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mmm mfE Wools HOL23 OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION INTERO~M~ARL~~N ST~D~-!-MAY--J~NE 2000

Ilk Michaell Reyndds, Pdkiry Jane Bdtholomew, Mark A.. Miller, Scott Smith and Ray Echvads

SOAR is an activity of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) progranfl in association with national

and international partners. ,.

EM I

N TORY

Aimosphedc Radiation Measurement ProDram

OFFICIAL FILE COPY

IRadiation Measurements by Brookhaven National Laboratory during the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Intercomparison Study-May-June 2000

R. Michael Reynolds, Mary Jane Bartholomew, Mark A. Miller, Scott Smith and Ray Edwards

Brookhaven National Laboratory

1 Dee 2000

SOAR. Report: SOAR-00-01 BNL Report: 52609 Contact: R. Michael Reynolds, Geophysical Instrumelts and Measurements Group, Brookhaven Na-

tional Laboratory, Bldg 49OD, Upton NY 11973,631-Z&%-7836, reynolds@bnl . gov

i

whoiOO-Tech Report SOA&OO-01. 1 Dee 2000 ii

DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Govern- ment. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or any third party’s use or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily con- stitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof or its contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

whoi&-Tech Report SOAR-00-01. 1 Dee 2000 . . . Ill

Contents

1

2

3

4

5

A

B

Introduction 1

BNL Portable Radiation Package 1

Experiment Methods 3

Dlata Processing 3 4.1 Broadband Data ....................................... 4 4.2 Fast Rotating Shadowband Radiometer Data ....................... 4 4.3 The Clear Sky Algorithm .................................. 4

Results 7 5.1 FRSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

PSP and PIR Time Series Plots 17

AlOT Time Series 27

whoiOO-Tech Report SOAR-00-01. 1 Dee 2000 . iv

List of Figures

1 PRPsetupontheBNLtestbed. .............................. 2 2 Data processing flow chart. .................. : .............. 6 3 BNLOland02scatterplots. ................................ 8 4 BNLOland02dailymeancomparisonbargraph. .................... 8 5 Scatterplot comparing PMEL 600 and 601 to BNL 02. .................. 10 6 PMEL and BNL 02 comparison of daily means. ...................... 10 7 Scatterplot comparing WHO1 1 and 2 to BNL 02. ..................... 11 8 Scatterplot comparing JAMSTEC SW to BNL 02. .................... 12 9 Comparison of G, N, and D at X1 for PO1 and P02. Axis units are in W rne2. .... 13 10 Comparison of G, N, and D for Channels 2-7. Axis units are W mV2 nm-‘. ...... 14 11 Comparisons of TOA irradiances. .............................. 15 12 BNL Summary for May 20-21 (JD141-142) ........................ 18 13 BNL Summary for May 22-28 (JD143-149). ........................ 19 14 BNL Summary for May 29June 4 (JD150-156). ..................... 20 15 BNL Summary for June 5-11 (JD157-163). ........................ 21 16 BNL Summary for June 12-18 (JD164-170). ....................... 22 17 BNL Summary for June 19-25 (JD171-177). ....................... 23 18 BNL Summary for June 26July 2 (JD178-184). ..................... 24 19 BNL Summary for July 3-9 (JD185-191). ......................... 25 20 BNL Summary for June 10-11 (JD192-193). ....................... 26 21 AOT estimates for 26 May 2000 (JD147). ......................... 28 22 AOT estimates for 4 June 2000 (JD156). .......................... 29 23 AOT estimates for 10 June 2000 (JD162). ......................... 30 24 AOT estimates for 20 June 2000 (JD172). ......................... 31 25 AOT estimates for 23 June 2000 (JD175). ......................... 32 26 AOT estimates for 24 June 2000 (JD176). ......................... 33 27 AOT estimates for 25 June 2000 (JD177). ......................... 34 28 AOT estimates for 1 July 2000 (JD183). .......................... 35

29 AOT estimates for 5 July 2000 (JD187). .......................... 36 30 AOT estimates for 6 July 2000 (JD188). .......................... 37

.

whoiOO-Tech Report SOAR-00-01. 1 Dee 2000

1 Introduction

1 :i

The WHO1 buoy radiometer intercomparison took place during May and June, 2000 at the WHO1 facility. The WHO1 IMET, JAMSTEC Triton, and NOAA TAO buoy systems were operated from a beach site and the Brookhaven National Laboratory set up two Portable Radiation Package systems (PO1 and P02) alongside the WHO1 instrumentation on the roof of the Clark Building, about 300 m away (see cover photo). The BNL instruments were named “POl” and “PO2” and were identical. Buoy instruments were all leveled to &lo to horizontal.

The purpose of the project was to compare the buoy systems with precision measurements so that any (differences in data collection or processing would be evaluated. BNL was pleased to participate so the PRP system could be evaluated as a calibration tool.

The Portable Radiation Package is an integral component of the BNL Shipboard Oceanographic and .Atmospheric Radiation (SOAR) system. It is designed to make accurate downwelling radiation measurements, including the three solar irradiance components (direct normal, diffuse and global) at six narrowband channels, aerosol optical depth measurements, and broadband longwave and shortwave irradiance measurements.

Table 1: Participants in the WHO1 Intercomparison. ID GROUP NAME SERNO.

PMELGOO Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Atlas package 600 PMEL601 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Atlas package 601 WHOI 1 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution IMET system 117 WHO1 2 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution IMET system 126

JAM TRITON instrumentation package from JAMSTEC

2 BNL Portable Radiation Package

The complete radiation package, shown in Fig. 1, is an integration of five primary components: (1) a broadband Precision Spectral Pyranometer (PSP) manufactured by The Eppley Laboratory, Inc.; (2) a broadband Precision Infrared Radiometer (PIR) also manufactured by Eppley Lab.; (3) a preamplifier circuit that multiplies the microvolt signals from the broadband instrument to reduce noise interference; (4) the fast-rotating shadowband radiometer (FRSR); (5) an attitude sensor that measures platform pitch, roll, and azimuth; (6) a small, low-power control data unit (CDU) that performs data collection and operates the system; and (7) an uninterruptable power supply (UPS) that eliminates power surges, minimizes power supply noise, and supports wind or solar power operation for remote operation.

The control data unit (CDU) is custom-made and packaged in a waterproof housing that resides in close proximity to the sensors. The complete data logger package incorporates radio interference and surge protection, operates over a -40 to 65OC temperature range, and is waterproof and immune to shock. and vibration. The low-level analog signals from the FRSR head are digitized with a high-speed 12-bit analog-to-digital converter circuit. The CDU communicates with a PC computer in a sheltered area. Compact data packets are transferred to the PC at the end of each sweep.

whoiOO--Tech Report SOAR-00-01. 1 Dee 2000

Portable Radiation Package system components

PI

\ Tilt/Compass /@idden)

7 PSP

r Preamp

UPS -Battery

PRP = Portable Radiation Pack- w

FRSR = Fast Rotating jhadowband Radiometer

PIR = Precision Infrared Radf Bmeter

PSP = Precision Spectral Pyranometer

Figure 1: PRP setup on the BNL test bed.

Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer The Precision Spectral Pyranometer comprises a cir- cular multi-junction Eppley thermopile of the plated (copper-constantan) wirewound type. Its receiver is coated with Parson’s black lacquer (non-wavelength sensitive absorption). Two concentric hemi- spheres of Schott optical glass provide filtering of incident radiation and a pass band of from 285 to 2800 nm is achieved. The PSP has been used in shortwave radiation measurements extensively for the past 40 years.

The PSP used on the Portable Radiation Package is packaged in a water tight nylon case. The design here is identical to the nylon case packages used on the NOAA TAO buoy systems. The shading plate is retained.

Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer The Precision Infrared Radiometer (PIR) is well described in two recent publications [Fairall et al., 1998; Payne and Anderson, 19991 and does not need additional treatment here. The best means of achieving good calibration is by measuring the three output parameters (thermopile, case temperature, and dome temperature) and computing radiation by the modified calibration equation which was developed by Fairall et al. [1998].

A major step towards improved PIR measurements is to calibrate the case and dome thermistors. The YSI #44031 thermistors are specified to have an O.l°C interchangability, but in practice, this is not the case. If the published YSI table is used for estimating temperature, then PIR measurement uncertainty of 10 W mm2 can be expected [Reynolds et aZ., 2000; Reynolds, 20001.

WhojiOO-Tech Report SOAR-00-01. 1 Dee 2000 3 8';' .!.., .(

Fast. Rotating Shadowband Radiometer The FRSR shadowband [Reynolds et al., 20001 rotates contmuously and moves across the upper hemisphere in 3.4 sec. The hemispherical shape of the shadowband ensures that the sensor will see a shadow, regardless of its azimuth heading and at all but minimal solar elevations. Typically, the shadow moves across the face of the Sun in a few tenths of a isecond and the head is in full shadow for about one tenth of a second.

The multi-spectral FRSR head is manufactured by Yankee Environmental Systems, Inc. It is a modified version of the comercially-available, multi-frequency, rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR) spectral radiometer head and has seven detectors (channels): a broadband channel and six, ten-nm- wide bandpass-filtered.channels at 415, 500, 610, 670, 870 and 940 nm. The head construction, adeptly described by Harrison et al. [1994], is environmentally sound, robust, and suitable for use in a marine environment.

The FRSR head is modified to decrease its electrical response time to about one millisecond. The response of the silicone cell detector is well below one millisecond, but the internal preamplifiers in the stock head have integrating low-noise amplifiers which slow the overall response. The head response times are decreased by reducing their low-pass filter capacitors. This is accomplished easily and Ilaboratory tests do not show additional noise in the measurements.

3 Experiment Methods

The two PRP systems were installed on the radiation platform on 15 May, 2000. An initial engineering I problem occurred and was repaired immediately, so data from both systems began on 20 May (day

141). Both systems were installed and leveled on the platform, and aligned visually to north.

The iserial output from the PRP control data units went to two ports of a PC operating WindowsNT. r The software “PCAnywhere” was used over an internet link for full control of both systems from BNL. Using this method, data were downloaded and checked daily and there was no need to return to WHO1 until the end of the experiment.

During this time the domes of the radiometers were not cleaned other than by normal rainfall.

4 Data Processing

The (data processing procedure for the PRP is shown in Figure 2. The instrument operation software, called “PRPRX,” produces a set of ASCII raw data files with extensions of “da0, dal, etc.” On a surqy day the “da files” can be 10 MB in size.

A Note on Time Keeping: Both BNL instruments were operated by the same computer and thus maintained identical time bases. The computer was reset each Monday to Friday and the clock was set. Thus the time error for each recorded measurement was probably never more than 5 seconds. All data are recorded in UTC (Greenwich) standard time.

A Note on Averaging: In data averaging (2-minute, hourly, and daily) the recorded time is the time at the m of the averaging period. Two-minute and hourly averages are block averages that begin at the start of the time increment and include all data up to but not including the next increment.

whoiOO-Tech Report SOAR-OGOI. 1 Dee 2000 4

Two-minute and hourly increments begin at 00 UTC and continue through the day. Daily averages of all quantities are computed for the local standard time. Shortwave (SW) daily averages are computed from 30-minutes before local sunrise to 30-minutes after sunset, and nighttime values are set to zero. SW daily averages are thus for the full 24-hour period based on local standard time. Longwave (LW) and other daily averages are likewise computed over the local 24-hour day.

4.1 Broadband Data

The broadband and support data are all contained in the “DaO” data files. The files are written for each day. Measurements of the PSP, PIR (thermopile, case and dome thermistors), pitch, roll, compass, and the FRSR head temperature are made two times during the shadowband cycle, and this represents the basic sampling period of approximately 3.4 sec. These are called the “Level 0” or raw data set.

The broadband measurements were analyzed according to the plan shown on the right side of the figure. The da0 files for each day (“Level 0” data) are read using Matlab routines. The recorded millivolts are combined with system calibration data to produce measurements in physical units. The 3.4 set measurements are averaged into two-minute averaging blocks. The 2-min statistics (mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values) are combined into single time series for the entire measurement period. These files are called “Level 1” data, meaning it has been peripherally cleaned and calibration equations were applied. At this point the case and dome temperatures are computed using the standard YSI tables.

The Level 1 data are then examined by hand using a special hand editing program written at BNL and using Matlab routines. The hand editing is absolutely essential where instrumentation is subject to RF interference, drop out, or other forms of contamination. The WHO1 data set had a severe noise problem. Intermittant bursts of noise (Orbcon transmitters?) were picked up in the PSP and PIR thermopile signals. The bursts were quite obvious and were easily removed; they were quite short, no more than a few minutes. Any deleted data points were replaced by interpolation.

4.2 Fast Rotating Shadowband Radiometer Data

The spectral radiometer data from the Portable Radiation Package is processed by a series of Matlab routines that are described in Reynolds et al. [2000]. The “shadow value” (S), when the shadowband blocks the solar beam, the “edge value” (E), when the shadowband is just to the side of the solar disc, and the “global value” (G), when the shadowband is below the instrument horizon, are used to compute the solar direct beam irradiance, N, on a plane normal to the beam, the Diffuse irradiance (D), and the corrected global irradiance, G. The normal beam data are used to compute aerosol optical depths (AOD) of the overlying atmosphere.

4.3 The Clear Sky Algorithm

During data processing a “theoretical” clear sky algorithm, written in Matlab language, is used for comparison purposes. The clear sky algorithm we use is modified from a C program used by atmo spheric scientists at Pennsylvania State University (Chuck Pavloski, personal communication). The solar flux calulation begins with a computation of the solar azimuth and zenith angle, both top of the atmosphere and refracted, using the algorithm by MichaZs~~ [1988] [Spencer, 19891. *

who;lOO-Tech Report SOAR-00-01. 1 Dee 2000 5 /. ':( ~ “Ii /,.. I' *, ,,I

Given the solar position, a broadband solar flux estimate is computed using methods described by h&d! [1988]. The Iqbal algorithm requires the following parameters other than the solar zenith angle: (a) integrated water vapor in gem- 2, (b) surface pressure in hPa, (c) aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at 380 nm, (d) AOT at 500 nm, and (e) ozone-layer thickness in cm(NTP). For the theoretical curves shown in this study the following default parameter values best fit the measured data: integrated water vapor = 1 gcme2 surface pressure = 1013 hPa AOT(380 nm) = AOT(500 nm) = 0.1 ozone layer thickness = 0

whoiOO-Tech Report S@R-0001. 1 Dee 2000 6 DATA COLLECTION

I ---5-.

ii=s/n, yy=year, jj j=julran day, n = channel (O-7). I Level 0 Data /

RADICMETER IFRSRl PP~AnPA)rln DATAPROCESs,NG

Read awee~ data: Clean and &tit-Spike removal.

Read Da0 data files: Decode ASCII raw voltages. Apply calibrations. Store 3-s data daily files. (psp, piru, tease, tdome, pitch, roll, azimuth, thead)

Make 2-mir Day-by-day Save mean, mov

Derive Hand N’: Direct beam irradiance onto a horizontal and normal plane (mv).

Derive D: Diffuse (sky) irradlance. (mv & WIlnV2).

AOT analysis: Compute AOT from N and IT. Cloud filter. Error analysis and filter.

(-EJ~& Combine daily file: to single time

I

Figure 2: Flow chart of data processing ‘for the spectral information from the Fast Rotating Shadow- band Radiometer and the broadband and support data.

whoiOO-Tech Report SOAR-00-01. 1 Dec2000 . 7 .' ,',, ": .!

5 Results

Broadband radiation measurements of SW and LW (PSP and PIB) were compared between the two BNL units. In all comparisons between SW and LW measurements the BNL Unit PO2 is used as the reference. A comparison of the average results are given in the table below.

Table 2: Comparison of SW and LW measurements from different instruments during the time period of 5/‘20 (141) to 6/29 (181) when all equipment was operating. Values are in W rnm2. BNL and PMEL measurements are averaged over two minutes and WHO1 are averaged over one minute. The JAMSTEC data are hourly values as these are all that were available.

MSMT PO1 PO2 PMELBOO PMEL601 WHO11 WHO12 JAMSTEC MEAN SW 259 258 254 254 252 251 239* 255 LW 349 349 354 354 353 361* 351

* - excluded from the mean

With the exception of the WBOI-2 LW and the JAMSTEC SW measurements the different instruments all agree to within the 5 W m-’ goal for open ocean energy budget measurements. It is interesting to note that the two BNL units compare quite well to each other, but the SW is slightly higher and the LW lower than the other units. The BNL system was on the roof of the WHO1 laboratory while the buoy instrumentation was on the beach road nearby. The differences are consistent with a slightly less cloudy and drier atmosphere at the BNL location.

,


0 200 400 503 m lcm 12w BNL-M

8

Figure 3: Scatterplots comparing BNL PRP units 01 agd 02. Qourly average data points are plotted. * The upper panel shows the shortwave (PSP) data and the lower panel shows the longwave (PIR)

comparisons.

0 145 150 155 150 105 170 175 180 155 lel

LOCAL YEAR DAY

0 145 150 155 180 155 170 175 -150 155 lea

LOCAL MAR DAY

Figure 4: Bar graph comparing daily SW and LW broadband measurements from PRP 01 and 02.

whoiOO-Tech Report SOAR-00-01. 1 Dee 2000 9

,,,,,,; 9’ Table 3: Table of daily averages of”&oadbatid data f0i’Pk.P &&I numbers 01 and 02. Theoretical

>

values are derived from the clear sky algorithm that is described in section 4.3.

BROOX:HAVBN NATIONAL LABORATORY, ARM OCEAN PROGRAM, DAILY AVERAGES BXPBRIMFNT: WHO1 RADIOMETER INTERCOMPARISON, MAY AND JUNE 2000 LBVELs 2 RESULTS FROM PORTABLE RADIATION PACKAGES SN 01 AND 02 BROADBAND DATA -- PSP AND PIR ONLY UNITS = W/m"2 DAYS COVERED : JD 143 THROUGH 192, YEAR 2000. Program run date: 06-Bug-2000 01:09:33

------- SW ---------- ----- LW ---- JD YEAR MO DA PSPOl PSPO2 THEORY PIROI PIRO2 ----_----------------------------------------------------- 143 i!OOO 05 22 101.26 95.57 320.23 350.98 368.00 144 ;!OOO 05 23 266.93 262.13 321.76 340.15 351.45 145 Z!OOO 05 24 145.85 139.50 322.57 361.72 370.49 146 :!OOO 05 25 249.11 248.60 323.33 334.32 342.97 147 :!OOO 05 26 333.21 329.78 324.72 300.71 315.29 148 ;!OOO 05 27 300.49 296.20 325.38 303.58 319.63 -149 :!OOO 05 28 176.88 170.43 325.99 319.78 334.90 150 :!OOO 05 29 228.88 222.50 326.55 313.15 329.66 151 :!OOO 05 30 300.82 297.07 327.74 298.89 312.49 152 :!OOO 05 31 319.42 316.38 328.19 327.03 342.70 153 :!OOO 06 01 297.76 296.34 328.59 344.97 358.78 154':!000 06 02 303.48 298.23 329.62 364.82 376.31 155 2000 06 03 338.16 335.31 330.60 316.65 325.19 156 2000 06 04 348.43 345.42 330.83 296.65 309.52 157 2000 06 05 280.63 276.03 331.01 329.11 343.37 158 2000 06 06 33.19 28.10 331.83 371.23 381.87 159 :2000 06 07 183.87 181.78 331.90 329.93 336.26 160 :2000 06 08 278.36 280.19 332.60 316.65 328.86 161 2000 06 09 253.87 250.71 333.25 347.q3 361.11 162 2000 06 10 319.84 317.92 333.15 347.28 360.90 163 2000 06 11 260.15 257.75 333.68 356.23 362.80 164 2000 06 12 53.00 46.83 334.16 375.91 375.52 165 :2000 06 13 260.33 256.59 334.58 348.06 360.89 166 :2000 06 14 213.93 211.01 334.98 355.33 368.44 167 :2000 06 15 55.10 51.17 334.56 386.20 401.41 168 :2000 06 16 293.41 291.05 334.80 378.64 390.02 169 :2000 06 17 309.26 306.73 334.99 379.59 386.60 170 :2000 06 18 192.42 187.90 335.12 373.16 385.60 171 :2000 06 19 201.13 195.55 335.20 358.36 369.16 172 12000 06 20 335.02 334.22 335.22 328.92 341.10 173 :2000 06 21 298.36 296.45 335.17 344.27 356.13 174 :2000 06 22 157.27 154.02 334.38 381.31 395.14 175 :2000 06 23 321.17 319.55 334.22 346.10 358.98 176 l2000 06 24 316.09 312.67 334.70 330.96 344.12 177 :2000 06 25 316.36 313.78 334.43 362.09 374.94 178 :2000 06 26 206.82 202.76 334.09 409.78 418.86 179 '2000 06 27 275.79 272.19 333.71 392.52 399.17 180 2000 06 28 250.70 248.14 333.26 364.93 367.73 181 2000 06 29 116.68 111.93 333.45 369.84 375.50 182 2000 06 30 281.15 278.30 332.89 348.73 358.13 183 2000 07 01 333.61 330.91 332.28 329.80 336.87 184 2000 07 02 333.66 330.02 332.29 337.53 345.50 185 2OUO 07 03 288.68 284.69 332.25 363.61 373.72 186 2000 07 04 216.94 213.37 331.47 397.22 409.01 187 2000 07 05 325.04 319.03 330.64 348.96 357.99 188 2000 07 06 332.70 329.45 329.75 324.55 334.62 189 2000 07 07 236.93 231.62 329.49 348.88 355.38 190 2000 07 08 313.30 309.48 328.49 314.85 322.19 191 2000 07 09 248.21 245.40 328.81 361.22 370.16

0 500 1003 ENLM BNLG?

Figure 5: Scatterplots comparing PMEL Units 600 and 601 to BNL PRP 02. Hourly average data points are plotted.

400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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s200

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300

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100

0 lx) 155 150 165 170 175 1.50

LOCAL YEAR MY

.Figure 6: Bar graph comparing PSP daily averages for PMEL Units 600 and 601 to BNL PFW 02.

who&--Tech Report SOAR-00-01. 1 Dee 2000 10

.whoiOO-Tech Report SOAR-00-01. 1 Dee 2000

1000 (whoi-bnl) me 1 No. points =

800 F

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400

"0 500 1000 BNL-02

450

400

2

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300

PIR: WEOI-1 AND BNL- 45( 3/10.1

40(

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300 350 400 450 300 350 400 450 BN L-02 BNL-02

Figure 7: Scatterplots comparing WHO1 Units 1 and 2 to BNL PRP 02. Hourly average data points are plotted.

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0 156 158 hi30 16: Figure 8: Scatterplots comparing JAMSTEC and PO2 SW data. The upper plot is a scatter plot of hourly averages from JD 155 to 178. Note: the JAMSTEC data was in error by one hour, possibly a daylight savings time error, but when the correction was made the good correlation resulted.

who.iWTech Report SOAR-00-02. 1 Dee 2000 13

5.1 FRSR ! ’ 1 i

The Fast Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (FRSR), described in section 2 and in detail by Reynolds et ~2. [2000], makes measurements of the diffuse irradiance, D,

PRPOl vs PRPO2 at Wooda Hole Del 1

,

0 2al 400 600 a00 loo0 1200

12001 /I

anl

4w

203 +

0 v 0 200 400 600 wo low 1200

0 200 400 6ou 800 loo0 1200

Figure 9: Comparison of G, N, and D at Xr for PO1 and P02. Axis units are in W rnm2. In this and the following plots each panel is a scattergram with PO2 data on the ordinate (vertical) and PO1 data on the abscissa (horizontal). The two solar components, diffuse (sky) and direct-beam normal irradiances, are separated and their sums are the global values.

whoiOO-Tech Report SOAR-0001. 1 Dee 2000

CHANNEL 3

q. n

,s D

~

CHANNEL 6

a*

05

0 0 OS t ,.s *

Figure 10: Comparison of G, N, and D for Channels 2-7. Axis units are W mm2 nm-l.

Figure 11: Comparisons of TOA n-radiance, adjusted for solar distance, IO, from three Langley analyses during the WHO1 intercomparison period. The square symbol denotes, from Colina et al. 119961; the best estimate of TOA irradiance from astronomical and satellite measurements and the vertical lines are the uncertainty in these. The Langley estimates are shown by solid circles, and the vertical lines denote the estimated uncertainty in the estimate. To make the graph more readable, each Langley estimate is offset by 5 nm. In the Langley analysis the direct beam h-radiance is measured during sunrise or sunset when the solar beam path through the atmosphere is widely varying. A plot of the log of beam h-radiance versus the relative path length, by Beer’s Law, will be a straight line whose slope is the atmospheric transmittance and whose intersection at zero path length is the TOA irradiance.

whoiOO--Tech Report SOAR-0001. 1 Dee 2000 16

Acknowledgements This project was undertaken with support from the U. S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radia- tion Measurement (ARM) program, Work Order Number 353921-A-Q& and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological Interdisciplinary Ocean Studies (SIMBIOS) program, contract# 52-210.91. Installation and operation of the instruments were performed by Scott Smith and Ray Edwards of this laboratory. Dr. Richard Payne of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) provided additional support.

References

Colma, L., R. C. Bohlin, and F. Castelli, The 0.12-2.5 p m absolute flux distribution of the sun for comparison with solar analog stars, The Astronomical Journal, 112, 307-315, 1996.

Fair-all, C. W., P. 0. G. Persson, E. F. Bradley, R. E. Payne, and S. A. Anderson, A new look at calibration and use of eppley precision infrared radiometers. ,part i: Theory and application, Jour. Atmos. and Oceanic Tech., 15, 1229-1242, 1998.

Harrison, L., J. Michalsky, and J. Berndt, Automated multifilter rotating shadow-band radiometer: an instrument for optical depth and radiation measurements, Jour. Applied Optics, 33, 5118-5125, 1994.

Iqbal, M., Calculate direct solar irrudiunce using a purumeterizution technique, pp. 196-242, World Scientific, 1988.

Michalsky, J. J., The Astronomical Almanac’s algorithm for approximate solar position (1950-2050), Solar Energy, 41, 227-235, 1988,

Payne, R. E., and S. P. Anderson, A new look at calibration and use of eppley precision infrared radiometers. part ii: Calibration and use of the woods hole oceanographic institution improved meteorology precision infrared radiometer, Jour. Atmos. and Oceanic Tech., 16, 739-751, 1999.

Reynolds, R. M:, Calibrating the precision infrared radiometer (pir) for the’shipboard oceanographic and atmospheric radiation (soar) program, Tech Report SOAR-UO-02, Brookhaven National Labo- ratory, Upton NY 11973,’ 2000.

Reynolds, R. M., M. A. Miller, and M. J. Bartholomew, Design, operation, and calibration of a shipboard fast-rotating shadowband radiometer, Jour. Atmos. and Oceanic Tech., 2000, in press.

Spencer, J. W., Comments on The Astronomical Almanac’s algorithm for approximate solar position (1950-2050), Solar Energy, 42, 353, 1989.

who.iOb-Tech Report SOAR-O@Ol. 1 Dee 2000

A PSP and PIR Time Series ,Plots j ,I I

In this section we present Level 2 time series for the entire experiment.

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whoiOO-Tech Report SOAR-0001. 1 Dee 2000 25

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Figure 19: BNL Summary for July 3-9 (JD185-191).


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whoiO&Tech Report SOAR-0001. 1 Dee 2000 27

B AOT Time Series


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whoiOO-T&h Report SOAR-0001. 1 Dee 2000 30

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0.6 _. . . ...: . .: i ._

0.6 _ I : : -

o.,j- . . . . . . _....__....___.____.. j ‘.. :_ ,. 1 02 . ..j ..__ c.:.

0 I-- : .;* ..i..

1 tJd5i6mm : 0.6

I-- . ..i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..i . ..__..__._..____.._... .,,.,.............. .._,

9 D*P6mnm ’ 0.8 c .,. . ..,... ,,.......... :,_ .,. j.

I -I 06 1 ... . ...............

0,’ ... . .................. ‘i.. ................ . .................. . ...... ................. ... .... 1

1 , o*L6mnm a* . . . . . . . . . .i ,.... .; :.

,+. .: j .., .:_ i .:.. -I

Mt...;

t :

. : 0.2 . ..j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.; . ...?.'\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I ,,.....,,..........

24. : . b-- 1

.--me.

Figure 28: AOT estimates for 1 July 2000 (JD183).


Ir , C+$r:606nm i

as -... f . f i . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:__. .._

0.6 -... i . . . . . . . .._......_. i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._

pS:m”m ; : : ; 08

: -I . ..) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f . . < . . . .

ae ti i

...f ""..............~‘""""""""'~ . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._....... -I

m- ... i.. ......... . ...... i.. ................ . .................. . .................. . .................. . ....... .

-e- : a.. ............ i.;. ...... .

mm mm mm wkm

36

0*:5:smnm j '1 :

0.0 . . . . . . j . . . . . . . . . . . j..: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : -I

.

a,t...~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . .., . . . ! . . . j ,.................. :_ -I 02 t : . ..i :... _ e.... + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._.. 1 ._. ._.: ._.__

(Q t1--- *z

. ..i . . . I . . . . . . . . . . i ;..i. . . . h-4 . . i _____._ -I

1 , O*LWDam :

aa . ..f... . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..i ,.... i . . 5 ,.,__ ., .;. 0.e c : ..+: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i... . ..j +.j... . . i i . . . . . . . ,...; ,,..__..........; . ._,,_: __._.__ 1 . &? . ..) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._._!_. ;‘............. .&& . . .: . . . . . ..__. (..___,_

: - ry- ---!- 0 ’ oB:m mm tam l&W 21:OO mm

Figure 29: AOT estimates for 5 July 2000 (JDl.87). .I


.;. t. a.1

- : 02 __.; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 1.. .Jr I 1 ‘i&m.. __ 1

D*a:amnm : 0.8 ___,.__...

I--

j. I i ; .j.. ._

0.8 ,,.: . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._......... i ,,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..,...............; .._

o,, 1. i ;

. . . . ...) . ._._.__. i I .i -I

a2 t-2 . ..i . . . . . . j . . . . j ;..f g..& .,....... ;... ; 0 *

Figure 30: AOT estimates for 6 July 2000 (JD188).

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