toim cg h i}| cg vmh gtck h F`heh vmh yvhnn 9 Vheh. qòi` mx}hny 9 |mjim/. kheoja ov hggctfhdnm vc khj

cg v`m =< konnocj |n}y kcdonm |`cjm }ymty oj Dhjanhfmy`*V`m kcdonm ymtwoim oy hnyc y}||ctvmf d cv`mt |nhvgctky* Y}dyvhjvohn vmpv+dhymf nmyycjy. hy qmnn hy h}foc icjvmjvhjf kctm v`hj 8<<.<<< h}foc nmyycjy `hwm dmmj fcqjnchfmf gtck v`m kcdonm ojvmtjmv yovm gct òa` hjf ncq+`hjfymv }ymty* V`m ic}jvt‟y doaamyv jmqy|h|mt \tcv`ck Hnc cggmty |tojv nmyycjy + nojemf vc kcdonm hjf qmdicjvmjv + v`tmm vokmy h qmme*

V`m DDI Qctnf Ymtwoim Vt}yv `hy hvvthivmf yoajogoihjv ojvmtmyv gtck c}vyofm cg Dhjanhfmy` qov` khj cv`mtyoj v`m kcdonm ymivct ojvmtmyvmf oj ymvvoja }| mx}owhnmjv ymtwoimy oj Hyoh hjf v`m Koffnm Mhyv* V`m fmwmnc|kmjvickk}jov oy |hoja hvvmjvocj vcc oj q`hv ic}nf dm cjm cg v`m gotyv micjckoihnn wohdnm kcfmny }yoja kcdonm vc`mn| fmnowmt mf}ihvocj vc yckm cg v`m |cctmyv hjf `htf vc tmhi` oj v`m fmwmnc|oja qctnf*

DDI BHJHNH ##



06

O+Ihnn cggmty h}foc+dhymf mf}ihvocjhn yvctomy v`hv ihj dm cggmtmf qov`mwmj v`m kcyv dhyoi AYK vmi`jcnca. gct vthojoja hjf mk|cqmtkmjv ojfmwmnc|oja ic}jvtomy. q`mtm v`mtm oy cgvmj h toi` vthfovocj cg ejcqnmfamhix}oyovocj v`tc}a` yvct+dhymf nmhtjoja*

V`m yvctomy htm |tcwofmf oj h „mf}vhojkmjv‛ yvnm vc mjaham }ymty. oj gctkcg ojvmthivowm h}foc ych| c|mthy* V`m ymtwoim oy hiimyyodnm d fohnoja hncihn ct gtmm+ihnn |`cjm j}kdmt*

Oj hffovocj. v`m yvctomy `hwm h „fmioyocj khrm‛ gctkhv. hjf yc nmhtjmtymp|mtomjim v`m icjymx}mjimy cg v`mot cqj fmioyocjy* V`m fmiofm oj |nhimcg v`m |tcvhacjoyv woh em|hf mjvt „Og P y`c}nf fc v`oy. |tmyy 8.‧‛/ ojctfmt vc hfwhjim v`tc}a` v`m yvct* V`oy ymtwoim oy dhymf cj AYK jmvqcte

icjjmivocj hjf fcmy jcv tmx}otm fhvh vthjykoyyocj*Hy qmnn hy h}foc yvctomy. hffovocjhn nmhtjoja icjvmjv oy hiimyyodnm wohkcdonm dtcqymty* Yok|nm vmpv+dhymf icjvmjv y}i` hy x}orrmy |tcwofmdhieatc}jf ejcqnmfam vc v`m ojvmthivowm yvctomy cggmtmf hv v`m ickk}jovnmwmn. hy qmnn hy ickk}joihvocj hjf mpi`hjam c||ctv}jovomy*

O+Ihnn cggmty hiimyy vc nmhtjmty hitcyy hnn nmwmny cg yciomv5 fmwmnc|kmjvcg i}nv}thnn ymjyovowm icjvmjv5 icyv+mggmivowm |tcf}ivocj d ncihn h}v`ctyhjf vmhky5 hjf ejcqnmfam foyvtod}vocj oj ncihn hjf jhvocjhn nhja}hamy*

O+IHNN ##



V`m k6Nov |tcbmiv dmahj oj 4<<? hy h |oncv ojovohvowm vc mp|nctm q`mv`mtvmmjy oj Yc}v` Hgtoih qc}nf tmhf yvctomy cj v`mot kcdonm |`cjmy* V`mY`}vvnmqctv` Gc}jfhvocj ojovohnn |}dnoy`mf h 4<+|ham yvct ihnnmf Ecjvhpcj v`m |c|}nht KPov yciohn jmvqcteoja |nhvgctk hjf hivowmn ojwovmf tmhfmt|htvoio|hvocj* Tmhfmty ic}nf nmhwm ickkmjvy cj i`h|vmty. wcvm oj c|ojocj|cnny tmnhvmf vc v`m yvct hjf mjvmt h qtovoja ick|mvovocj* Oj 4<8< hjcv`mtEcjvhp yvct qhy |}dnoy`mf. hjf v`m }|vhem qhy vtmkmjfc}y*

Yojim nh}ji`. v`m vqc yvctomy `hwm dmmj tmhf cwmt 96.<<< vokmy cj kcdonm|`cjmy* Cwmt 6.<<< mjvtomy `hwm dmmj tmimowmf oj v`m qtovoja ick|mvovocjyhjf cwmt 6.<<< ickkmjvy nmgv d tmhfmty cj ojfowof}hn i`h|vmty* Khj cgv`m tmhfmty hyemf gct kctm yvctomy hjf oj foggmtmjv amjtmy*

Mjic}thamf d v`m òa` }|vhem hjf tmhfmt tmx}myvy. v`m Y`}vvnmqctv`Gc}jfhvocj fmiofmf vc nh}ji` v`m _crh |tcbmiv* Yojim v`mj _crh k+jcwmny`hwm dmmj tmhf cwmt 7<.<<< vokmy qov` cwmt 6<.<<< }ymt ickkmjvy*

_crh‟y achn oy vc amv c}ja |mc|nm tmhfoja hjf qtovoja oj v`m ‐dcce+|cct‟d}v ‐kcdonm |`cjm+toi`‟ icjvmpv cg Yc}v` Hgtoih* V`mtm oy h atcqojahqhtmjmyy htc}jf v`m ok|hiv v`hv h nhie cg dccey `hy cj novmthi nmwmny ojYc}v` Hgtoih* Dccey htm yihtim hjf |tcòdovowmn mp|mjyowm gct kcyv Yc}v`Hgtoihjy* Yvhvoyvoiy y`cq v`hv =8-cg `c}ym`cnfy oj Yc}v` Hgtoih fc jcvcqj h yojanm nmoy}tm dcce. qònm hj mnovm 7- cg `c}ym`cnfy cqj 6< dcceyct kctm* Q`hv Yc}v` Hgtoih‟y vmmjy fc `hwm hiimyy vc htm kcdonm |`cjmy.qov` yvhvoyvoiy ojfoihvoja v`hv ?<- cg }tdhj c}v` `hwm hiimyy vc h kcdonm*

V`mtm oy jc i`htam gct v`m hiv}hn yvctomy. d}v }ymty fc |h v`mot kcdonmjmvqcte c|mthvct gct kcdonm fhvh vthggoi* Okhamy `hwm dmmj em|v vc hkojok}k vc emm| v`m kcdonm fhvh i`htamy ncq* Thjaoja gtck =i vc ?i |mti`h|vmt ]YF<*<8i/. _crh k+jcwmny cggmt h wmt hggctfhdnm c|vocj gct vmmjyvc hiimyy atmhv tmhfoja khvmtohn*

K6NOV ##



07

K_*ICC\

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v`mtm oy h inmht ofmh cg v`m vhtamvh}fomjim*

Oj ctfmt vc ihtt c}v ick|tm`mjyowm}ymt tmymhti`. v`m vhtamv }ymt qhydtcemj fcqj ojvc foggmtmjv mnmkmjvyv`hv vcamv`mt d}onf }| h ick|nmvm|tcgonm cg v`m k*icc| }ymt*

Cj v`m qofmyv nmwmn. ov ihj dmicjyofmtmf v`hv vhtamv }ymty cgk*icc|‟y kcdonm nmhtjoja htmHgtoihj kcdonm |`cjm }ymty* Ymwmthn

ojvmtmyvoja ojyoa`vy qmtm ahojmf ojvcHgtoihj kcdonm |`cjm }ym gtck v`mFmye Tmymhti`. hy fci}kmjvmf ojv`m ‐mp|nctm‟ i`h|vmt* Oj hffovocj.ojyoa`vy qmtm ahojmf cj v`oy nmwmn dv`m icjf}ivocj cg mp|mtv ojvmtwomqy*

Gci}yyoja kctm vcqhtfy v`m vhtamv}ymty cg k*icc|. tmymhti` qhyihttomf c}v ojvc v`m vthojoja jmmfycg Hgtoihj |tcgmyyocjhny* @mtmojyoa`vy qmtm ahojmf gtck gotyv+`hjftmymhti` ihttomf c}v cj v`m ihk|}y

qov` OVI+ONC yvhgg hjf |htvoio|hjvy*Gojhnn v`m kcyv y|miogoi tmymhti`hivowov qhy ihttomf c}v qov` Hgtoihj|tcgmyyocjhny oj v`m hatoi}nv}thnicc|mthvowm ymivct. d h ymtomy cgoj+fm|v` vmnm|`cjm ojvmtwomqy qov`|cvmjvohn }ymty cg v`m k*icc|vthojoja |hieham*

KMV@CFCNCA_ ##

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00



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MP\MTVOJVMTWOMQYkmmvoja qhy `mnf qov` Ihtnomj ojKhti` 4<88 oj ctfmt vc ahoj `mt

|mty|mivowm cj v`m vhtamv k*icc|}ymty hjf vc ahoj y|miogoi icjvhivygct |tokht }ymt tmymhti`*

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V`m em ojyoa`vy qmtm hy gcnncqy2

## k*icc| }ymty htm noemn vc dm ojv`m òa`mt ycioc+micjckoi atc}|cg v`mot ic}jvt. qov` wmt d}ynogmyvnmy hjf vthwmnnoja cgvmj gctv`mot qcte*

## V`m htm noemn vc `hwm hiimyyvc vmi`jcnca m*a* kcdonm |`cjmyhjf ick|}vmt. `cqmwmt v`mkh `hwm nokovmf icjjmivowov vcojvmtjmv hjf mnmivtoiov*

## Hgtoihj icc|mthvowmy whtatmhvn* Yckm cg v`mk `hwm wmtkcfmtj cggoimy qov` OV mx}o|kmjvm*a* oj Emjh/. qònm cv`mty htmwmt ojgctkhn qov` jc tmhn cggoim*

## H em dmjmgov cg kcdonm nmhtjojagct OVI+ONC |htvoio|hjvy qc}nfdm icjwmjomjim. jcv cjn dmhvvthivowm gct v`cym qov`c}v h \I.d}v hnyc gct „òa`+nmwmn d}yojmyy|mc|nm q`c htm cj v`m ac‛*

## V`m „dmgctm‛ hjf „hgvmt‛|`hymy htm wmt ok|ctvhjv oj

dnmjfmf ic}tymy* \htvoio|hjvycgvmj ickkmjv v`hv jcv mjc}aòjgctkhvocj oy |tcwofmf dmgctmv`mot ic}tym. hjf v`m OVI+ONCjmmfy vc gcnncq }| ic}tymy qov`mwhn}hvocj hivowovomy oj ctfmt vcdmvvmt }jfmtyvhjf }ymt jmmfy gctv`m g}v}tm*

DHIEATC]JF ## TMY]NVY ##

H j}kdmt cg mp|mtv ojvmtwomqyqmtm ihttomf c}v v`tc}a`c}v v`m

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Hv v`m OVI+ONC. |htvoio|hjvy qmtmi`cymj gct v`mot y|miogoi mp|mtvoymtmnhvmf vc foggmtmjv hy|mivy cg v`m|tcbmiv*

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OVI+ONC ]YMT

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DHIEATC]JF ## X]MYVOCJY ##

V`m k*icc| }ymty qonn hnyc dmOVI+ONC }ymty. hjf q`mv`mt v`mot

vthojoja vhemy |nhim ghim+vc+ghim oj V}toj ct cj v`m gomnf5 hv hfoyvhjim5 ct hy |htv cg h dnmjfmfvthojoja mp|mtomjim5 v`m y`c}nfmp|mtomjim „v`m V}toj nmhtjojah||tchi`‛ v`hv v`m OVI+ONC hnqhyyvtowmy gct*

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?0

CDYMTWHVOCJY ##

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MWHN]HVOCJ ## OJVMTWOMQ TMY]NVY ##

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\HTVOIO\HJVY ##

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DHIEATC]JF ## X]MYVOCJY ##



VTHOJOJA JMMFY ##

VMI@JCNCA_ ]YM ##

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vmi`jcncaomy*

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\`cjm kcfmn ##

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„Vthojoja oy wmt ok|ctvhjv gctk bcd* HIFO#WCIH `hy h qmdyovmq`mtm c} ihj nmhtj yeonny5 toa`vjcq O‟k hiv}hnn fcoja yckmcjnojm v}vctohny*

V`m hkc}jv cg vokm O fmfoihvm vc

yv}foja fm|mjfy cj `cq d}yO hk* Og O‟k wmt d}y f}toja h|htvoi}nht qmme |mt`h|y O qcj‟vkhjham vc yv}f hv hnn5 og O‟k jcvvcc d}y khdm O‟nn yv}f gct 4fhy* Cj hwmtham O fc htc}jf `hngh fh |mt qmme*

Og O `hwm h vthojoja ic}tym vchvvmjf. khdm h qmme qc}nf dmv`m khpok}k O qc}nf dm hwhonhdnmvc amv c}v gtck v`m |tcathkkm*

O |tmgmt vc ick|nmvm vthojoja ojv`m cggoim dmih}ym hv `ckm ov‟ytmhnn `htf* Oj v`m cggoim c} `hwmmwmtvòja yc ov‟y k}i` dmvvmt v`hvqh*

O hk ojvmtmyvmf oj v`m k*icc|vthojoja. hnv`c}a` O `hwmj‟v ymmj ovmv yc O‟k jcv y}tm q`hv ov cggmty*O qc}nf noem vc `hwm h ncce hv v`m

VTHOJOJA JMMFY ##

khvmtohn hjf v`mj ymm q`mtm O ihjdcttcq gtck ov*

O qc}nf vmhi` vòy khvmtohn vc v`micc|mthvowm kmkdmty ct vc h ictmatc}| cg vthojmty v`hv qm ihj emm|}yoja oj v`m g}v}tm vc vthoj cv`mty*

O qc}nf dm wmt ojvmtmyvmf

oj |htvoio|hvoja oj v`mk*icc| vthojoja dmih}ymO‟k ncceoja gct ojjcwhvowmqhy vc mk|cqmt v`micc|mthvowmy* Vc ymm `cqqm ihj khem v`mk kctm|tcgovhdnm. y}yvhojhdnm. hjfyc cj*

Mov`mt ghim+vc+ghim ct foyvhjimvthojoja qc}nf dm gojm. ov fm|mjfy

cj `cq v`m ic}tym oy yvt}iv}tmf*Og v`mtm htm dhyoi vòjay v`hv c}ihj mp|nhoj oj h wofmc v`mj O ihjfc ov cjnojm* Og ov‟y wmt `hjfy+cjv`mj ov qc}nf dm dmvvmt ghim+vc+ghim* D}v O hk gnmpodnm5 mov`mtqc}nf dm gojm qov` km*‛

VMI@JCNCA_ ]YM ##„O `hwm h nh|vc| v`hv O }ym hv qctehjf hv `ckm* Oj v`m cggoim qm`hwm h accf ojvmtjmv icjjmivocj*

Yckmvokmy v`m jmvqcte `hy h|tcdnmk d}v }y}hnn qm `hwmojvmtjmv hnn cg v`m vokm*

O `hwm h Jceoh kcdonm |`cjm* Ov`hy ojvmtjmv. d}v ov‟y jcv vcc òa`+vmi` ’ gct mphk|nm O ihj‟v }ymYe|m* Ov‟y jcv h ykhtv|`cjm*

Gct km v`m khoj }ym cg v`m |`cjmoy vc ihnn hjf vc YKY* Hjf cjim ojh qònm yciohn jmvqcteoja*

O `hwm h ncv cg qcte q`mtm O fc|`cjm ihnny hjf gcnncq }|y d}vO fc jcv }ym k |`cjm gct mkhonickk}joihvocj* Og O‟k vthwmnnojahjf O tmhnn jmmf vc icjjmiv vc v`mojvmtjmv v`mj O `hwm h kcfmk v`hvO icjjmiv vc k nh|vc|*

V`m }ym cg kcdonm |`cjmy ojv`m k*icc| vthojoja ymmkyojvmtmyvoja. my|miohnn og c} ncce



8<7

\`cjm kcfmn ##

Jceoh 419<

V|m cg |`cjm ##

Gmhv}tm |`cjm

9 kcyv }ymf gmhv}tmy ##



Jcjm


\mtycjhn#qcte ick|}vmt.kcdonm |`cjm. ojvmtjmv ihgmy


Ciihyocjhnn


Ciihyocjhnn

EM_ GHIVY ##

hv v`m amjmthn |}dnoi. kcyv |mc|nm`hwm ncq mjf |`cjmy ’ v`m cjmyv`hv fcj‟v `hwm ojvmtjmv*

Yc khdm ov ic}nf dm kcdonm d}v}yoja YKY g}jivocj. jcv mkhong}jivocj* V`hv qc}nf dm kctmh||tc|tohvm vc tmhi` h doaamtj}kdmt cg |mc|nm*

@cqmwmt hy h ic}jvt qm htmyvhtvoja vc amv ojvmtjmv h ncv cjv`m kcdonm |`cjm. d}v khojn gctyciohn jmvqcteoja* Ov qc}nf dmyckmvòja vc mp|nctm. d}v O vòjeov qc}nf dm joim vc fc yckmvòjadhymf cj YKY*

O qc}nf dm ojvmtmyvmf oj tmimowojamnmkmjvy cg v`m k*icc| vthojojavc k kcdonm |`cjm. hjf og ov oy|thivoihn hjf h||noihdnm. O ihj }ym

v`m yhkm vc `mn| oj mk|cqmtojav`m atc}|y hjf icc|mthvowmy v`m|tcbmiv oy qcteoja qov`*‛



]YMT 9 ## YHK]MN

Yhk}mn oy v`m `mhf cg v`m]ahjfh Icc|mthvowm IcnnmamEoa}kdh ]IIE/. h vmtvohtojyvov}vocj cqjmf hjf g}jfmf dv`m acwmtjkmjv cg ]ahjfh* V`m

icnnmam `c}ymy 9=< yv}fmjvy.hnn |}ty}oja icc|mthvowm tmnhvmffo|nckhy ickdojoja ofmhy cjd}yojmyy. koitcgojhjim hjficc|mthvowm khjhamkmjv* Vòykhemy ov cjm cg v`m imjvthn|tcwofmty cg mf}ihvocj cjicc|mthvowmy. |htvoi}nhtn gctc}v` oj ]ahjfh*

V`m icnnmam gci}ymy cj cggmtojavmtvoht mf}ihvocj oj v`m gctk cgfo|nckhy vc c}ja |mc|nm nmhwoja

yi`ccn. qov` yv}fmjvy amjmthnndmoja dmvqmmj v`m hamy cg 8?+9=hnv`c}a` v`m hwmtham ham oy 49+46 mhty cnf/*

V`m ]IIE oy oj Eoa}kdh. h t}thnymvvoja hdc}v 7<ek gtck v`mjmhtmyv vcqj cg Khyojfo hjf4<<ek gtck v`m ih|ovhn iovEhk|hnh* Ov oy v`m cjn ojyvov}vocjcggmtoja icc|mthvowm fmwmnc|kmjvhjf khjhamkmjv tmnhvmf yv}fomyoj v`m ic}jvt*

„Hy O vmhi`mt. Og O hk vc |mtgctkqmnn O k}yv `hwm yckm tmgtmy`mt

ic}tymy oj q`hvmwmt gomnf v`hv oytmnmwhjv vc k vmhiòja*

Qm `hwm 8= vthojmty oj v`micnnmam. hjf hnn cg }y hvvmjfvthojoja qctey`c|y hv h jhvocjhnhjf ojvmtjhvocjhn nmwmn* Nhyvmht hncjm O hvvmjfmf htc}jf 6qctey`c|y c}vyofm v`m ic}jvt*

„O hk v`m |tojio|hn cg v`m ]IIE* Oqcte gtck Kcjfh+Gtofh. gtck1hk }| }jvon mwmj dmcjf =|kfm|mjfoja cj q`hv oy cj v`m fmye*

Qm hnyc fc yckm vmhiòja cjYhv}tfhy* Y}jfh oy k gtmm fh

NMWMN ## VMTVOHT_

HAM ATC]\ ## 6<+6?NCIHVOCJ ## EOA]KDH.

]AHJFH (T]THN YMVVOJA/BCD ## \TOJIO\HNOJYVOV]VOCJ ## ]AHJFHICC\MTHVOWM ICNNMAM

YHK]MN CJ @OY BCD ##

VTHOJOJA JMMFY ##

v`hv O y|mjf hv `ckm*

K jctkhn qcteoja fh ojin}fmyy}|mtwoyoja v`m icnnmam hivowovomy5fcoja yckm vmhiòja kymng5vheoja |htv oj kmmvojay qov` v`mwhtoc}y ymivocjy oj v`m icnnmam5hjf qtovoja tm|ctvy*

O vthwmn h ncv oj k bcd. mwmjtoa`v jcq O‟k jcv oj v`m cggoim.O‟k oj h jmoa`dc}toja vcqjgct h kmmvoja* Qm hnyc acc}v oj v`m gomnf vc vthoj v`micc|mthvowmy5 v`m icc|mthvowmnmhfmty hjf khjhamty*‛

O hk wmt ojvmtmyvmf oj|htvoio|hvoja oj v`m k*icc|vthojoja vcamv`mt qov` k vthojojayvhgg* O hk hqhtm cg v`m ctoaojhnKHVICK vthojoja |hieham. qm}ym v`hv khvmtohn* O ihkm vc v`mOVI oj Ovhn oj 8??? hjf qm qmjvv`tc}a` v`cym khvmtohny*

Ghim+vc+ghim vthojoja qc}nf dmk}i` dmvvmt gct km* Cjm qmme oy|tmgmthdnm5 kctm v`hj cjm qmme oyjcv tmhnn accf gct km*

K mp|mivhvocjy cg|htvoio|hvoja oj kcdonmk*icc| vthojoja qc}nfdm v`hv qm c}tymnwmyic}nf v`mj }ym vòy qhcg vthojoja vc tmhi` kctm

icc|mthvowmy* V`m kcdonm|`cjm oy h khbct kmhjy cgickk}joihvocj Oj ]ahjfh*O qc}nf dm wmt `h|| og qmihj hnyc tmhi` icc|mthvowmyv`tc}a` v`hv kmfo}k5 vc}ym v`m kcdonm |`cjm vchnyc fc c}t vthojoja*‛



8<0

„O `hwm hj ctfojht |`cjm5 hyok|nm cjm* Ov oy jcv hdnm vcicjjmiv vc ojvmtjmv* Ov fcmyj‟v`hwm h ihkmth* O }ym ov gct v`mjctkhn ickk}joihvocjy5 ihnnojahjf YKY*

O }ym k kcdonm |`cjm gct

mwmtv`oja2 ghkon. gtomjfy. v`mcggoim*

@mtm hv v`m icnnmam qm htm ncihvmfoj h t}thn ymvvoja. hqh gtck v`mih|ovhn iov. hjf yc qm fcj‟v `hwmh nhjfnojm ghionov* Qm fm|mjf cjkcdonm |`cjmy*‛

VMI@JCNCA_ ]YM ##

\`cjm kcfmn ##

Jceoh 84<<

V|m cg |`cjm ##

Ncq+mjf |`cjm




Dodnm x}cvhvocjy. DDI jmqy


\mtycjhn#qcte ick|}vmt


Kcyv cg v`m vokm


Cgvmj

EM_ GHIVY ##



]YMT 6 ## MKKHJ]MN

NMWMN ## VMTVOHT_

HAM ATC]\ ## 9<+9?NCIHVOCJ ## FHT MY YHNHHK.VHJRHJOH (]TDHJ YMVVOJA/

BCD ## ICKK]JOIHVOCJY

' \T CGGOIMTOJYVOV]VOCJ ## VGI

Mkkhj}mn oy qcteoja ojickk}joihvocj hjf |}dnoitmnhvocjy oj v`m fm|htvkmjvcg icc|mthvowm fmwmnc|kmjvcg Vhjrhjoh Gmfmthvocj cg

Icc|mthvowmy VGI/ Nokovmf. hjhvocjhn icc|mthvowm }kdtmnnhctahjoyhvocj v`hv |tckcvmy.ymtwmy hjf icctfojhvmy v`mfmwmnc|kmjv hjf |tcy|mtov cg hnnicc|mthvowm yciomvomy oj khojnhjfVhjrhjoh*

VGI oy hj ojfm|mjfmjv jcj+acwmtjkmjvhn hjf jcj+|htvoyhjctahjoyhvocj v`hv oy kmkdmt+cqjmf hjf khjhamf oj v`m y|otovcg v`m ojvmtjhvocjhnn tmicajoymficc|mthvowm |tojio|nmy hjf whn}my*Ov oy h kmkdmt cg v`m OjvmtjhvocjhnIcc|mthvowm Hnnohjim OIH/

hjf icnnhdcthvmy qov` ymwmthncv`mt noem+kojfmf jhvocjhn hjfojvmtjhvocjhn ctahjoyhvocjy*

VGI oy hj h|mp ctahjoyhvocj hv v`mvc| cg v`m icc| |thkof*

„Amjmthnn q`hv O‟k fcoja oytmnhvocjyò| myvhdnoy`kmjvdmvqmmj k ctahjoyhvocj hjf v`mcv`mt icc|mthvowm yvhem`cnfmty*

O |tckcvm v`m VGI. vmnnoja |mc|nmq`hv ov ihj cggmt vc v`m cv`mticc|mthvowm ctahjoyhvocjy oj v`mic}jvt* O khem y}tm v`hv hnnojgctkhvocj gct v`m icc|mthvowmkcwmkmjv oy foyymkojhvmf vc v`mfmyotmf yvhem`cnfmty* K bcd oyhnyc vc d}onf h accf tmnhvocjyò|dmvqmmj VGI hjf v`m cv`mtctahjoyhvocjy oj hjf c}vyofm cg v`mic}jvt* O qcte incymn qov` mwmtojvmtjhn fm|htvkmjv hjf mpvmtjhnctahjoyhvocjy v`hv qcte qov` }y*

O jctkhnn qcte Kcjfh+Gtofh0hk+6|k* Cj Y}jfh O ihjjcvqcte hy O ac vc i`}ti`*

O hnyc vthwmn cgvmj oj k bcd* O b}yvacv dhie vc Vhjrhjoh gtck h vto|vc A`hjh. hjf O‟nn dm hqh gct v`mq`cnm kcjv` cg B}jm*

Qov` tmahtfy vc hatoi}nv}thnfmwmnc|kmjv oyy}my. qm ̀ hwmtmhnoymf gct c}t ghtkmtyv`mtm oy h nhie cg hiimyy vcojgctkhvocj* Qm qhjv vc

myvhdnoy` h |nhvgctk q`mtmojgctkhvocj ihj gncq gtckfoggmtmjv yc}timy vc v`mmjf }ymt. hjf gtck v`m mjf}ymt vc v`m yc}tim* Ov‟y noemh 4+qh vthggoi. qòi` jcq ojkhjhaoja hatoi}nv}tm y`c}nfdm hfftmyymf*

MKKHJ]MN CJ @OY BCD ##



88<

Ov qc}nf dm wmt foggoi}nv og hghtkmt ihjjcv `mht gtck v`mcv`mt yofm. gct mphk|nm hdc}voyy}my y}i` hy inokhvm i`hjam.hjf hnyc v`m cv`mt yofm y`c}nfejcq q`hv v`m ghtkmty htm fcoja*

@cqmwmt vòy ihjjcv dm fcjm ogv`mtm oy jcv h accf i`hjjmn5 hnoje dmvqmmj cjm |htv hjf v`mcv`mt* V`hv‟y q` O v`c}a`v hdc}vmyvhdnoyòja hj ojgctkhvocj

imjvtm. d}v }jgctv}jhvmn v`m|tcbmiv ic}nfj‟v vhem cgg. qm qmtmnhieoja yckm g}jfy hjf qm htmyvonn nhaaoja dmòjf*

V`m kcyv ok|ctvhjv vòjaoy vc khem y}tm v`hv v`mghtkmty ejcq q`hv‟y`h||mjoja cj v`m cv`mtyofm cg v`m qctnf. hjf vc nmvv`m cv`mt yofm cg v`m cimhj

ejcqy q`hv‟y `h||mjoja`mtm. gct mphk|nm ojtmkcvm htmhy*

Hj ok|ctvhjv |htv cg vòy oy hnycmyvhdnoyòja ojgthyvt}iv}tmy.my|miohnn ickk}joihvocj hjf OIVojgthyvt}iv}tm* Oj hatod}yojmyyvòy `hy vc dm hfftmyymf*‛

„Ov oy ok|ctvhjv gct VGI vc vhem|htv oj vthojoja y}i` hy k*icc|*

VGI oy h jhvocjhnicc|mthvowm }kdtmnnh hjfyc gct }y ov‟y ok|ctvhjv vcgotyvn |htvoio|hvm oj v`m|tcathkkm hjf v`mj khem

y}tm v`hv v`m ojgctkhvocj

acmy fcqj v`tc}a` v`m|thkof vc tmhi` v`micc|mthvowmy v`mkymnwmy*

Hv VGI qm `hwm 46 yvhgg. 6 cgq`ck htm tmy|cjyodnm gctvthojoja* O hk v`m cjm tmy|cjyodnmgct hatoi}nv}thn icc|mthvowm

vthojoja*

O |tmgmt vc yv}f qov` cv`mtyoj v`m cggoim. vc y`htmmp|mtomjim hjf foyi}yyfc}dvy* Ghim+vc+ghim qov`cv`mty c} ihj }jfmtyvhjfghyvmt* Ov‟y kctm „nowm‛*

Gct foyvhjim nmhtjoja O |tmgmtvc yv}f gtck h dcce v`hjm+nmhtjoja* O‟k jcv yc accf qov`

vmi`jcnca. O }jfmtyvhjf ghyvmtghim+vc+ghim ct tmhfoja |tojvmfkhvmtohny*‛

VTHOJOJA JMMFY ##

„O `hwm h Jceoh |`cjm v`hv O }ym vcicjjmiv vc v`m ojvmtjmv hjf vhem|`cvcy* V`m |`cjm `hy h kmkctihtf qòi` O ihj |}v oj vc kick|}vmt vc }|nchf v`m |`cvcy*

O hatmm qov` v`m ofmh vc }ym kcdonm

|`cjmy oj v`m vthojoja* O vòje

VMI@JCNCA_ ]YM ##



\`cjm kcfmn ##

Jceoh 491<

V|m cg |`cjm ##

Gmhv}tm |`cjm


Ojvmtjmv. wcoim ihnnoja. YKY


Jcjm


\mtycjhn#qcte ick|}vmt.

kcdonm |`cjmMnmivtoiov icjjmivowov|tcdnmky ##

Ciihyyocjhnn


Ciihyyocjhnn

EM_ GHIVY ##

khj |mc|nm fc jcv tmhnoym v`mvmi`jcnca v`m `hwm oj v`mot`hjfy5 gct mphk|nm v`hv v`m ihj}ym ov vc hiimyy v`m ojvmtjmv* Ov‟yok|ctvhjv vc vthoj v`mk `cq vcdm kctm incym vc ojgctkhvocj*]yoja v`m kcdonm |`cjm vc amvojgctkhvocj gtck yckmq`mtm hnyc

d}onfy ih|hiov*]yoja k kcdonm gct vthojojaqc}nf kmhj v`hv O ic}nf `hwmvthojoja }|fhvmy. vhyey hjf hnmtvyhv `hjf* Ick|}vmt hiimyy cj v`mcv`mt `hjf jmmfy yovvoja fcqjhjf yqovi`oja cj hjf cgg khjvokmy* Kcdonm oy h x}oie fmwoim gcthiimyyoja x}oie ojgctkhvocj*

V`m ojvmtjmv oy jcv wmt k}i`}ymf `mtm. d}v hv nmhyv jcqhfhyv`m kcdonm ick|hjomy `hwmojvtcf}imf v`m ojvmtjmv yyvmk*_c} ihj y}tg }yoja c}t kcdonmhjf ov‟y jcv wmt mp|mjyowm. O ejcq|mc|nm ihj hggctf ov* D }yoja c}tick|}vmt ov‟y foggoi}nv d}v }yojac}t kcdonm |`cjm ov ihj dm fcjm5v`oy tmhnn ̀ mn|y*‛



884

]YMT = ## BHJM

Bhjm oy v`m CtahjoyhvocjFmwmnc|kmjv Y|miohnoyv vhyemfqov` mk|cqmtoja v`m icc|mthvowmyhjf |tcf}imt ctahjoyhvocjy v`hvHIFO#WCIH Emjh qctey qov`

vc ymtwm v`mot kmkdmty kctmmggoiomjvn*

HIFO#WCIH Hatoi}nv}thnIcc|mthvowm Fmwmnc|kmjvOjvmtjhvocjhn#Wcn}jvmmty ojCwmtymhy Icc|mthvowm Hyyoyvhjim/oy h |towhvm. ojvmtjhvocjhnfmwmnc|kmjv jcj|tcgovctahjoyhvocj. qov` v`m koyyocj vc

|tckcvm micjckoi c||ctv}jovomygct icc|mthvowmy. mjvmt|toymy

hjf ickk}jovomy v`tc}a` v`mojjcwhvowm h||noihvocj cg yc}jfd}yojmyy |thivoim*

Bhjm qctey oj h tmaocjhn cggoim cgHIFO#WCIH qcteoja qov` ymwmthnhatoi}nv}thn icc|mthvowmy qov`ojv`m htmh*

„O qcte qov` ghtkmt icc|mthvowmyhjf atc}|y* Q`mtm v`m fcj‟vmpoyv qm ihj `mn| v`mk vc gctkv`mk5 hjf q`mtm v`m mpoyv qmqcte qov` v`mk* Jctkhnn qmvt vc gojf c}v q`hv v`mot hamjfhqhy q`mj v`m gctkmf5 qmtm v`mqcteoja htc}jf hj hatoi}nv}thnmjvmt|toym5 hjf og jcv qm ihjojvtcf}im v`mk vc hnvmtjhvowmhatoi}nv}thn mjvmt|toymy v`hv v`mic}nf vt*

Cjim v`m i`ccym cjm. qmvhem v`mk v`tc}a` v`m q`cnm

whn}m i`hoj* Qm vthoj v`mk hjfmk|cqmt v`mk vc ihtt c}v v`mothatoi}nv}thn |thivoimy*

V`m vthojoja ihj vhem |nhimoj v`mot `ckm vcqj. gctmphk|nm oj h ncihn i`}ti`ct yi`ccn. ct yckmvokmyqm dtoja v`mk vc h imjvthn|cojv. gct mphk|nm h `cvmn*

Qm }ym yok|nm khvmtohny y}i` hy

gno|+i`htvy ct dnhiedchtfy og qmhtm oj h yi`ccn* Hv v`m mjf cg v`mvthojoja qm fcj‟v mp|miv v`mk vctmkmkdmt mwmtv`oja. yc qm aowmv`mk `hjf+c}vy gct tmgmtmjim*

O vthwmn h ncv oj k bcd* H ncvh ncv( O `hwm h gc}t+q`mmnftowm v`hv O }ym gct v`hv*

NMWMN ## VMTVOHT_

HAM ATC]\ ## 6<+6?

FMWMNC\KMJV Y\MIOHNOYVBCD ## CTAHJOYHVOCJNCIHVOCJ ## MNFCTMV.EMJ_H (T]THN YMVVOJA/

OJYVOV]VOCJ ## HIFO#WCIH

BHJM CJ @MT BCD ##



K yi`mf}nm oy jcv gopmf. gctmphk|nm O ihj‟v yh v`hv O y|mjf4 fhy oj v`m cggoim mhi` qmme ’ov fm|mjfy cj v`m jmmfy cg v`mghtkmty hjf q`mj oy v`m dmyvvokm vc woyov v`mk* V`mtm htmyckm ghtkmty q`c `hwm khtemvfhy yc c} ihj jmwmt gojf v`mk5v`mj v`mtm htm yckm atc}|y cticc|mthvowmy v`hv hnqhy `hwm hy|miogoi fh v`hv v`m kmmv*

Yckmvokmy O hk c}v cg v`m cggoimgct v`m q`cnm qmme. hjf ov ihj`h||mj hjcv`mt vokm v`hv O‟k ojv`m cggoim gct h q`cnm qmme* Q`mjO ac c}v O ihtt v`m vthojoja kymng

hjf v`mj q`mj O ihkm dhie vc v`mcggoim O ymjf h tm|ctv vc k dcyy ojJhotcdo*

Oj v`m cggoim ov‟y y}||cymfvc dm 0*9<hk+=|k* D}vyckmvokmy O qcte c}v cgv`mym `c}ty. gct mphk|nm ogh atc}| oy cjn hwhonhdnm vckmmv cj Yhv}tfh* Hjf og O

ac c}v ov fcmyj‟v kmmv v`hvO‟nn jmimyyhton dm dhie ojv`m cggoim d =|k. O jmmfv`m vokm vc ftowm dhie*‛

„O vhem |htv oj vthojoja wmttma}nhtn hy |htv cg k bcd* V`mnhyv 4 qmmey O qhy acoja v`tc}a`h nmhfmty`o| vthojoja ic}tym hjfdmgctm v`hv O vcce |htv oj h ic}tymnhyv Ym|vmkdmt*

O `hfj‟v `mhtf cg v`mvthojoja cggmtmf d v`mONC dmgctm d}v O hk wmtojvmtmyvmf oj vheoja |htvoj v`m k*icc| vthojoja*V`hv qc}nf dm h wmt accfic}tym gct km. gct k bcd*

H ghim+vc+ghim vthojoja qc}nf dmdmyv gct km. q`mtm c} ojvmthivfotmivn qov` v`m vthojmt. qov`

yckm `hjf+c}vy hncjayofm ov* V`mvokmgthkm y`c}nf dm 4 qmmey oj ht}j ct nmyy*

H foyvhjim |htv hy h gcnncq+}|qc}nf dm jc |tcdnmk hy qmnn*\tojvmf yv}f khvmtohn qc}nf dmdmyv gct km hy qm `hwm oyy}myqov` v`m ojvmtjmv hjf hnyc k|`cjm ihjjcv ihtt yc k}i`khvmtohn*

@cqmwmt O ncwm ojvmthivowm

vthojoja ymyyocjy* Oqc}nf `hwm noemf vc fchj m+nmhtjoja ic}tym dick|}vmt og v`m ojvmtjmvqc}nf dm accf v`tc}a`c}vq`oi` oy jcv hnqhy v`mihym*‛

VTHOJOJA JMMFY ##

VMI@JCNCA_ ]YM ##„O }ym v`m yhkm |`cjm gct qcte

hjf |mtycjhn }ym* Ov‟y h Yhky}jaO‟k hdnm vc amv vc v`mojvmtjmv gct hiimyyoja kmkhon d}v O ihjjcv }|nchfct fcqjnchf hvvhi`kmjvy*V`m nhyv mkhon O ymjv c}qhy v`tc}a` k kcdonm*



886

O `hwm foyicwmtmf v`hv hy hYhky}ja ov `hy h ncv cg |tcdnmkyqov` v`m jmvqcte. khdm O qc}nf|tmgmt h Jceoh* Jceoh oy accfqov` v`m jmvqcte* Hnyc k |`cjmdhvvmt oy hnyc jcv wmt accf ovncymy |cqmt x}oien*

Kcdonm |`cjm oy v`m mhyomyv qhtoa`v jcq vc ickk}joihvm oj k

bcd* Hiv}hnn oj c}t ctahjoyhvocjqm `hwm |mc|nm fcqj cj v`matc}jf q`c qm ihnn wonnham dhymfhatoi}nv}thn hfwoycty* V`m nmhfv`m ghtkmty oj v`m wonnham* Og O jmmfvc gojf h atc}| v`m ickk}joihvmv`tc}a` vòy |mtycj vc km* Hjfq`mj O ac v`m |mtycj cj v`matc}jf `hy hntmhf fcqj v`mkcdonoyhvocj hjf v`m |mc|nm htmhntmhf oj v`m wmj}m hjf O b}yv

kmmv v`mk v`mtm* O ickk}joihvmqov` vòy |mtycj d kcdonm |`cjm.O ihnn v`mk ct v`m ihnn km* Qmthtmn }ym nmvvmty hj kctm*

Qm `hwmj‟v mv }ymf kcdonm|`cjmy oj c}t cqj vthojojah|htv gtck ickk}joihvocj*Jcv hnn cg v`m ghtkmty v`hvqm qcte qov` `hwm kcdonm|`cjmy. hjf v`m cjmy

v`hv fc `hwm wmt dhyoi|`cjmy b}yv gct ihnnoja hjftmimowoja kmyyhamy* Jcv hnncg v`mk htm novmthvm mov`mtyc v`m b}yv tmimowm ihnny*

Qm `hwm ojvmtjmv oj v`m cggoim d}vqm `hwm icjjmivowov |tcdnmky*@mtm oj v`m cggoim qm fcj‟v `hwm hnhjfnojm* Yc O‟k }yoja vòy ahfamvgct ojvmtjmv ’ v`m kcfmk* Vòykcfmk `hy vc dm tmi`htamfkcjv`n* Yckmvokmy ov ihj`h||mj v`hv v`mtm oy h fmnh oj v`m|hkmjv. yc v`mj O `hwm vc }ym hjojvmtjmv ihgm. v`m cjm q`mtm c}`hwm vc |h*

Yckmvokmy v`m ojvmtjmvoy accf hjf yckmvokmyov‟y dhf. ov fm|mjfy og v`mymtwmt oy fcqj* D}v O qc}nf

yh v`hv khj vokmy ov‟yaccf* Vòy oy jctkhn. qmihnn ov jctkhn(‛

\`cjm kcfmn ##

Yhky}ja YA@+N1<<

V|m cg |`cjm ##

Gmhv}tm |`cjm


Wcoim ihnnoja. YKY. ojvmtjmv


Jcjm


\mtycjhn#qcte ick|}vmt.

kcdonm |`cjm. ojvmtjmv ihgmyMnmivtoiov icjjmivowov|tcdnmky ##

Ciihyyocjhnn


Ciihyyocjhnn

EM_ GHIVY ##



887

Hjcv`mt qc}nf dm vcd}onf hj ojvmtjhvocjhndhym. h itovoihn j}kdmt cgicc|mthvowm fmwmnc|kmjv|thivovocjmty hv 9 foggmtmjvnmwmny5 v`m ojvmtjhvocjhn.jhvocjhn hjf athyytccvynmwmn* H jmvqcte. oj y`ctv*

O |tmgmt ghim+vc+ghim vthojoja*Q`hv O `hwm nmhtjmf gtck ghim+vc+ghim vthojoja ic}tymy oy v`hvdcf nhja}ham tmhnn khvvmtyh ncv* Q`mj ojvtcf}ioja v`maoyv cg h |htvoi}nht vthojoja ov oyjoim vc amv v`hv fotmivn gtck h|mtycj* V`mtm‟y h ncv vc fc qovòjvmthivocj. mpi`hjaoja ofmhyhjf }jfmtyvhjfoja mhi` cv`mt

gctkhnn hjf ojgctkhnn*Vòy y`c}nf v`mj dm gcnncqmf }|nhvmt qov` h fmvhonmf m+nmhtjoja*O qc}nf |tmgmt dmoja cjnojm v`hjkcdonm nmhtjoja d}v O hk wmtgnmpodnm5 O ihj hnyc tmimowm vthojojamnmkmjvy vc k kcdonm |`cjm*

Og O qmtm vc `hwm h ymng+khjhamf|htv cg v`m vthojoja O qc}nfhnncihvm yckm `c}ty gct vòy mwmtfh. f}toja v`m mwmjoja ct joa`v*Khdm O qc}nf hnyc |oie c}v h gmq

`c}ty cj Yhv}tfh. khdm oj v`mkof+kctjoja. v`mj cj Y}jfh Ovhem k tmyv*‛

„O `hwm vqc |`cjmy. h Dnhiedmtthjf h Jceoh* O }ym v`m Dnhiedmttkcyv cg v`m vokm. ov‟y kctmwmtyhvonm* V`m Jceoh oy k}i`yok|nmt5 ov‟y h dhyoi |`cjm qov` hihkmth*

Yckmvokmy ov‟y b}yv gctdmoja ymi}tm* Oj vòy |htvcg v`m qctnf og |mc|nm ymmc} qov` h Dnhiedmtt c}koa`v dmickm h vhtamv gctvòmwmy yc c} kh `hwmvc nmhwm ov oj v`m `cvmn hjfvhem h yok|nmt |`cjm c}v*

VMI@JCNCA_ ]YM ##

Cj k Dnhiedmtt O }ym kcyv cgv`m gmhv}tmy* O }ym h ncv cg YKY5 Ohnyc hiimyy v`m ojvmtjmv hjf h ncvcg cv`mt g}jivocjhnovomy5 hjf }ym ovgct ihnny cg ic}tym*

Q`mj O hiimyy v`m ojvmtjmv cjk |`cjm ov‟y khojn vc i`miemkhony hjf woyovoja y|miogoiqmdyovmy vc ihvi` }| qov` v`mnhvmyv ojgctkhvocj ’ ejcqnmfamqmdyovmy. |}dnoihvocjy. hjf yc cj*

V`m eojf cg kcdonm |`cjmy v`hv Oymm |mc|nm }yoja cj v`m gomnf htmyok|nmt kcdonm |`cjmy. khdmoj v`m thjam cg 7<.<<< ]ahjfhjyònnojay. qòi` oy htc}jf &4=*Ov‟y tmhnn gct dhyoi g}jivocjy d}v|mc|nm htm hnyc x}ovm wmtyhvonm ojvmtky cg tmimowoja vmpvy*

Ov oy wmt ok|ctvhjv gct kmvc hiimyy v`m ojvmtjmv q`mjO‟k vthwmnnoja* O tmimowm h ncvcg tmx}myvy d mkhon gtckicnnmha}my q`mj O‟k vthwmnnoja*V`mym fhy qm }ym h ncv cg v`mymkcdonm ojvmtjmv kcfmky* O vhemk jmvdcce hncja qov` km hnn v`mvokm q`mj O vthwmn*

O `hwm hjcv`mt ick|}vmt ojv`m cggoim* V`m jmvdcce oy b}yvdhyoihnn accf gct km q`mj O‟k

vthwmnnoja* Ov‟y noa`v. kcdonm. hnnO jmmf vc fc oy fcqjnchf q`hv Ojmmf gct v`hv |htvoi}nht ic}jvthjf v`mj cgg O ac*

Oj k cggoim oj ]ahjfh qm `hwm hqotmnmyy ojvmtjmv icjjmivocj. hjfv`mj O `hwm k ojvmtjmv kcfmkv`hv O ihj hiimyy oj hnkcyv mwmt|htv cg v`m ic}jvt. mwmj oj t}thnhtmhy q`mtm O y|mjf h ncv cg vokm*

Kcyv |mc|nm }ym v`mym kcdonm

yvoiey gtck vmnmickk}joihvocjyick|hjomy5 `cqmwmt hj ok|ctvhjvoyy}m oy v`m icyv* Og c}‟tm acojavc fcqjnchf khvmtohn v`mj c}tdhjfqofv` t}jy c}v ghyv hjfc} `hwm vc yvhtv |hoja. yc ovdmickmy mp|mjyowm*‛

\`cjm kcfmn ##

Dnhiedmtt

V|m cg |`cjm ##

Ykhtv|`cjm


Wcoim ihnnoja. YKY. ojvmtjmv


Jcjm


\mtycjhn jmvdcce. qcteick|}vmt. kcdonm |`cjm


Ciihyyocjhnn


Ciihyyocjhnn

EM_ GHIVY ##



]YMT 1 ## JMMKHE

Jmmkhe oy Itmfov Khjhamthv F}jf}norh* \tmwoc}yn `mqhy v`m Fotmivct gct Vthojoja.Ickk}joihvocj hjf \}dnoiov.

hjf icjvoj}my vc dm h vthojmt cgvthojmty qovòj v`m ctahjoyhvocj*

F}jf}norh oy hj ojvmathvmfjmvqcte cg =< YHIIC Yhwojayhjf Itmfov Icc|mthvowm/ dthji`myc|mthvoja oj 1 tmaocjy. qov` 7=.<<<kmkdmty*

F}jf}norh oy hj h|mp ctahjoyhvocjqcteoja qov` icc|mthvowmyv`tc}a`c}v v`m ic}jvt*

„Qm qcte qov` YHIICyhjf hatoi}nv}thn khtemvojaicc|mthvowm yciomvomy* Qm nmjfhatoi}nv}thn nchjy. ̀ c}ym hivowovomyhjf |tcwofm vthojoja*

O hk dhymf oj Fht my Yhnhhk d}v Ovthwmn cgvmj dmih}ym v`m YHIICyhjf hatoi}nv}thn khtemvojaicc|mthvowm yciomvomy v`hv qmqcte qov` htm oj t}thn htmhy*

Qm ac v`mtm vc hyymyy mhi`ctahjoyhvocj dmgctm qm y|mjfc}t nchjy. vc khem y}tm v`hv v`mnchjy v`hv qm aowm htm }ymf oj v`m|tc|mt qh* Qm kmmv qov` v`micc|mthvowm cggoimty yc v`hv qmqcte vcamv`mt gct v`m dmvvmtkmjvcg c}t yciomvomy*

Yckmvokmy qm htm icjvthivmf

d cv`mt jmvqctey vc |tcwofmvthojoja. my|miohnn og v`mtm oy hatc}| cg |mc|nm q`c `hwm fmiofmfvc gctk v`mot ctahjoyhvocj hjfv`m fcj‟v ejcq `cq vc ac hdc}vov* V`m icjvhiv }y hjf qm acvc v`mk. vheoja c}t vthojojakhvmtohny hjf yyvmky hjfvthojoja v`mk gct hjvòja gtck 8fh vc h qmme*‛

„Vthojoja oy hj ok|ctvhjv|htv cg k bcd* O b}yv acvdhie vc Vhjrhjoh gtckJhotcdo. Emjh q`mtm O qhyhvvmjfoja h ick|tm`mjyowm

vthojoja cj hatoi}nv}thnnmjfoja* O‟k acoja dhie vcJhotcdo hahoj oj B}jm gct8< fhy gct vòy cjacojavthojoja*

O‟k h ih|hiov d}onfoja mp|mtv. ojv`m gctkhvocj cg icc|mthvowmy hjfoj |tcwofoja itmfov vc hatoi}nv}thn

hivowovomy* Oj v`m nhvm 8?0<y Oqhy hkcja v`m kmkdmty cg v`mKHVICK atc}| oj Vhjrhjoh* O`mn|mf fmnowmt vthojoja }yojav`m KHVICK fci}kmjvy dhymfcj khtemvoja cg hatoi}nv}thn|tcf}im. vthjy|ctv. hjf hnycyvctham* V`mtm qmtm ymwmthnkhvmtohny oj v`m KHVICK |hiehamcj v`mym vc|oiy*

Ov‟y wmt accf v`hv jmq khvmtohnyqonn dm hwhonhdnm dmih}ymi}ttmjvn qm htm hnqhy gci}yyojacj whn}m hffovocj qovòj c}tctahjoyhvocj*

O qc}nf |htvoio|hvm oj v`m |htvhdc}v khtemvoja. dmih}ym gotyv cghnn O athf}hvmf qov` h Dhi`mnct cg

Ickkmtim DIck/ oj Khtemvojahjf v`mj O qmjv vc Amtkhj hjfvthojmf oj icc|mthvocj micjckoiyhjf i}ttmjvn O `hwm yqovi`mfgtck khtemvoja vc icjimjvthvm cjgojhjioja hatoi}nv}thn hivowovomy*V`mtmgctm v`m htmhy cg khtemvojahjf gojhjioja qc}nf dm kcyvojvmtmyvoja gct km*

NMWMN ## VMTVOHT_

HAM ATC]\ ## =<+=?NCIHVOCJ ## FHT MY YHNHHK.

VHJRHJOH (]TDHJ YMVVOJA/

OJYVOV]VOCJ ## F]JF]NORH

BCD ## ITMFOVKHJHAMT

JMMKHE CJ @OY BCD ##

VTHOJOJA JMMFY ##



880

Og O ihj `hwm fotmiv hiimyy vc v`mkhvmtohny ov qc}nf dm dmyv. hvnmhyv vc }jfmtyvhjf q`hv oy ojyofm.q`hv v`m icjvmjvy htm. hjf v`mjojvmtjhnoym v`mk. vt vc nmhtj gtckv`mk hjf yji`tcjoym v`mk qov`c}t khvmtohny*‛

O‟k }y}hnn }yoja k nh|vc|gct ickk}joihvocj thv`mt v`hjk kcdonm |`cjm* O |tmgmt vcickk}joihvm d mkhon thv`mtv`hj v`tc}a` k kcdonm |`cjm gctv`m k*icc| vthojoja*

O fcj‟v hiimyy v`m ojvmtjmv cj kkcdonm |`cjm* O `hwm h kcfmkv`hv O ihj b}yv |n}a ojvc k nh|vc|hjf v`mj ickk}joihvm* O hnqhyvthwmn qov` k nh|vc| hjf kcfmk*Yckmvokmy O `hwm |tcdnmkyvc icjjmiv5 oj yckm htmhy ovdmickmy vcc yncq vc tmy|cjf*‛

„Q`mj k icnnmha}my hjf O htmvthwmnnoja. qm‟tm hdnm vc mhyonemm| oj vc}i`. dmih}ym qm htmhnqhy cj v`m hot* V`m `hjfymv oymwmtq`mtm qm ac ’ O ihj vhne qov`k cggoim. O ihj vhne qov` cv`mticnnmha}my. hjf oj |nhimy q`mtmv`mtm htm ojvmtjmv ihgmy O ihj ymjfk tm|ctvy hv v`m |cojv oj vokmq`mj ov oy jmmfmf*

O jctkhnn }ym k |`cjm gctihnnoja. d}v cjn q`mj O‟k hqhgtck k cggoim* Oj hiv}hn ghiv

VMI@JCNCA_ ]YM ##

\`cjm kcfmn ##

Vmijc

V|m cg |`cjm ##

Gmhv}tm |`cjm


Wcoim ihnnoja. YKY. ihkmth


Jcjm


Qcte ick|}vmt. ojvmtjmv ihgmy


Ciihyyocjhnn


Ciihyyocjhnn

EM_ GHIVY ##



]YMT 0 ## GTHJIOY

OJYVOV]VOCJ ## IHE

BCD ## MPMI]VOWMFOTMIVCTNMWMN ## VMTVOHT_

NCIHVOCJ ## JHOTCDO.EMJ_H (]TDHJ YMVVOJA/

Gthjioy oy v`m Mpmi}vowm Fotmivctcg v`m Ic+c|mthvowm Hnnohjim cgEmjh Nokovmf IHE/*

IHE oy v`m jhvocjhn h|mpctahjoyhvocj gct v`m icc|mthvowmkcwmkmjv cg Emjh. qòiìck|toymy cwmt 84.<<<icc|mthvowmy qov` kmkdmtyò| cghtc}jf ? konnocj |mc|nm*

IHE mjfmhwcty vc |tckcvmicc|mthvowm fmwmnc|kmjv5 vc}jovm v`m icc|mthvowm kcwmkmjv5vc tm|tmymjv v`m icc|mthvowmojvmtmyvy cj hnn khvvmty cg |cnoihjf nmahn gthkmqcte5 hjf vcdm v`m y|cemy|mtycj cg v`micc|mthvowm kcwmkmjv oj Emjh*

„K bcd oy dmoja cwmthnn oj i`htamcg v`m khjhamkmjv cg v`mctahjoyhvocj* O hk v`m |mtycj q`cok|nmkmjvy v`m dchtf fmioyocjy* Ohnyc |tm|htm dchtf kmmvojay hjf|h|mty*

O }jfmtvhem h icctfojhvojatcnm cg jhvocjhn icc|mthvowm

oyy}my hjf mwmjvy oj v`mic}jvt*

O hnyc tm|tmymjv v`m icc|mthvowmkcwmkmjv oj Emjh oj v`m whtoc}ycv`mt ojyvov}vocjy. gct mphk|nm ojv`m ic}jvt qm `hwm hatoi}nv}thnymivct icctfojhvoja }jovy qòi`dtoja vcamv`mt v`m kojoyvtomy cghatoi}nv}tm. hjf v`mtmgctm oj O yov

oj v`m vmi`joihn ickkovvmm cg vòynhtam jhvocjhn c}vgov*

V`mtm htm gc}t vomty oj v`micc|mthvowm kcwmkmjv oj Emjh*

Hv v`m dhym. cj v`m gotyv vomt. v`mtmhtm |tokht icc|mthvowm yciomvomy*

V`mj cj v`m ymicjf vomt v`mtm htmymicjfht icc|mthvowm yciomvomy.yckmvokmy ihnnmf }jocjy*

V`m vòtf vomt oy khfm }|cg jhvocjhn icc|mthvowmctahjoyhvocjy. qòi` htmctahjoymf d ymivct. gct mphk|nm

hatoi}nv}tm ct gojhjim* V`mtmhtm 88 jhvocjhn icc|mthvowmctahjoyhvocjy oj Emjh ojin}fojav`m Icc|mthvowm Dhje cg Emjhhjf v`m Icc|mthvowm Icnnmam cgEmjh*

Hv v`m vc| cg vòy |thkof. hv v`mgc}tv` vomt. oy IHE. v`m jhvocjhnh|mp ctahjoyhvocj qòi` ymtwmyhnn cg v`m vomty dmncq*

Qm `hwm foggmtmjv v|my

cg icc|mthvowmy y}i` hyhatoi}nv}thn. gojhjiohn.`c}yoja. vthjy|ctv.`ctvoi}nv}thn. hjf yccj qmqonn ymm OIV icc|mthvowmyickoja }|*‛

GTHJIOY CJ @OY BCD ##

VTHOJOJA JMMFY ##

„V`m k*icc| vthojoja oy hqmnickm kcwm5 qm qc}nf

noem vc vhem |htv oj ov* Qm‟nndm b}k|oja cj ov oj vòyic}jvt5 gct v`m icc|mthvowmkcwmkmjv* O dmnomwm v`hvcjim qm `hwm ov hv vòy nmwmnov qonn dm mhyomt vc tcnn ov c}vhjf mjaham v`m mjvotm icc|kcwmkmjv oj v`m ic}jvt*

Ov qc}nf dm accf vc `hwm yckmcqjmtyò| yc v`hv cjim qm `hwmov. hy v`m jhvocjhn h|mp. qm ihj

vhem ov c}v v`mtm oj h tcnn c}v |nhjyc v`hv v`m kcwmkmjv qonn ymm hjfdmnomwm oj ov. hjf v`hv ov `hy whn}mgct v`m mjvotm kcwmkmjv*

Hv IHE v`mtm htm 9 cg }y q`chtm vthojmty* @cqmwmt q`mjqm `hwm jmq vthojoja vc fc qmjctkhnn c}vyc}tim vòy vc vòtfvomt cg v`m |thkof5 v`m jhvocjhnicc|mthvowm ctahjoyhvocjy y}i` hyv`m Icc|mthvowm Icnnmam cg Emjh.q`c `hwm h jhvocjhn c}vtmhi`* Qm

icjvhiv v`mk hjf qcte vcamv`mtqov` v`mk* V`mtmgctm qm qc}nfhnyc noem vc |htvoio|hvm oj v`mk*icc| vthojoja vcamv`mt qov`v`mk*

Y`ctvmt ic}tymy cg 8+4 qmmeyhtm dmvvmt ghim+vc+ghim. qovòjvmthivocj* Ncjamt vmtk vthojojacg kctm v`hj 8 kcjv` ic}nf dmqtovvmj* Ov fm|mjfy cj `cq v`mic}tym oy |hiehamf*

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YKY hjf wcoim vmi`jcncaomy

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\`cjm kcfmn ##

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Jcjm


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tmimowm mkhony*V`m khbctov cg v`m ghtkmtyhnyc `hwm kcdonmy. hjf kcyv cgv`mk htm Jceohy* V`m htm }yojaK+\MYH gct kone |hkmjvy*

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_c} ihj tmhi` v`m ghtkmtyv`tc}a` v`mym jmqvmi`jcncaomy. q`mtmwmt `mct y`m oy* V`hv ihj dm wmtaccf gct }y*‛

VTHOJOJA JMMFY ##

VMI@JCNCA_ ]YM ##



\`cjm kcfmn ##

Jceoh

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cg v`m em ojyoa`vy |tcf}imf.fowofmf ojvc2

## |tcimyy ojyoa`vy

## }ymt ojyoa`vy

V`mym ojyoa`vy qmtm v`mojy|othvocj gct v`m icjim|v woyocjv`hv gcnncqy. |tcwofoja h fotmivnoje dmvqmmj v`m ‐}jfmtyvhjf‟ hjf‐itmhvm‟ |`hymy cg v`m |tcbmiv*

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## v`m icc| khjhamt

## v`m gomnf qctemt

## v`m |tcgmyyct

## v`m fotmivct

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FMWMNC\OJA TMYMHTI@

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V`mym ojin}fm ghim+vc+ghim hjffoyvhjim vthojoja c|vocjy qov`whtoc}y nmwmny cg ojvmthivocj qov`v`m OVI+ONC ovymng*

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V`oy |tcimyy kh| qhy v`mjhjhnymf hjf „|hoj |cojvy‛ qmtmofmjvogomf. vc dm ok|tcwmf }|cjf}toja v`m fmyoaj |`hym. hy qmnnhy ofmhy hjf c||ctv}jovomy vcojvmathvm kcdonm vmi`jcnca ojvcv`m |tcimyy vc hff whn}m vc v`m}ymt mp|mtomjim*

\TCIMYY KH\ ## OJYOA@VY ##\MTYCJHY ##



## Anctoh qctey gct hj JAC hjf oydhymf oj h t}thn ymvvoja

## @mt bcd oy |tckcvm v`m whn}mycg icc|mthvowmy cj v`m gomnf hjfvc |tcwofm gotyv `hjf vthojojahjf vmi`joihn hyyoyvhjim vcicc|mthvowmy#ghtkmty‟ atc}|y

## Y`m `hy h gnmpodnm qcteojayi`mf}nm fm|mjfoja cj jmmfy cgatc}|y

## Y`m vthwmny h ncv qovòj v`mfoyvtoiv. y|mjfoja =<- cg `mt vokmc}v cg v`m cggoim. qov` mhi` vto|nhyvoja gtck cjm fh vc h qmme

## Anctoh `hy h gmhv}tm |`cjm v`hvy`m khojn }ymy gct wcoim ihnnojahjf YKY

## Y`m `hy v`m ojvmtjmv oj `mtcggoim d}v cgvmj mp|mtomjimyicjjmivowov |tcdnmky

## Q`mj y`m oy cj v`m gomnf. y`mhiimyymy `mt mkhon cj `mt kcdonm|`cjm hjf }ymy ojvmtjmv ihgmy

## F}m vc `mt ottma}nht qcteojayi`mf}nm. Anctoh gojfy ov foggoi}nvvc hnncihvm vokm oj v`m cggoim gct hgopmf m+nmhtjoja ic}tym

## Kcdonm nmhtjoja qc}nf dm òa`n}ymg}n gct `mt vc vthoj cj v`m ac

## Vòy ic}nf dm ickdojmf qov`m+nmhtjoja hy y`m oy hdnm vcicjjmiv vc ojvmtjmv hv nmhyv cjim|mt qmme vc }|nchf khvmtohny

## H gnmpodnm |him cg vthojoja qc}nfdm fmyothdnm. `cqmwmt kcdonmnmhtjoja qc}nf `mn| `mt vc gcnncqh gopmf vthojoja yi`mf}nm oj nojmqov` cv`mt |htvoio|hjvy

## Y`m qc}nf ncwm vc dm vthojmf ojkcdonm nmhtjoja vccny v`hv y`m ihjvc }ym vc |tcwofm cjacoja vthojojavc v`m icc| kmkdmty y`m qcteyqctv` oj dmvqmmj `mt gomnf woyovy

BCD \TCGONM ## VMI@JCNCA_ ]YM ## VTHOJOJA JMMFY ##

\MTYCJH 4 ## V@M GOMNF QCTEMT

Anctoh. 9=Emjh



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## Hdm qctey gct h icc|mthvowmicnnmam hjf oy dhymf oj h t}thnymvvoja

## @oy bcd oy vmhi` v`m whn}my cgicc|mthvowmy hjf v`m |tojio|nmycg icc|mthvowm khjhamkmjv vcyv}fmjvy qovòj v`m icnnmam

## @m `hy h gopmf qcteoja yi`mf}nmhjf oy }y}hnn oj òy cggoim ctvmhiòja oj v`m inhyytcck

## @m ciihyocjhnn vthwmnyvc wonnhamy vc fotmivn vthojicc|mthvowmy oj v`m gomnf }|cjtmx}myv

## Hdm `hy h gmhv}tm |`cjm v`hv`m khojn }ymy gct wcoim ihnnojahjf YKY

## Qònm cj v`m ihk|}y. `m `hy haccf icjjmivocj vc v`m ojvmtjmv.cjn ciihyocjhnn mp|mtomjiojaicjjmivowov |tcdnmky

## Q`mj vthwmnnoja `m vhemy òynh|vc| hjf kcfmk vc icjjmiv vcv`m ojvmtjmv

## H ickdojhvocj cg G4G vthojojahjf m+nmhtjoja y}ovy Hdm dmyv

## F}m vc òy tma}nht qcteojayi`mf}nm. Hdm oy hdnm vc hnncihvmvokm oj v`m cggoim gct |htvoio|hvocjoj h gcnncq+}| m+nmhtjoja ic}tym

## Gct Hdm kcdonm nmhtjoja `hyv`m kcyv |cvmjvohn gct hffmf whn}moj v`m |tcwoyocj cg kcdonm }|fhvmyq`mj `m oy c}v cg v`m cggoim hjf#ct q`mj `m oy mp|mtomjioja

icjjmivowov |tcdnmky## @m qc}nf hnyc dm ojvmtmyvmfoj vthojoja cj `cq kcdonmnmhtjoja ic}nf dm }ymf vc vmhiìcc|mthvowm khjhamkmjv|tojio|nmy. yc v`hv `m ic}nfojin}fm vòy oj òy vmhiòja hv v`micnnmam ct òy vthojoja hivowovomyqov` icc| kmkdmty oj v`m gomnf


\MTYCJH 9 ## V@M \TCGMYYCT

Hdm. =0Mvòc|oh



## B}no}y qctey gct h jhvocjhngmfmthvocj cg icc|mthvowmy hjf oydhymf oj hj }tdhj ymvvoja

## @oy bcd oy vc tm|tmymjv hjfymtwm v`m icc|mthvowm kcwmkmjvoj òy ic}jvt. kheoja y}tmv`hv v`m nhvmyv ojgctkhvocj oyfoyymkojhvmf fcqj v`tc}a` v`micc| |thkof vc tmhi` v`m icc|kmkdmty v`mkymnwmy

## @m `hy h icctfojhvoja tcnm.

icjjmivoja foggmtmjv icc|yvhem`cnfmty jhvocjhnn hjfojvmtjhvocjhnn

## @m cgvmj vthwmny qovòj v`mic}jvt hjf hdtchf. hjf oy c}v cgòy cggoim htc}jf 7<- cg v`m vokm

## B}no}y `hy h gmhv}tm |`cjm v`hv`m }ymy gct wcoim ihnnoja. YKY hjficjjmivoja vc v`m ojvmtjmv

## Oj v`m cggoim `m `hy h qotmnmyyojvmtjmv icjjmivocj

## Q`mj vthwmnnoja `m vhemyòy nh|vc| hjf kcfmk vc yvhicjjmivmf vc v`m ojvmtjmv

## B}no}y‟ achn oy vc vhem |htv ojv`m vthojoja qov` òy icnnmha}my ojv`m gmfmthvocj hjf cv`mt vmtvohtctahjoyhvocjy oj ctfmt vc v`mj tcnnov c}v oj v`mot ic}jvt vcamv`mt

## @m oy emmj vc fmwmnc| h yvthvmagct hfh|voja v`m vthojoja khvmtohnvc v`m ]ahjfhj icjvmpv hjfv`mj foyymkojhvoja v`m vthojojakhvmtohn v`tc}a`c}v v`m mjvotmicc| kcwmkmjv oj v`m ic}jvt.cwmtymmoja v`m kcwmkmjv cg v`m

ojgctkhvocj fcqj v`tc}a` v`m|thkof vc v`m dmjmgoiohtomy v`micc| kmkdmty/

## @m oy hnyc ojvmtmyvmf oj vthojojacj `cq kcdonm nmhtjoja ic}nf dm}ymf vc vmhi` icc| khjhamkmjv|tojio|nmy. vc `mn| òk vc mjy}tmv`hv v`m vthojoja khvmtohn tmhi`myv`m dhym cg v`m |thkof


\MTYCJH 6 ## V@M FOTMIVCT

B}no}y. =6]ahjfh



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I`ccym kcfm cg|htvoio|hvocj Ick|nmvm hfkoj |tcimyy

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OVI V}tojihk|}y

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ic}tym

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fmnowmtoja v`m khvmtohn vc v`cymhv ncqmt nmwmny cg v`m vthojoja|thkof*

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\TCIMYY

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JMMF GCTKCDONM NMHTJOJA

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\HTVOIO\HJVY‟

YVCTOMY

NHIE CG HY_YVMK GCTIH\V]TOJA

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JMMF GCTI]YVCKOYHVOCJCG VTHOJOJAKHVMTOHN VCY\MIOGOI ICJVMPVY

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icjvmpvy/*

JMMF GCTHJ K+NMHTJOJA

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QONNOJAJMYYVC ICJVTOD]VM

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JMMF GCT

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„jmvqcteoja. hjf nmhtjojaq`hv oy `h||mjoja cj v`m

cv`mt mjf cg v`m qctnf‛

gct hfh|voja hjf y`htoja v`mkhvmtohn*

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vc ghionovhvm yciohnoyoja hv h ncihnnmwmn hjf#ct hv h foyvhjim*

JMMF GCT

JMVQCTEOJAC\\CTV]JOVOMY

\TCGMYYOCJHN

„c||ctv}jov gct }y vc y`htmc}t mp|mtomjim hkcjaHgtoihj ojyvov}vocjy ojicc|mthvowm ymivcty‛

„ojvmthivocj qov` |mc|nm ojfoggmtmjv ctahjoyhvocjy oy h

wmt ok|ctvhjv |htv cg ov‛



864



Dhymf cj hnn cg v`m tmymhti` icjf}ivmf v`tc}a`c}v v`m |tcbmiv. v`micjim|v woyocj oy vc vthjyimjf v`m foggmtmjv nmwmny cg v`m k*icc| vthojoja

|thkof5 vc itmhvm c||ctv}jovomy gct ickk}joihvocj hjf ojvmthivocjdmvqmmj icc|mthvowm yvhem`cnfmty hv hnn nmwmny. dcv` gtck v`m vc| vc v`mdcvvck hjf gtck v`m dcvvck vc v`m vc|*

Hjf jcv cjn vc itmhvm icjjmivocjy dmvqmmj icc|mthvowm yvhem`cnfmty qov`h ic}jvt. d}v hnyc hv hj ojvmtjhvocjhn nmwmn. q`mtm icc|mthvowm khjhamtyvthojmty hjf tm|tmymjvhvowmy ihj y`htm v`mot wcoim hjf `mht q`hv v`mcv`mt yofm cg v`m qctnf `hy vc yh gct v`m gotyv vokm*

Vc hiòmwm vòy woyocj. vqc icjim|vy `hwm dmmj fmwmnc|mf oj ctfmt vc kmmvv`m jmmfy mp|tmyymf d v`m }ymty v`mkymnwmy f}toja v`mot ojvmtwomqy*

V`m khoj icjim|v oy gct h kcdonm nmhtjoja vccneov v`hv

ihj dm }ymf cj h vc|+fcqj dhyoy qònm hv v`m yhkm vokmyvok}nhvoja c||ctv}jovomy gct dcvvck+}| ojjcwhvocj*

Vòy icjim|v ickmy gtck v`m fmyotm mp|tmyymf d |cvmjvohn k*icc||htvoio|hjvy vc jcv cjn mp|mtomjim kcdonm nmhtjoja f}toja v`m vthojoja|tcathkkm. d}v vc }jfmtyvhjf `cq v`m ihj v`mkymnwmy }ym vòy icjim|vvc tmhi` v`mot cqj vthojmmy hv v`m dhym cg v`m |thkof*

H ymicjfht icjim|v oy gct h ancdhn k*icc| ickk}jov v`hv}ymty ihj icjjmiv qov` woh cjnojm hjf cggnojm i`hjjmny. ojctfmt vc itmhvm hj ojin}yowm yyvmk gct |htvoio|hjvy hv hnnnmwmny cg v`m k*icc| vthojoja |thkof*

Hahoj vòy icjim|v qhy dctj gtck v`m }ymt tmymhti`. qòi` tmwmhnmf v`m}jmp|mivmf mv }jhjokc}y fmyotm gtck |htvoio|hjvy vc icjjmiv hjf y`htmmp|mtomjimy qov` cv`mt icc|mthvowm yvhem`cnfmty htc}jf v`m qctnf*

ICJIM\V

WOYOCJ



866

K+NMHTJOJA VCCNEOV



Hy ymmj gtck v`m }ymt tmymhti`.|cvmjvohn k*icc| |htvoio|hjvy htm

ncceoja jcv cjn gct hj ojvmthivowmnmhtjoja mp|mtomjim v`mkymnwmyd}v hnyc jmq kmv`cfy v`hv v`mihj oj v}tj }ym oj v`mot cqjvthojoja hivowovomy*

Vòy hnyc tmgnmivy v`m vthojojayvthvma cg v`m OVI+ONC5 vcmk|cqmt vthojmty qov` ojjcwhvowmvthojoja kmv`cfy yc v`hv v`m ihjmggmivowmn k}nvo|nm v`m vthojojamggmiv gcnncqoja v`mot OVI+ONCvthojoja mp|mtomjim*

V`mtmgctm v`m |tc|cymficjim|v oy h kcdonmnmhtjoja vccneov. qòi` ihjdm }ymf oj v`m fmnowmt cgv`m k*icc| vthojoja hjfv`hv |htvoio|hjvy ihj vhemhqh qov` v`mk vc nhvmt }ymoj v`m fmnowmt cg v`mot cqjvthojoja*

V`m vccneov icjvhojy 9 |htvy2

## Cwmtwomq cg kcdonm nmhtjojaOj v`m gotyv ymivocj cg v`m vccneovhj ojvtcf}ivocj vc kcdonm nmhtjojaoy aowmj. mp|nhojoja q`hv vòyicjim|v kmhjy hjf `cq ov ihj dm}ymf oj fmwmnc|oja icjvmpvy*

## Kcdonm nmhtjoja kmv`cfy

V`m ymicjf ymivocj cg v`m vccneov|tmymjvy h ymtomy cg kcdonmnmhtjoja kmv`cfy* H amjmthncwmtwomq cg mhi` kmv`cf oy aowmj.

|n}y h yvm|+d+yvm| a}ofm vcok|nmkmjvoja v`m kmv`cf. hjf hy}aamyvocj cg `cq v`m kmv`cf ihjdm }ymf y|miogoihnn oj v`m fmnowmtcg v`m k*icc| vthojoja*

## Kcdonm nmhtjoja vccny

V`m gojhn ymivocj cg v`m vccneovicjvhojy h ymnmivocj cg |thivoihnvccny v`hv ihj dm }ymf vc ghionovhvmv`m kcdonm nmhtjoja kmv`cfy*

V`m vccneov cggmty k*icc||htvoio|hjvy v`m i`hjim vc

mp|mtomjim v`m dmjmgovy cg kcdonmnmhtjoja v`mkymnwmy qònm hnycmk|cqmtoja v`mk vc }ym kcdonmnmhtjoja kmv`cfy vc tmhi` v`motcqj vthojmmy. v`}y k}nvo|nojav`m ok|hiv v`tc}a`c}v v`m mjvotmk*icc| vthojoja |thkof*

Kctmcwmt. v`m kcdonm nmhtjojavccneov `hy dmmj itmhvmf ojy}i` h qh v`hv ov ihj dm mhyoni}yvckoymf hjf }ymf oj v`mfmnowmt cg hnn OVI+ONC ic}tymy. jc

cjn qovòj v`m k*icc| vthojoja|tcathkkm*

Gojhnn. v`m vccneov oy ojvmjfmfhy hj c|mj yc}tim tmyc}tim v`hvihj dm }ymf oj v`m fmnowmt cg hnneojfy cg vthojoja oj hj fmwmnc|ojaicjvmpv. v`}y mpvmjfoja ovy|cvmjvohn whn}m mwmj dmcjf v`mOVI+ONC* Ov `hy dmmj fmyoajmf vcdm hy ojin}yowm hy |cyyodnm. qov`kcyv cg v`m kmv`cfy tmx}otojacjn ncq mjf fmwoimy dhyoi kcdonm|`cjmy qov` wcoim ihnnoja hjf YKYih|hdonov/* Oj vòy qh v`m vccneovihj dm }ymf vc fmnowmt ojvmthivowmfoyvhjim nmhtjoja mp|mtomjimy vc|htvoio|hjvy mwmj hv v`m Dhym cgv`m \thkof Dc\/*

VCCNEOVK+NMHTJOJA

ICJIM\V##

\TC\CYHN ## ICJVMJVY ## WHN]M ##



867



Oj ctfmt vc ymnmiv v`m gojhnkmv`cfy gct ojin}yocj oj v`m

vccneov. ofmhy qmtm mwhn}hvmfhiictfoja vc v`mot gmhyodonov. icyvhjf v`m nmwmn cg whn}m v`hv v`mic}nf cggmt vc |htvoio|hjvy*

Hy v`m vccneov oy ojvmjfmf gct}ym oj fmwmnc|oja icjvmpvy. v`mkmv`cfy qmtm hokmf vc dm hyojin}yowm hy |cyyodnm*

V`mtmgctm oj v`m mjf v`m ymnmivocjcg kmv`cfy qhy khojn dhymf cjv`cym qòi` ihj dm tm|noihvmf

d vthojmty hv mwmt nmwmn cg v`m|thkof toa`v vc v`cym hv v`m Dc\*

8= kmv`cfy qmtm v`mtmgctmymnmivmf. gct qòi` jc i}yvckh||noihvocjy `hwm vc dm itmhvmf*Mwmtvòja ihj dm tmhnoymf qov`mpoyvoja vccny hjf hv h wmt ncqicyv* Kcyv cg v`m kmv`cfy ihjdm }ymf qov` }ymty cg ncq mjffmwoimy dhyoi kcdonm |`cjmkcfmny qov` wcoim ihnnoja hjfYKY ih|hdonov/ hjf oj yckm ihymy

gmhv}tm |`cjmy kof+nmwmn kcdonm|`cjm kcfmny qov` gmhv}tmy y}i`hy hj oj+d}onv ihkmth. dn}mvccv`hjf hj k|9 |nhmt/*

Gcnncqoja v`m ofmh ymnmivocj. v`mi`cymj 8= kmv`cfy qmtm v`mjfmwmnc|mf oj fmvhon gct ojin}yocj ojv`m gojhn vccneov*

Oj ctfmt vc amjmthvm ofmhy gctkcdonm nmhtjoja kmv`cfy. h

j}kdmt cg h||tchi`my qmtmvhemj. ojin}foja2

## Hjhnyoy cg v`m k*icc|vthojoja kcf}nmy

V`m 6 k*icc| kcf}nmy qmtmhjhnymf. hyeoja gct mwmti`h|vmt. „@cq ic}nf kcdonmnmhtjoja hff whn}m vc |htvoio|hjvy‟}jfmtyvhjfoja cg vòy icjim|v3‛

## Vthjygmtmjim cg ojjcwhvowmghim+vc+ghim vthojoja kmv`cfy

V`m OVI+ONC‟y fhvhdhym cgghim+vc+ghim kmv`cfy qhyicjy}nvmf hjf gct mhi` kmv`cfov qhy icjyofmtmf. „@cq ic}nfv`m myymjim cg v`m kmv`cf dmtmitmhvmf oj v`m icjvmpv cg kcdonmnmhtjoja3‛

## Hwhonhdnm vmi`jcncaomy

Gojhnn. ofmhy qmtm dctj gtckhjhnyoja v`m vmi`jcncahwhonhdnm. gct mphk|nm hyeojav`m x}myvocj. „Q`hv htm hnn v`m|cyyodonovomy cg h yok|nm YKY3‛

Hnn cg v`m tmy}nvoja ofmhy qmtmv`mj kh||mf hjf mwhn}hvmfdmgctm v`m gojhn ymnmivocj qhykhfm gct ojin}yocj oj v`m vccneov*

Oj v`m fmwmnc|kmjv cg v`m kcdonmnmhtjoja vccneov. h em i`hnnmjam

qhy vc itmhvm whn}m v`tc}a`kcdonm |`cjm vmi`jcnca* Hx}myvocj v`hv oy cgvmj hyemf ojkcdonm nmhtjoja |tcbmivy oy2

@cq ihj h whn}hdnmnmhtjoja mp|mtomjim dmitmhvmf woh v`m ykhnnyitmmj cg h kcdonm |`cjm3

Vòy x}myvocj dmickmy mwmj kctm|mtvojmjv q`mj ykhtv|`cjmy

htm nmgv c}v cg v`m mx}hvocj hjfwhn}m k}yv dm itmhvmf qovòj v`micjyvthojvy cg ncq mjf fmwoimy*

Oj tmy|cjym vc vòy i`hnnmjam.vmi`jcnca qhy nmgv hyofm gct hkckmjv hjf ojy|othvocj yc}a`vgtck cv`mt yc}timy*

Gtck vòy v`m icjim|v cgkoitcyvctvmnnoja qhy dctj. hjfov oy y`htmf `mtm qov` v`m achn cg|tcwofoja ojy|othvocj vc v`cym q`c

ac cj vc }ym v`m kcdonm nmhtjojavccneov*

OFMH AMJMTHVOCJ ##OJY\OTHVOCJ ## OFMH YMNMIVOCJ ##

KMV@CFY

K+NMHTJOJA



860



khyvmt|omimy hjf y`htoja v`mkcj Vqovvmt. vhaamf )yopqctfy*

Ojy|othvocj ihj hnyc dm gc}jf ojkoitc|cmvt. khfm ghkc}y d v`mvthfovocjhn Bh|hjmym `hoe}. qòiòj tmimjv mhty `hy ojyo|otmf

Vqovvmt |cmvt ct „vqhoe}‛ ymm)vqhoe}. )`hoe}. )koitc|cmvt.)koitc|cmk. )|cmvqmmv/*

@cqmwmt khdm v`m dmyv ejcqjkoitc|cmk cg hnn oy v`hv cgK}`hkkhf Hno* Gcnncqoja hnmiv}tm hv @htwhtf ]jowmtyovvc y|mhe vc h inhyy cg tmimjvathf}hvmy oj 8?1=. h c}ja khjy`c}vmf. „K}`hkkhf Hno. ic}nfc} |nmhym tmiovm h |cmk3‛ V`mcnf i`hk|ocj `myovhvmf h kckmjv

hjf v`mj yhof.„Km. qm‛2 v`m y`ctvmyv|cmk oj v`m òyvct cgnovmthv}tm*

Gojhnn. acoja dhie vc v`m Hgtoihjicjvmpv. v`mtm oy h yvtcja vthfovocjcg |tcwmtdy hjf yhojay v`hvmjih|y}nhvm |tcgc}jf |tojio|nmyoj h gmq qctfy* Kmvh|`cty hjfyokonmy gmhv}tm `mhwon oj v`mym|tcwmtdy. qòi` ihj dm h |cqmtg}kmfo}k cg ickk}joihvoja v`m}jfmtnoja whn}my cg icc|mthvowmyhjf mwmj cg mf}ihvocj ovymng2

„Ejcqnmfam oy noemh ahtfmj5 og ov oy jcvi}nvowhvmf. ov ihjjcv dm`htwmyvmf*‛

H tmi}ttoja v`mkm v`hv |tcwofmfk}i` ojy|othvocj f}toja v`mitmhvm |`hym qhy yvctvmnnoja*

Yvctvmnnoja oy yckmvòja v`hvoy dmoja vhnemf hdc}v h ncv ojv`m fmyoaj qctnf nhvmn5 vc v`m

mpvmjv v`hv ov oy oj fhjamt cgdmickoja h amjmtoi d}rrqctf*D}v v`m icjim|v cg yvctvmnnojaoy jcv amjmtoi. ov ihj `hwm khjfoggmtmjv kmhjojay hjf |}t|cymyfm|mjfoja cj v`m icjvmpv*

Oj v`m tmhnk cg nmhtjoja.yvctvmnnoja icjvmpv}hnoymyv`mct. `mn|oja }y vc }jfmtyvhjf|tojio|nmy hjf y}dymx}mjvn |}vv`mk ojvc |thivoim* Vòy mnmkmjvcg icjvmpv}hnoyhvocj oy |htvoi}nhtn

|mtvojmjv oj v`m icjvmpv cg v`mk*icc| |tcbmiv hy v`mtm oy hjmnmkmjv cg yvhjfhtfoyhvocj oj v`mqtovvmj vthojoja khvmtohn. qòiòy ojvmjfmf gct mwmjv}hn }ym ojHgtoih. Hyoh hjf Nhvoj Hkmtoih.hitcyy hnn v`m foggmtmjv eojfy cghatoi}nv}thn icc|mthvowmy*

V`m }ym cg kcdonm |`cjmy f}tojav`m vthojoja cggmty v`m |cyyodonovgct vhonctmf ojvmthivocj qov` mhi`hjf mwmt k*icc| |htvoio|hjv.

hjf oj v`m icjvmpv cg yvctvmnnoja.ic}nf kmhj v`m fmnowmt cg yvctomyv`hv `mn| gthkm v`m khvmtohnqovòj mhi` ojfowof}hn‟y icjvmpv*

Yvctvmnnoja oy hnyc h wmtok|ctvhjv icjim|v oj v`m Hgtoihjicjvmpv* Oj Hgtoih yvctomy htm hjok|ctvhjv |htv cg v`m i}nv}tm. hjf`hwm h yvtcja ojgn}mjim oj v`m

ojyvonnkmjv cg whn}my hjf dmnomgy*

Hyofm gtck icjvmpv}hnoyhvocj hjfwhn}m ojyvonnkmjv. |mt`h|y v`mkcyv ok|ctvhjv ghivct cg hnn oy v`hvhy `}khj dmojay qm htm fthqjvc yvctomy. qm mjbc v`mk. hjf

gct vòy tmhycj v`m ih|v}tm c}thvvmjvocj hjf okhaojhvocj*

D}v `cq ihj yvctvmnnoja`hwm whn}m woh v`m kmfo}kcg kcdonm |`cjmy3 Oj|htvoi}nht. }yoja v`m kcyvncq mjf vmi`jcncaomy cgwcoim ihnnoja hjf YKY3

V`mym x}myvocjy nmf km vc v`micjim|v cg koitcyvctvmnnoja*

Thv`mt v`hj h icjim|v dctj gtckv`m i`hthivmt icjvthojvy cg Vqovvmtct YKY. vòy oy dhymf cj v`myok|nm jcvocj v`hv c} ihj yh hncv qov` h gmq qctfy*

V`m gctmdmht oy hyy}kmf vc dmMtjmyv @mkojaqh q`c cjimqtcvm h kojohv}tm khyvmt|omim2

„Gct yhnm2 dhd y`cmy.jmwmt qctj*‛

Vòy ojy|otmf v`m yop+qctfkcwmkmjv* Dhie oj 4<<7. Ykov`Khahrojm d}onv h dmyvymnnojayop+qctf kmkcot ymtomy c}v cgtmhfmt‟y y}dkoyyocjy* V`hv yhkmmht. Qotmf Khahrojm |}dnoy`mfyop+qctf yiomjim goivocj yvctomy*Jcq |mc|nm hnn cwmt v`m qctnfhtm itmhvoja v`mot cqj kojohv}tm

KOITCYVCT_VMNNOJAOJY\OTHVOCJ ##

K+NMHTJOJA KMV@CFY



8=<

K+NMHTJOJA KMV@CFYOFMH AMJMTHVOCJ ##

icjvtod}vm ofmhy tmimowmfd v`m q`cnm atc}|/ d yky

Nmhtjoja jmmfy hyymyykmjv

Y`ctv y}twm vc myvhdnoy`q`hv |htvoio|hjvy hntmhfejcq hjf vc hye hdc}v v`motmp|mivhvocjy cg v`m ic}tym

Kcdonm qctnf ihgï

\htvoio|hjvy htm hyemf vcy}dkov h „`cv vc|oi‛ v`mqc}nf noem vc fmdhvm hjfv`m vthojmt ymnmivy v`m dmy

y}aamyvocjy vc }ym hy v`mfoyi}yyocj vc|oiy cg h qctihgï mwmjv f}toja v`m G4Gvthojoja ymyyocj

Kcdonm yyvmk kh||oja

\htvoio|hjvy hyemf vcofmjvog ' vhem |`cvcy cg vhivcty oj v`m yyvmk ojq`oi` v`m qcte* F}toja vG4G ymyyocj v`m qonn itmhh yyvmk kh| gtck v`mymhivcty d hffoja v`micjjmivocjy dmvqmmj v`mk

DMGCTM G4G DMGCTM#F]TOJA G4G

Kcdonm dthojyvctkoja

H fh cg foyvtod}vmf

dthojyvctkoja cj h aowmjvc|oi d yky. qov` v`m vc|oiymjv vc |htvoio|hjvy oj v`mkctjoja hjf mwmtcjm`hwoja v`m i`hjim vc

Ymmfy cg ojy|othvocj

X}cvhvocjy. |tcwmtdy hjfvtowoh gtck htc}jf v`mqctnf v`hv ih|v}tm v`mmyymjim cg v`m vthojoja vc

ojy|otm v`m |htvoio|hjvy

H}foc fmioyocj khrm

H}foc yvctomy oj hj„mf}vhojkmjv‛ yvnm v`hv|htvoio|hjvy ihj ihnn vcnoyvmj vc. kheoja fmioyocjyhv em |cojvy oj v`m yvct dymnmivoja h j}kdmt/ vcitmhvm v`mot cqj |hv` hjfgojhn c}vickm

YKY ̀ mn|fmye

C||ctv}jov gct |htvoio|hjvyvc ymjf x}myvocjy vcvthojmty hjf tmimowmhjyqmty d yky

Kcdonm tm|ctvmt

\`cvc yvctvmnnoja

\htvoio|hjvy hyemf vc vhem h

ymx}mjim cg |`cvcy cj v`mgomnf v`hv vmnn h yvct. gct}ym oj h yvctvmnnojampmtioym f}toja v`m G4Gvthojoja ymyyocj

Kcdonm boayhq

Kcdonm boayhq vhye q`mtm|htvoio|hjvy `hwm vctmymhti` h aowmj vc|oi ymjvd yky oj hfwhjim cg h G4G

vthojoja ymyyocj/ ' |tmymjvov vc v`m cv`mty cj v`m gotyvfh cg v`m G4G ymyyocj vcitmhvm h ick|nmvm „boayhq‛

Kcdonm YQCV hjhnyoy

Mhi` |htvoio|hjv oy hyemf vcymjf h yvtmjav`. qmhejmyy.c||ctv}jov hjf v`tmhv gct haowmj vc|oi d yky* V`my}aamyvocjy htm v`mj |}vvcamv`mt d v`m vthojmt vckhem h g}nn YQCV hjhnyoygct foyi}yyocj d v`m atc}|

\htvoio|hjvy hyemf vc ihttc}v h vhye cj v`m gomnf ojq`oi` v`m dmickm h„tm|ctvmt‛ ojwmyvoahvoja haowmj oyy}m. ihttoja c}vojvmtwomqy cj v`m gomnf hjffci}kmjvoja v`mot tmy}nvyqov` |`cvcy. h}foc ' wofmc



icjvtod}vm ofmhy tmimowmfd v`m q`cnm atc}|/ d yky

YKY qctf inc}f

Hv v`m mjf cg mhi` fh.|htvoio|hjvy htm hyemf vctmgnmiv cj v`m kccf cg v`mfh hjf ymjf cjm qctf d

yky v`hv ih|v}tmy v`oy* V`mvthojmt itmhvmy h qctfinc}f gtck v`mym vc |tmymjvvc v`m atc}| v`m jmpv fh

Nowm yky |cnn

Oj ctfmt vc y`htm c|ojocjyhjf yvok}nhvm c|mjfoyi}yyocjy. x}myvocjy htm|cymf vc v`m atc}| hjf|htvoio|hjvy hyemf vctmy|cjf d yky. qov`tmy}nvy y`htmf nowm d v`mvthojmt

F]TOJA G4G HGVMT G4G

H}foc yvctkh||oja

\htvoio|hjvy‟ yvctomy htmtmictfmf f}toja v`m G4Gymyyocj. vc dm y`htmf cjnojmwoh hj ojvmthivowm kh| v`hvihj dm y`htmf hjf hffmfvc/ oj g}v}tm amjmthvocjy cgv`m vthojoja

Kcdonm dthojyvctkoja

H fh cg foyvtod}vmf

dthojyvctkoja cj h aowmjvc|oi d yky. qov` v`m vc|oiymjv vc |htvoio|hjvy oj v`mkctjoja hjf mwmtcjm`hwoja v`m i`hjim vc




H}foc fmioyocj khrm

H}foc yvctomy oj hj„mf}vhojkmjv‛ yvnm v`hv|htvoio|hjvy ihj ihnn vcnoyvmj vc. kheoja fmioyocjyhv em |cojvy oj v`m yvct dymnmivoja h j}kdmt/ vcitmhvm v`mot cqj |hv` hjfgojhn c}vickm

YKY ̀ mn|fmye


Tmgtmy`mt kmyyhamy

Yky kmyyhamy tmkojfoja|htvoio|hjvy cg ictmmnmkmjvy cg v`m vthojoja ojdovm+yormf i`}jey. vc

tmgtmy` v`mot kmkct 'tmkmkdmt v`mot vthojojamp|mtomjim

Yky ymhti` mjaojm

Fhvhdhym cg vthojojakhvmtohn dtcemj fcqj ojvcdovm+yormf i`}jey. v`hv|htvoio|hjvy ihj ymhti` wohyky vc h}vckhvoihnntmimowm „i`}jey‛ v`hvkhvi` v`mot ymhti` itovmtoh

Kcdonm |c| x}or

Yky x}or hyeoja|htvoio|hjvy x}myvocjyhdc}v v`m vthojoja khvmtohnvc vmyv v`mot }jfmtyvhjfojacg ct vc vmyv og v`mtmkmkdmt/ em icjim|vy.qov` athfmy#gmmfdhiecggmtmf hgvmtqhtfy

\`cvc yvctvmnnoja



Jmqygnhy`

Yky kmyyhamy qov`tmnmwmjv jmqy }|fhvmy m*a*jmq nmaoynhvocj. mwmjvy. mvi/hjf ojwovoja |htvoio|hjvy vc

ojvmthiv d hyeoja „Q`hv fcc} v`oje3‛. „Qonn c}hvvmjf3‛. mvi hjf y`htojagmmfdhie qov` v`m atc}|

\tcgihyvy

Tmictfmf |cfihyvy oj hj„mf}vhojkmjv‛ yvnm v`hv|htvoio|hjvy ihj noyvmj vc wohv`m k|9 |nhmt cj v`motkcdonm |`cjm

\htvoio|hjvy‟ yvctomy htmtmictfmf f}toja v`m G4Gymyyocj. vc dm y`htmf cjnojmwoh hj ojvmthivowm kh| v`hvihj dm y`htmf hjf hffmfvc/ oj g}v}tm amjmthvocjy cgv`m vthojoja

H}foc yvctkh||oja



8=4

OFMH YMNMIVOCJ ##

Nmhtjoja jmmfy hyymyykmjv

Y`ctv y}twm vc myvhdnoy`q`hv |htvoio|hjvy hntmhfejcq hjf vc hye hdc}v v`motmp|mivhvocjy cg v`m ic}tym

Kcdonm qctnf ihgï

\htvoio|hjvy htm hyemf vcy}dkov h „`cv vc|oi‛ v`mqc}nf noem vc fmdhvm hjfv`m vthojmt ymnmivy v`m dmy

y}aamyvocjy vc }ym hy v`mfoyi}yyocj vc|oiy cg h qctihgï mwmjv f}toja v`m G4Gvthojoja ymyyocj

Kcdonm yyvmk kh||oja

\htvoio|hjvy hyemf vcofmjvog ' vhem |`cvcy cg vhivcty oj v`m yyvmk ojq`oi` v`m qcte* F}toja vG4G ymyyocj v`m qonn itmhh yyvmk kh| gtck v`mymhivcty d hffoja v`micjjmivocjy dmvqmmj v`mk

DMGCTM G4G DMGCTM#F]TOJA G4G




YKY ̀ mn|fmye


Kcdonm tm|ctvmt

\`cvc yvctvmnnoja



Kcdonm boayhq

Kcdonm boayhq vhye q`mtm|htvoio|hjvy `hwm vctmymhti` h aowmj vc|oi ymjvd yky oj hfwhjim cg h G4G

vthojoja ymyyocj/ ' |tmymjvov vc v`m cv`mty cj v`m gotyvfh cg v`m G4G ymyyocj vcitmhvm h ick|nmvm „boayhq‛

Kcdonm YQCV hjhnyoy

Mhi` |htvoio|hjv oy hyemf vcymjf h yvtmjav`. qmhejmyy.c||ctv}jov hjf v`tmhv gct haowmj vc|oi d yky* V`my}aamyvocjy htm v`mj |}vvcamv`mt d v`m vthojmt vckhem h g}nn YQCV hjhnyoygct foyi}yyocj d v`m atc}|

\htvoio|hjvy hyemf vc ihttc}v h vhye cj v`m gomnf ojq`oi` v`m dmickm h„tm|ctvmt‛ ojwmyvoahvoja haowmj oyy}m. ihttoja c}vojvmtwomqy cj v`m gomnf hjffci}kmjvoja v`mot tmy}nvyqov` |`cvcy. h}foc ' wofmc

K+NMHTJOJA KMV@CFY



YKY qctf inc}f

Hv v`m mjf cg mhi` fh.|htvoio|hjvy htm hyemf vctmgnmiv cj v`m kccf cg v`mfh hjf ymjf cjm qctf d

yky v`hv ih|v}tmy v`oy* V`mvthojmt itmhvmy h qctfinc}f gtck v`mym vc |tmymjvvc v`m atc}| v`m jmpv fh

Nowm yky |cnn

Oj ctfmt vc y`htm c|ojocjyhjf yvok}nhvm c|mjfoyi}yyocjy. x}myvocjy htm|cymf vc v`m atc}| hjf|htvoio|hjvy hyemf vctmy|cjf d yky. qov`tmy}nvy y`htmf nowm d v`mvthojmt

F]TOJA G4G HGVMT G4G




YKY ̀ mn|fmye


Tmgtmy`mt kmyyhamy

Yky kmyyhamy tmkojfoja|htvoio|hjvy cg ictmmnmkmjvy cg v`m vthojoja ojdovm+yormf i`}jey. vc

tmgtmy` v`mot kmkct 'tmkmkdmt v`mot vthojojamp|mtomjim

Kcdonm |c| x}or

Yky x}or hyeoja|htvoio|hjvy x}myvocjyhdc}v v`m vthojoja khvmtohnvc vmyv v`mot }jfmtyvhjfojacg ct vc vmyv og v`mtmkmkdmt/ em icjim|vy.qov` athfmy#gmmfdhiecggmtmf hgvmtqhtfy

\`cvc yvctvmnnoja



Jmqygnhy`

Yky kmyyhamy qov`tmnmwmjv jmqy }|fhvmy m*a*jmq nmaoynhvocj. mwmjvy. mvi/hjf ojwovoja |htvoio|hjvy vc

ojvmthiv d hyeoja „Q`hv fcc} v`oje3‛. „Qonn c}hvvmjf3‛. mvi hjf y`htojagmmfdhie qov` v`m atc}|

\tcgihyvy

Tmictfmf |cfihyvy oj hj„mf}vhojkmjv‛ yvnm v`hv|htvoio|hjvy ihj noyvmj vc wohv`m k|9 |nhmt cj v`motkcdonm |`cjm



8=6



8=7

K+NMHTJOJA VCCNYVCCN YMNMIVOCJ ##

H}fhiov oy gtmm. c|mj yc}tim ycgvqhtm gct tmictfoja hjf mfovoja yc}jfy*Ov oy mhy vc }ym hjf ihj dm }ymf vc tmictf nowm h}foc5 icjwmtv vh|myhjf tmictfy ojvc foaovhn tmictfojay ct IFy5 mfov yc}jf gonmy5 hjf i}v.ic|. y|noim ct kop yc}jfy vcamv`mt* V`mtmgctm ov oy h }ymg}n hjf mhyonhiimyyodnm vccn gct vthojmty q`c qoy` vc tmictf v`mot cqj |cfihyvy hy

y}aamyvmf oj v`m „\tcgihyvy‛ kmv`cf*

H]FHIOV_ ## H]FOC TMICTFOJA ' MFOVOJA

\cnn Mwmtq`mtm aowmy v`m |cyyodonov cg icjf}ivoja nowm ojvmthivowm |cnny}yoja kcdonm |`cjmy* Ov tm|nhimy mp|mjyowm |tc|tomvht h}fomjim tmy|cjym`htfqhtm qov` yvhjfhtf qmd vmi`jcnca hjf ihj dm }ymf vc ahv`mtnowm tmy|cjymy oj hj wmj}m2 icjgmtmjimy. |tmymjvhvocjy. inhyytccky +hjq`mtm* V`m vccn oy gtmm vc }ym gct h}fomjimy cg }| vc 9< |mc|nm hjf |hof|nhjy htm hwhonhdnm gct nhtamt atc}|y* Ov qctey ojvmtjhvocjhnn qov` vmpvoja

qmd. ct Vqovvmt ojin}foja Vqovvmt YKY/* \htvoio|hjvy q`c ymjf h jctkhnYKY tmy|cjym kh `hwm vc |h gct hj ojvmtjhvocjhn YKY. q`onm Vqovvmt+tmaoyvmtmf |htvoio|hjvy ihj tmy|cjf vc v`m |cnn d ymjfoja h „vqmmv‛ hv v`micyv cg h ncihn YKY*

\CNN MWMT_Q@MTM ## NOWM \CNN Y_YVMK

GtcjvnojmYKY oy hqhtf+qojjoja gtmm. c|mj yc}tim ycgvqhtm v`hv v}tjy hnh|vc| hjf h kcdonm |`cjm ct hnvmtjhvowmn h AYK kcfmk/ ojvc h imjvthnickk}joihvocjy `}d* Cjim ojyvhnnmf. v`m |tcathk mjhdnmy }ymty vc ymjfhjf tmimowm vmpv kmyyhamy qov` atc}|y cg |mc|nm* Ov fcmy jcv tmx}otm hj

ojvmtjmv icjjmivocj. v`mtmgctm ov oy h wmt }ymg}n vccn gct }ym cj v`m gomnf.q`mtm icjjmivowov oyy}my htm ickkcjn mp|mtomjimf*

Oj ctfmt vc }ym GtcjvnojmYKY. v`m vthojmt y`c}nf hvvhi` h kcdonm |`cjmqov` h YOK ihtf ojyofm/ vc v`mot nh|vc| hjf v`m YKY kmyyhamy qonn dm ymjvgtck v`m j}kdmt cg v`m kcdonm |`cjm* Mwmt YKY ymjv qov` v`m ycgvqhtmqonn dm i`htamf hv v`m yvhjfhtf thvm cg v`m ymtwoim |tcwofmt*

Hj hffmf dmjmgov cg GtcjvnojmYKY oy v`hv ov yvctmy hnn |`cjm j}kdmty hjftmictfy hnn ojickoja hjf c}vacoja kmyyhamy* Hnn cg v`oy fhvh nowmy cj v`m}ymt‟y cqj ick|}vmt. jcv cj ymtwmty icjvtcnnmf d yckmcjm mnym*

GTCJVNOJMYKY ## YKY Y_YVMK



8=0

K+NMHTJOJA VCCNYVCCN AMJMTHVOCJ ##

Qònm GtcjvnojmYKY qhy gc}jf vc cwmtickm v`m |tcdnmk cg ymjfojakmyyhamy vc k}nvo|nm |htvoio|hjvy. yckm nokovhvocjy qmtm ofmjvogomf*Hnv`c}a` hj ojvmtjmv icjjmivocj oy jcv jmmfmf vc ymjf kmyyhamy. v`myyvmk tmx}otmy h nh|vc|. qòi` oy nmyy „kcdonm‛ v`hj h |`cjm* Ov hnyc ghony

vc cwmtickm v`m oyy}m cg icyv. hy mwmt YKY ymjv oy i`htamf hv ncihn thvm*V`mtmgctm hj hnvmtjhvowm qhy yc}a`v hjf v`m ofmh amjmthvmf vc }ymVqovvmt hy h ncq+icyv YKY ojgthyvt}iv}tm* Vòy ycn}vocj khemy }ym cg v`mmpoyvoja gmhv}tmy cg Vqovvmt vc ghionovhvm ojvmthivocj dmvqmmj h vthojmt hjf|htvoio|hjvy v`}y. kcdonm nmhtjoja/ oj fmwmnc|oja icjvmpvy*

Vqovvmt oy h gtmm yciohn jmvqcteoja hjf koitcdncaaoja ymtwoim v`hv mjhdnmyovy }ymty vc ymjf hjf tmimowm kmyyhamy cg }| vc 86< i`hthivmty ihnnmf„vqmmvy‛* Vòy ymtwoim ihj dm hiimyymf woh v`m ojvmtjmv ct YKY* V`m|mc|nm q`c y}dyitodm vc h }ymt‟y vqmmvy htm ihnnmf v`mot „gcnncqmty‛. hjfv`m }ymt ihj hnyc „gcnncq‛ cv`mty vc tmimowm v`mot kmyyhamy*

Vqovvmt i}ttmjvn `hy h||tcpokhvmn 4<< konnocj }ymty htc}jf v`m qctnf.

hnv`c}a` ov oy jcv i}ttmjvn }ymf vc h qofm mpvmjv oj fmwmnc|oja icjvmpvy*@cqmwmt. hy ov oy |cyyodnm vc hiimyy v`m ymtwoim }yoja YKY hncjm. ov `hyv`m |cvmjvohn vc |tcwofm h j}kdmt cg dmjmgovy vc kcdonm |`cjm y}dyitodmtymwmj hv v`m Dc\*

H em gmhv}tm cg Vqovvmt oy v`hv og ]ymt H „gcnncqy‛ ]ymt D. v`m ihjy}dyitodm vc tmimowm hnn cg v`mot vqmmvy d YKY. qòi` oy ick|nmvmn gtmm*Vòy gmhv}tm ihj dm }ymf oj v`m icjvmpv cg kcdonm nmhtjoja. oj ctfmt vcymv }| h ncq+icyv YKY yyvmk v`hv ghionovhvmy vqc+qh ickk}joihvocjdmvqmmj h vthojmt hjf nmhtjmty*

Oj ctfmt vc ymv }| vòy yyvmk vthojmty jmmf vc gotyvn itmhvm hj hiic}jv cjVqovvmt. qòi` v`m ihj fc gct gtmm cjnojm og v`m `hwm ojvmtjmv hiimyy. ctd YKY ov vhemy 9+= kmyyhamy vc ymv }| hj hiic}jv/* V`mj v`m jmmf vchye v`mot |htvoio|hjvy vc hnyc tmaoyvmt qov` v`m ymtwoim kcyv noemn d YKYhjf vc gcnncq v`mk |cyyodnm d vmpvoja v`m qctf GCNNCQ % v`m vthojmt‟y}ymtjhkm/* Jcq v`m vthojmt ihj vqmmv mov`mt d YKY ct d hiimyyoja v`mVqovvmt qmdyovm cj v`mot nh|vc| ct kcdonm |`cjm/ hjf hnn cg v`m |htvoio|hjvyqonn tmimowm v`mot kmyyham hy hj YKY kmyyham mhi` vokm v`m fc yc. v`}yv`m htm myymjvohnn ymjfoja YKY kmyyhamy oj d}ne*

Oj hffovocj. v`m vthojmt ihj gcnncq hnn cg v`m |htvoio|hjvy oj ctfmt vc aowmv`mk v`m |cyyodonov vc tm|n vc v`mot vqmmvy d YKY* V`mtmgctm h vqc+qhyyvmk cg ickk}joihvocj oy itmhvmf hv h wmt ncq icyv*

VQOVVMT HY HJ YKY Y_YVMK ##



87<

VQOVVMT

DMJMGOVYNCQ ICYVYCN]VOCJCjim v`m Vqovvmt yyvmk oy oj|nhim. qov` cjm vqmmv v`m vthojmtihj tmhi` khj |htvoio|hjvy dYKY*

Gct mphk|nm h vthojmtqov` 4< |htvoio|hjvy ihjmyymjvohnn |h gct cjm YKYhjf 4< |mc|nm qonn tmimowmov* V`mtmgctm v`m vthojmtcjn |hy gct mhi` YKYkmyyham v`m ymjf. jcvv`m j}kdmt cg vokmy ov oytmimowmf*

Vc |}v vòy ojvc |mty|mivowm.ymjfoja b}yv cjm kmyyhamqov` GtcjvnojmYKY vc 4<|mc|nm icyvy v`m |toim cg 4<YKY kmyyhamy*

V`m icyv yhwoja oy mp|cjmjvohn.gct mphk|nm og v`m yhkm vthojmtymjfy 4< YKY kmyyhamy vc v`mot4< |htvoio|hjvy cwmt v`m ic}tymcg v`mot vthojoja. v`m |h gctcjn 4< YKY kmyyhamy qònm 6<<kmyyhamy htm hiv}hnn tmimowmf*Qov` GtcjvnojmYKY cj v`m cv`mt`hjf. v`m vthojmt qc}nf `hwm

vc |h gct hnn cg v`m 6<< YKYkmyyhamy fmnowmtmf*

V`m yyvmk dmickmy mwmji`mh|mt og v`m vthojmt ymjfy v`motvqmmvy cjnojm woh v`m Vqovvmtqmdyovm thv`mt v`hj d YKY* Ojvòy ihym ov oy ick|nmvmn gtmm gctv`m vthojmt vc ymjf hy khj YKYkmyyhamy hy v`m qhjv vc v`motgcnncqmty. |hoja cjn v`m icyv vcicjjmiv vc v`m ojvmtjmv*

V`mtmgctm hj vthojmtq`c oy hdnm vc hiimyy v`mojvmtjmv ihj ymjf }jnokovmfYKY kmyyhamy vc v`mot|htvoio|hjvy gct gtmm oj v`mgctk cg vqmmvy*

TMX]OTMYCJN_ H KCDONM

\@CJM

KMYYHAMYYVCTMF OJ CJM\NHIM V@HV IHJ

HIIMYYMFHV H NHVMT FHVM

Dcv` v`m vthojmt hjf v`m|htvoio|hjvy jmmf cjn hkcdonm |`cjm qov` YKYih|hdonov oj ctfmt vc ymv }|hjf khem }ym cg Vqovvmt hyhj YKY yyvmk*

G}tv`mtkctm. og v`m vthojmt qoy`myvc }ym v`m Vqovvmt qmdyovm oj ctfmvc ymjf v`mot vqmmvy v`mtmgctm}yoja v`m yyvmk gct gtmm/ v`m htmjcv cdnoamf vc }ym h ick|}vmt vc

fc yc ’ v`m ihj hnyc hiimyy v`mVqovvmt qmdyovm woh hj kcdonm|`cjm v`hv oy hdnm vc icjjmiv vcv`m ojvmtjmv*

Gct vthojmty v`hv hiimyy Vqovvmt}yoja v`m ojvmtjmv. ov qonn dm wmtmhy vc dtcqym ct gojf mhtnomtkmyyhamy woh v`m |htvoio|hjvy‟cjnojm Vqovvmt gmmfy*

Ick|htoycj cg GtcjvnojmYKY hjf Vqovvmticyv vc ymjf 4< YKY vc 4< |htvoio|hjvy2

V`m icyv cg 6<< YKYGTCJVNOJMYKY ;

V`m icyv cg 4< YKYct GTMM og vthojmt}ymy Vqovvmt cjnojm

VQOVVMT ;



VQOVVMTNOKOVHVOCJYVQOVVMT YKYJCV HWHONHDNM

OJ MWMT_IC]JVT_

VTHOJMT K]YVGCNNCQ HNN\HTVOIO\HJVYVC MJHDNMTM\NOMY

NOKOVMFG]JIVOCJHNOV_

CG VQOVVMT YKY

Vqovvmt YKY oy i}ttmjvn

y}||ctvmf oj 0< ic}jvtomyqctnfqofm ojin}foja Emjh.Joamtoh hjf cv`mt Hgtoihjic}jvtomy / d}v ov oy jcv hwhonhdnm ojhnn ic}jvtomy* Oj hffovocj. VqovvmtYKY oy cjn y}||ctvmf d imtvhojymtwoim |tcwofmty* V`mym ymtwoim|tcwofmty `hwm foggmtmjv j}kdmty„y`ctv icfmy‛/ v`hv }ymty y`c}nfvmpv oj ctfmt vc }ym v`m ymtwoim* Hnoyv cg y}||ctvmf ymtwoim |tcwofmtyd ic}jvt hjf v`mot hyyciohvmfy`ctv icfmy ihj dm gc}jf cj v`m

Vqovvmt qmdyovm*

@cqmwmt ov oy ok|ctvhjv vcjcvm v`hv Vqovvmt `hy dmmjmp|hjfoja v`m j}kdmtcg ic}jvtomy hjf ymtwoim|tcwofmty v`hv y}||ctvVqovvmt YKY. v`mtmgctm v`mymtwoim ic}nf dmickm kctmhiimyyodnm oj v`m g}v}tm*

V`m vthojmt ihj itmhvm h |towhvm

Vqovvmt hiic}jv v`hv cjnh||tcwmf |htvoio|hjvy ihj gcnncqct h |}dnoi hiic}jv womqhdnm dhnn*

V`m vthojmt hnyc `hy v`m c|vocjvc ymjf |towhvm kmyyhamy vcojfowof}hn |htvoio|hjvy hy qmnnhy |}dnoi vqmmvy v`hv qonn dmtmimowmf d v`m q`cnm atc}|cg |htvoio|hjvy* \tcwofmf v`hvv`m vthojmt oy hnyc gcnncqojav`m |htvoio|hjvy cj Vqovvmt. v`m

|htvoio|hjvy ihj hnyc ymjf h|towhvm kmyyham vc v`m vthojmt. gctmphk|nm vc hye h x}myvocj*

\TOWHVMCT \]DNOIICKK]JOIHVOCJ

Og v`m vthojmt }ymy cjn VqovvmtYKY qov`c}v ojvmtjmv hiimyy. ov oykctm foggoi}nv gct v`mk vc „gcnncq‛v`m |htvoio|hjvy* Vòy yvm| oyjmimyyht oj ctfmt gct v`m vthojmtvc tmimowm hj YKY mwmt vokm cjmcg v`m |htvoio|hjvy vqmmvy hjf hnychnncqy v`m |htvoio|hjvy vc ymjftm|nomy fotmivn vc v`m vthojmt*

V`m |htvoio|hjvy cjn `hwm vc ymjfcjm YKY vc gcnncq v`m vthojmt.

d}v gct mphk|nm og v`m vthojmt `hy4< |htvoio|hjvy. `m ct y`m qc}nfjmmf vc ymjf 4< YKY kmyyhamyoj ctfmt vc gcnncq mhi` cg v`mk*@cqmwmt. v`m icyv cg vòy oyc}vqmoa`mf d v`m yhwojay v`mqonn mp|mtomjim nhvmt*

Gct vthojmty v`hv }ym cjn VqovvmtYKY qov`c}v ojvmtjmv hiimyy.v`m hffmf gmhv}tmy cg v`m qmdojvmtghim qonn jcv dm hwhonhdnmy}i` hy dtcqyoja |htvoio|hjvy‟Vqovvmt gmmfy/ `cqmwmt v`m dhyoivqc+qh ickk}joihvocj i`hjjmnoy gmhyodnm mwmj oj vòy ihym*



V`m ofmh oy vc d}onf h ancdhn k*icc| ickk}jov q`mtm |htvoio|hjvy hjfyvhem`cnfmty ihj ojvmthiv qov` mhi` cv`mt hy qmnn hy v`m k*icc| vthojoja

khvmtohn*V`m imjvtm cg v`m ickk}jov oy hj cjnojm |nhvgctk. qòi` qonn dm `cyvmf h`vv|2##k*icc|*

@cqmwmt. v`m |nhvgctk oy ojvmjfmf vc dm hy ojin}yowm hy |cyyodnm. hjf yc ovqonn dm itmhvmf qov` v`m |cyyodonov cg dcv` cjnojm hjf cggnojm ojvmthivocj. ojctfmt vc dtofam v`m foaovhn fowofm*

Ov `hy dmmj ymmj v`hv q`mj h jmq vthojoja |tcathkkm oy nh}ji`mf dv`m ONC. }ymty x}oien vhem cqjmtyò| cg v`m vthojoja khvmtohn hjf khemov v`mot cqj* Yojim v`m nh}ji` cg v`m KHVICK vthojoja oj v`m 8?1<y.vthjynhvmf wmtyocjy cg v`m khvmtohn `hwm dmmj gc}jf hv athyytccvy nmwmn.gct mphk|nm hj }jcggoiohn wmtyocj oj Yqhòno qhy gc}jf vc dm }ymf oj MhyvHgtoih*

Vòy kcwmkmjv vc khem v`m vthojoja khvmtohn v`mot cqj y`cqy v`hv|htvoio|hjvy qmtm + hjf yvonn htm + hivowm }ymty. hjf gct vòy tmhycj ov oydmnomwmf v`hv jcq v`m qonn hivowmn |htvoio|hvm oj h jmq qmd 4*< cggmtoja*

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Qov` vòy woyocj oj kojf. v`m |cvmjvohn gmhv}tmy cg v`m ickk}jov htmc}vnojmf oj v`m gcnncqoja |hamy*

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cg Ojy|othvocj‛ kmv`cf gtck v`mkcdonm nmhtjoja vccneov*

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qòi` oy }ymf cjn qovòj v`mOVI+ONC*

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mhi` cv`mt hjf qov` v`m|cyyodonov vc amv oj vc}i`qov` mhi` cv`mt*

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|tcgmyyocjhn jmvqcteoja*

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JMVQCTEOJA

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oj tmy|cjfoja vc x}mtomy*Hjcv`mt c|vocj ic}nf dm hjcjnojm gct}k q`mtmd }ymty ihj|cyv v`mot x}myvocjy |}dnoinhjf tmimowm hjyqmty jcv cjngtck OVI+ONC yvhgg d}v hnyc cv`mtk*icc| ickk}jov kmkdmty*

|tcbmiv vcamv`mt qov` hjcv`mtojyvov}vocj Kcyò ]jowmtyov ojVhjrhjoh/*

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\ONCVGtck v`m 4<v` vc v`m 46v` cgB}jm 4<88 v`m vthojoja |oncv qhy

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Vòy vthojoja |oncv qhy `mnfqov` 4= |htvoio|hjvy gtck hnncwmt Joamtoh hjf qhy fmnowmtmfd vqc vthojmty gtck v`m TchnVtc|oihn Ojyvov}vm EOV/ oj v`mJmv`mtnhjfy. q`c icjvtod}vmf vc

v`m fmwmnc|kmjv cg v`m k*icc|vthojoja khvmtohn*

V`m vthojoja vcce |nhim hv v`mjhvocjhn Icc|mthvowm Fmwmnc|kmjImjvtm oj Joamtoh* Vòy imjvtm oyoj h t}thn ncihvocj htc}jf 4 `c}tygtck v`m ih|ovhn Hd}bh*

Ojvmtjmv hiimyy qhy jcv hwhonhdnmgct kcyv cg v`m vthojoja ymyyocj.qov` v`m vthojmty cjn hdnm vchiimyy v`m ojvmtjmv oj v`m koffnm

cg v`m vthojoja qmme*

Oj Gmdt}ht 4<88 h kmmvoja qhy`mnf hv v`m OVI+ONC qov` vqc

cggoiohny gtck v`m Gmfmthn Kojoyvtcg Hatoi}nv}tm cg Joamtoh. q`cqmtm ncceoja gct }|+vc+fhvmvthojoja gct v`m hatoi}nv}thnicc|mthvowm ymivct oj Joamtoh*

V`m tm|ctvmf v`hv v`m ctoaojhnKHVICK vthojoja qhy wmt|c|}nht oj Joamtoh. d}v v`hv ov`hy dmickm wmt fhvmf. hjfv`m }ymty htm ncceoja gctqhtfvc jmq khvmtohn* V`m |cyyodonovcg ojvmathvoja kcdonm nmhtjoja

ojvc v`m jmq k*icc| vthojoja|tcathkkm qhy foyi}yymf hjfvòy ofmh qhy wmt |cyovowmntmimowmf*

Oj Joamtoh v`mtm oy h nhie cgojgthyvt}iv}tm v`hv khemyicjjmivowov foggoi}nv* Cj cjm `hjf.ojvmtjmv icjjmivowov oy h |tcdnmk.ic}|nmf qov` hiimyy vc ick|}vmtyhjf mnmivtoiov* D}v hjcv`mtoyy}m oy vthwmnnoja gtck H vc D+ q`mj v`mtm oy h nhie cg foaovhnicjjmivowov v`mj ov cgvmj dmickmyjmimyyht gct oj`hdovhjvy vc khemncja bc}tjmy dmvqmmj vcqjy hjfwonnhamy oj ctfmt vc ickk}joihvmhjf ojvmthiv* My|miohnn oj t}thnicjvmpvy. vòy kmhjy v`hv |mc|nmncym h ncv cg vokm hjf kcjm.dmih}ym oj Joamtoh wonnhamy htmcgvmj y|tmhf wmt ght h|htv*

@cqmwmt. ov qhy jcvmf v`hv kcdonm|`cjm oy wmt fogg}ymf hjf v`mtm

oy atmhv |cvmjvohn vc itmhvm jmqyyvmky htc}jf vòy cdbmiv v`hvfmnowmt vthojoja fotmivn vc v`m}ymty hy qmnn hy nojeoja v`mk }|qov` cv`mt hivcty oj v`m yyvmk*

Hy h nhtam ic}jvt Joamtoh hnyc|tmymjvy ovy cqj y|miogoi vmi`joihni`hnnmjamy hjf vòy khemy ov h}ymg}n vhtamv gct icjim|v vmyvoja*Hy cjm cg v`m fmnmahvmy yhof. „ogc} ihj khem ov qcte gct Joamtoh.c} ihj khem ov qcte gct hj

Hgtoihj ic}jvt*‛

V`mtmgctm ov qhy hatmmf v`hv v`mgotyv |oncv cg v`m k*icc| vthojojaqc}nf vhem |nhim oj Joamtoh.ojin}foja vmyvoja cg kcdonmnmhtjoja*

\ONCV ##DHIEATC]JF ##



816



K_*ICC\

\HTVOIO\HJVY\ONCVV`m atc}| cg |htvoio|hjvy tm|tmymjvmf foggmtmjv nmwmny cg v`micc|mthvowm |thkof*

V`mtm qmtm ? icc|mthvowm vthojmty5 9 gtck icc|mthvowm icnnmamy hjf 7gtck icc|mthvowm fm|htvkmjvy cg v`m Joamtohj acwmtjkmjv Kojoyvtcg Hatoi}nv}tm hjf T}thn Fmwmnc|kmjv/ hv h |tcwojiohn nmwmn*

V`m tmyv cg v`m atc}| qhy khfm }| cg khjhamty cg h thjam cgicc|mthvowmy. y}i` hy oj|}v y}||n. |tcf}im khtemvoja hjf gccf|tcimyyoja icc|mthvowmy* Yckm cg v`mym khjhamty tm|tmymjvmf|tokht icc|mthvowm yciomvomy q`onm cv`mty tm|tmymjvmf ymicjfhticc|mthvowm yciomvomy }jocjy/*



817



VQOVVMT

VMYVOJAF}toja v`m vthojoja ymyyocjv`m icjim|v cg Vqovvmt qhy

ojvtcf}imf vc v`m |htvoio|hjvyhjf ? cg v`mk qmtm hdnm vc ymv }|h Vqovvmt hiic}jv hjf gcnncq v`mLkicc||oncv hiic}jv d YKY*

V`m vthojmty ymjv vqc vqmmvyf}toja v`m qmme* V`m gotyv qhy hv`hje c} kmyyham vc kcvowhvmv`m |htvoio|hjvy2

## 44jf B}jm2 „Fmht |htvoio|hjvy*V`hjey gct v`m atmhv fh( Accfjoa`v. Tmkic ' Mnnmj‛

V`m ymicjf vqmmv qhy }ymf vcojvtcf}im v`m fh‟y vthojoja vc|oi2

## 49tf B}jm2 „Fmht icc|mthvowmkhjhamty. ejcq c}t i}yvckmthjf ick|mvovcty(‛

V`m |htvoio|hjvy qmtm wmt hivowmoj tm|noja vc v`mym kmyyhamy.qov` h ymnmivocj cg v`mot tm|nomyojin}fmf dmncq2

## „@mnnc kicc| O qoy` v`m dmyv‛

## „V`m nmiv}tm cg v`m fh qhyojvmtmyvoja‛

## „Tmkic O qoy` c} h yhgm bc}tjm‛

## „Kcf}nmy }ym y}|mt ' kcyvi}ttmjv vmi`jox}my cg `}khjfmwmnc|kmjv* O hk ojfmmf wmtn}ie(‛

## „V`hjey5 ov‟y tmhnn wovhn(‛

## „Y}yvhojhdnm fmwmnc|kmjv cgv`m Icc|mthvowm yyvmk v`m qctnfcwmt ' Joamtoh y|miogoihnn*‛

## „Vcfh‟y nmiv}tm qhy atmhv 'yhvoyghivocj‛

## „V`m qctey`c| oy ok|tmyyowm‛

## „Vcfh qhy mpimnnmjv* Accfjoa`v‛

## „Vcfh‟y vthojoja |tcathk oympimnnmjv. O noem Tmkic‟y vthojojakmv`cf*‛

## „O‟k `h|| dmoja cj Vqovvmt.v`hjey‛

## „Ov qhy h atmhv ymyyocj* @hwm hatmhv joa`v‟y tmyv Tmkic ' Mnnmj*V`hjey h ncv*‛

G}v`mtkctm. v`m fh hgvmt v`mvthojoja ymyyocj `hf gojoy`mf.cjm |htvoio|hjv ymjv hj hffovocjhnvqmmv gct v`m vthojmty2

## „kicc||oncv2 O `c|m c} `hf h

yhgm bc}tjm dhie vc c}t yvhvocj3V`hjey gct ickoja*‛

V`mtmgctm ov qhy ymmj v`hv|htvoio|hjvy qmtm hdnm vcx}oien }jfmtyvhjf hjf vhemcqjmtyò| cg v`m Vqovvmt YKYyyvmk hy h kmhjy cg vqc+qhickk}joihvocj*

TMY]NVY ##

Vòy |oncv |tcwmf vc dm h accfc||ctv}jov vc vmyv v`m icjim|v

cg }yoja Vqovvmt hy hj YKYyyvmk. my|miohnn aowmj v`m nhiecg ojvmtjmv hwhonhdnm f}toja v`mvthojoja ymyyocj*

V`mtmgctm oj hfwhjim cg v`mymyyocj h Vqovvmt hiic}jv qhyitmhvmf. Lkicc||oncv. hjfv`m vthojmty qmtm |tcwofmf qov`fmvhonmf ojyvt}ivocjy cj `cq vc ymv}| v`m Vqovvmt yyvmk }yoja vòyhiic}jv*

Vqovvmt YKY oy hwhonhdnm oj Joamtoh`cqmwmt ov oy cjn y}||ctvmf d4 jmvqctey2 Rhoj hjf Ancdhick*Fmy|ovm vòy nokovhvocj h j}kdmtcg |htvoio|hjvy qmtm hdnm vctmaoyvmt hy Vqovvmt }ymty hjfgcnncq v`m Lkicc||oncv hiic}jv*V`m tmy}nvy cg vòy mp|mtokmjv htmfmyitodmf cj v`m toa`v*

Oj hffovocj. v`m vthojmty qmtm|tcwofmf qov` h fthgv wmtyocj cgv`m kcdonm nmhtjoja vccneov oj

ctfmt vc ahoj gmmfdhie cj vòygtck v`m |htvoio|hjvy* Ymwmthnic|omy cg v`m fthgv vccneov qmtm|tojvmf hjf h ymnmivocj cg|htvoio|hjvy hyemf vc tmhf cwmtov hjf aowm v`mot gmmfdhie* V`mgmmfdhie gtck vòy hivowov oy hnycc}vnojmf oj v`m |hamy v`hv gcnncq*

VMYVOJA ##



810



VQOVVMT

VMYVOJAGCNNCQ+]\ ##

d v`m icyv cg ymjfoja YKYtm|nomy*

Gcnncqoja v`oy ojovohn kmyyham.vqc g}tv`mt vqmmvy qmtm ymjv. h„ymmf cg ojy|othvocj‛ h Joamtohj|tcwmtd tmnhvmf vc icc|mthvocj/hjf hj mwhn}hvocj x}myvocj. dhymfcj h vhye v`hv qhy aowmj vc v`m|htvoio|hjvy f}toja v`m vthojojaymyyocj vc ick|nmvm h YQCVhjhnyoy hy |htv cg hj cjacojahivocj |nhj d}onfoja hivowov/2

## 4jf B}n2 „Icc| khjhamty.

fcj‟v gctamv2 Ov oy d v`m yvtmjav`cg v`mot j}kdmt v`hv v`m hjvy ojv`m gomnf htm hdnm vc ihtt v`mot|tm vc v`m jmyv‛

## ?v` B}n2 „Fmht k*icc||htvoio|hjvy. `cq oy c}t hivocj|nhj acoja3 Fof c} hntmhf ihttc}v h YQCV hjhnyoy3 Accf n}ie 'gmmn gtmm vc hye x}myvocjy(‛

Ov qhy gc}jf v`hv kctm tm|nomyqmtm tmimowmf q`mj h fotmivx}myvocj qhy hyemf. qov` v`mtmy}nvy hy gcnncqy2

## „K hivocj |nhj oy cj ic}tym‛

## „_MY* O icjf}ivmf kojm cjqmfjmyfh gct V@Y hjf hotmf cjVW#Thfoc yvhvocjy‛

## „K YQCV V@Y ymjyovorhvocj oyhvvthivoja |}dnoi hqhtmjmyy‛

Gcnncqoja v`m ghim+vc+ghimvthojoja ymyyocj v`m Vqovvmt

YKY yyvmk qhy g}tv`mt vmyvmfoj ctfmt vc ah}am |htvoio|hjvmjahamkmjv nmwmny*

V`m gotyv vqmmv qhy ymjv hnkcyvcjm qmme hgvmt v`m vthojoja2

## 9<v` B}jm2 „Fmht icc|khjhamty. v`hjey gct c}t|htvoio|hvocj oj v`m k*icc|vthojoja |oncv. qm `c|m c}mjbcmf ov( Nmv‟y emm| oj vc}i`.`hwm h accf fh‛

6 cg v`m ? tmaoyvmtmf |htvoio|hjvytm|nomf vc v`oy kmyyham qov`46 `c}ty. qov` v`mot tm|nomy hygcnncqy2

## „Qov` v`m yv}f cg K_ICC\ v`mtmdotv` cg icc| oy hyy}tmf‛

## „_my. O fof mjbc mwmt ymicjf cgv`m vthojoja* V`hjey‛

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## „V`hjey h ncv* V`m mp|mtomjimqhy wmt tmqhtfoja* O `c|m } kmv}t ncwmf cjmy qmnn* Qm htm ncceojagctqhtf vc }t jmpv woyov*‛

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K+NMHTJOJA

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og v`m qc}nf noem vc }ym v`m kmv`cfy oj v`mot cqj vthojoja*

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## O tmhf v`m kcdonm nmhtjoja vccneov hjf O gojf ov wmt ojvmtmyvoja*

## O vòje v`hv ov ihj dm h accf qh cg mpi`hjaoja ofmhy hjf ojgctkhvocjhdc}v k icc|mthvowm hjf nmhtjoja kctm hdc}v v`m vthojoja kcf}nmy*

## O vòje vòy qc}nf dm wmt }ymg}n oj Joamtoh. og qm ihj }ym vòy kmv`cfhkcja icc|mthvowmy hjf hkcja khjhamty*

## O vòje ov qonn fc h ncv vc mj`hjim c}t ejcqnmfam hdc}v icc|mthvowmyciomvomy5 O vòje ov oy accf hjf O `c|m vc ymm kctm cg ov oj v`m g}v}tm*



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Hfojeth htm woy}hn ykdcny.ctoaojhnn itmhvmf d v`m Hehjcg A`hjh hjf v`m Ahkhj cgIcvm f‟Owcotm oj Qmyv Hgtoih.qòi` tm|tmymjv icjim|vy* V`mi`cymj ykdcn. Hjhjym Jvcjvhj.tm|tmymjvy v`m itmhvowov cg v`mqmhwmt. Hjhjym*

Hjhjym. v`m y|ofmt. oy cjm cg v`mkcyv ok|ctvhjv i`hthivmty cgQmyv Hgtoihj gcnenctm* Hjhjymòkymng oy yjcjkc}y qov` yeonnhjf qoyfck. hjf v`m ykdcn cg òyqmd tm|tmymjvy qoyfck. itmhvowovhjf v`m ick|nmpovomy cg nogm*

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ih|v}tm v`m myymjim cg q`hv v`mk*icc| vthojoja |tcathkkmtm|tmymjvy*

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ICNC]TY ##

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8?<



V`m gojhn kcdonm nmhtjoja vccneov oy h dcce cg ?1 |hamy v`hv gotyvnojvtcf}imy v`m y}dbmiv cg kcdonm nmhtjoja q`hv ov oy hjf q` ov oyok|ctvhjv/ hjf q` v`m vccneov qhy itmhvmf* Ov mp|nhojy v`hv v`m vccneovoy ojvmjfmf hy h „vthojmt‟y vccneov‛ v`hv ihj dm }ymf d hj vthojmt oj hjfmwmnc|oja icjvmpv vc |tcwofm hj ojvmthivowm nmhtjoja mp|mtomjim vc v`mot|htvoio|hjvy* Ov hnyc mp|nhojy v`hv hy qmnn hy |tmymjvoja h amjmthn a}ofmvc kcdonm nmhtjoja. v`m vccneov qhy fmwmnc|mf y|miogoihnn gct v`m k*icc|vthojoja ic}tym cg v`m ONC hjf hj ojvtcf}ivocj vc k*icc| oy aowmj*



8?6



V`m vccneov v`mj |tmymjvy v`m ymnmivmf 8= kcdonm nmhtjoja kmv`cfyfmwmnc|mf oj fmvhon* V`mym kmv`cfy htm in}yvmtmf ojvc 6 ihvmactomy2

## Fmnowmt icjvmjv

## Hyyoaj vhyey

## Ahv`mt gmmfdhie

## \tcwofm y}||ctv

Mhi` kmv`cf oy ihvmactoymf qov` h ymnmivocj cg emqctfy v`hv `mn|vthojmty vc }jfmtyvhjf v`m dmjmgovy cg v`m kmv`cf gct mphk|nm. yciohnojvmthivocj. woy}hn nmhtjoja. mvi/5 v`m yvhamy oj q`oi` v`m kmv`cf y`c}nfdm }ymf dmgctm. f}toja hjf#ct hgvmt ghim+vc+ghim vthojoja/5 hjf v`mvmi`joihn tmx}otmkmjvy cg v`m kmv`cf gct mphk|nm. YKY/*

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H fmvhonmf yvm| d yvm| a}ofm gcnncqy. mp|nhojoja mphivn q`hv jmmfy vc dmfcjm d v`m vthojmt oj ctfmt vc |tm|htm hjf ok|nmkmjv v`m kmv`cf*

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8?7



Gojhnn v`m vccneov ojin}fmy h ymivocj cj vccny v`hv ihj dm }ymf vc ghionovhvmv`m 8= kcdonm nmhtjoja kmv`cfy* Gct mhi` vccn h noyv cg v`m kmv`cfy ov ihjdm }ymf gct oy aowmj hjf h noje vc v`m tmnhvmf qmdyovm*

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8?0

V`m dcce `hy dmmj fmyoajmf oj y}i` h qh v`hv khemy ov dcv` woy}hnnh||mhnoja hjf }yhdnm gct v`m vhtamv h}fomjim* V`m icjvmpv cg }ym hjfvhtamv }ymty qmtm ihtmg}nn icjyofmtmf oj v`m fmyoaj fmioyocjy khfm*

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ic}tym. hy qmnn hy v`m ‐I}yvckoyhvocj vc k*icc|‟ y}aamyvocjy v`hv gcnncqmhi` kmv`cf*



Vthojmt tmhfy kcdonmnmhtjoja vccneov hjffmiofmy vc vt ov c}v

Vthojmt tmaoyvmty hyh Vqovvmt }ymt

4<<

Vthojmt icjy}nvy kcdonmnmhtjoja vccneov hjffmiofmy vc vt v`m YKYQctf Inc}f kmv`cf

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YIMJHTOC

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Vthojmt ojvtcf}imyVqovvmt f}toja vthojoja 'hyey |htvoio|hjvy vc bcoj

\htvoio|hjvy itmhvmVqovvmt hiic}jvy hjf

gcnncq vthojmt d YKY

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v`m fh‟y vthojoja

Vthojmt ncay ojvc Vqovvmvc womq v`m tmy|cjymy

ymjv d v`m |htvoio|hjvy



4<4

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4<6

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4<7



Oj vòy |tcbmiv h qofm thjam cg khvmtohn `hy dmmj amjmthvmf2 gtckv`m ojovohn tmymhti` h yjv`myoy cg v`m kcdonm tmwcn}vocj oj Hgtoih

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V`m kcdonm nmhtjoja vccneov qhy vhemj gtck h icjim|v ojvc h gojhn |tcf}iv2

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ICJIN]YOCJ ##



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HTVOINMY HJF \H\MTY ##

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