mitra slides

8/3/2019 Mitra Slides

1/16

Problems of Poverty

Less Energy, Low Efficiency,Polluted Environment

Barun Mitra,Liberty Institute

www.libertyindia.org

Brussels, 24 November 2004


2/16

Liberty Institute, New Delhi 2

India on the Energy Map

482409,788India

13914,474Bangladesh

8681,056,963China

81591,687,886USA

Commercial energy use

per capita (kg of oil

equivalent)

Commercial Energy

Production (thousand metric

tonnes of oil equivalent )

CountryCommercial energy production and per capita, 1999


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Energy in India

5.

4.

3.

2.

1.

Sl. No.

437.69305.19208.30147.05Total primary energy

supply (3+4)

139.02122.07108.4886.72Primary non-

commercial energysupply

298.67183.1299.8260.33Total commercialenergy supply (1+3)

87.8531.6924.6312.66Net imports

210.83151.4375.1947.67Commercial energyproduction

2001-021990-911980-811970-71Source of Energy

Unit: million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE)


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Problems of Poverty

Low energy consumption Low energy efficiency

Higher energy dependence

High energy intensity Higher environmental stress Dirty environment

Higher Impact on health Lower adaptability Greater vulnerability to natural calamity


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Indoor air pollution

Traditional

Fuel, 72.33%

LPG, 17.50%

Others, 9.66%

Electricity,

0.18%

Rural Kitchen


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Lighting Indian Homes

Electricity,

55.85%

Kerosene,43.30%

Others, 0.85%


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Indoor air pollution the toll

410000-790000*Grand total:

50000-190000Cardiovascular disease-women asthma

50000-130000Blindness-women (not death) and prenatal

effects Tuberculosis on women

310000-470000Acute respiratory infections-Age less than5 years, Chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease.

No. of deathsCauses

*Total annual deaths in India for women and children under 5 in these disease

categories in the early 1990s.


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Fuel Index

0.05Electricity

0.04Biogas0.05Liquid Petroleum Gas

0.08Kerosene

0.31Charcoal

0.46Coal

0.82Fuel wood

0.96Crop residue

0.97Saw dust

1.00Dung

WeightFuel type

90% of households in small villages rely

on fuels like firewood, animal dung andcrop residue88% of rural women population usedthese fuels for their daily cooking.

The more convenient, efficient and cleaner the fuel, less is itsweight. Since animal dung lies at lowest end, the other fuels are

weighed with respect to dung. (Parekh, et al, 2003)


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Restricted economy, Greater

vulnerability

Taxes and Tariffs reduce consumptionand competitiveness and efficiency

Poor are most vulnerability to naturalcalamity

Lighting Bulbs to CFLs taxes, tariff, procurement policy

Automobile 180% import duty, 50% taxes, Fuel 30-40% taxes on petroleum product

Refrigerator CFC and frost free, energy efficient, but

Floods annually 1000s die in South Asia, in Florida tollranges in 10s


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Income, Energy and Efficiency

Lowincome

group

countries

3%

High

income

group

countries80%

Middle

income

group

countries

17%

Share of commerial energy

Middle

income groupcountries

36%

Low incomegroup

countries

13%

High income

group

countries51%

Share of World Income


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Declining significance of

Energy

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

K

enya

India

China

Thail

and

Malay

siaW

orld

Mexico

Ca

nada

Netherl

and

Germa

ny

Unite

dKingd

om

Den

mark

USA

Japa

n

Value of energy as % of GDP,1980

Value of energy as % of GDP,1998


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Poverty Kills Today

Debate on global warming, shifts focus fromproblems of today to day after tomorrow

Concerns about sea level rise in future, but

thousands die each year due to floods today Millions die today from preventable diseases

of poverty, but focus is on diseases of thefuture


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Price of Oil 1861 to 2001

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

50.00

1861

1871

1881

1891

1901

1911

1921

1931

1941

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

CurrentUSD

ollar

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

ConstantUSD

ollar

2002

$ 2002$ money of the day


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US Energy Intensity

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Year

GDP

in

10billion

USD

(2000)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Energyin

100BTUp

erUSD(

2000)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Petroleum and Natural Gas Consumption per Dollar of GDP

Other Energy Consumption per Dollar of GDP Energy Consumption per Dollar of GDP


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Energy Abundance

Higher energy consumption Higher energy efficiency

Lower dependence on energy resources

Lower energy intensity Lower environmental stress Cleaner environment

Lower impact on health Higher adaptability Lower vulnerability to natural calamity


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Conservation through

Consumption

Development is the Key that unlocksthe potential of increased consumption

Economic freedom creates thecompetitive environment for

harnessing human creativity leading toefficiency gains

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