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SOUTHBOUNDLate Pleistocene Peopling of Latin America


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Late Pleistocene

Peopling ofLatin AmericaEditorsLaura Miotti Mnica SalemmeNora Flegenheimer Ted Goebel

Center for the Studyof the First Americans

Department of Anthropology Texas A&M University

A Peopling of the Americas PublicationMichael R. Waters, General EditorRuth Gruhn, Series Editor

Mnica Marcovich

Current Research in the PleistoceneSPECIAL EDITION


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SOUTHBOUND: LATE PLEISTOCENE PEOPLING OF LATIN AMERICA

2012 Center for the Study of the First Americans. All rights reserved. No part of this

book may be reproduced, projected, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, for

whatever purpose, in any form or by any means, whether electronic, mechanical, magnetic,

photographic, laser, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Center for

the Study of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University,

College Station, TX 77843-4352.

Design and typesetting by C&C Wordsmiths, Lenoir, North Carolina.Printed in the United States of America by Tops Printing, Inc., Bryan, Texas

ISSN 8755898X


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ContentsIntroduction

Te Debate at the Beginning of the 21st Century on the Peopling of the AmericasLaura Miotti, Nora Flegenheimer, Mnica Salemme, and Ted Goebel. . . . . . . . 3

Part 1 Peopling Models and Bioanthropology

[Argentina] Te Impact of Early Man Debates on Argentine Archaeology around 1900Irina Podgorny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

[South America] GIS Model of opographic Accessibility to South AmericaLuca Magnin, Diego Gobbo, Juan Carlos Gmez, and Antonio Ceraso . . . . . . 13

[South America] South America 18,000 Years Ago: opographic Accessibility and Human SpreadLaura Miotti and Luca Magnin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

[Colombia] A Review of the Early Peopling and Cultural Diversity of Colombiaduring the Late PleistoceneFrancisco Javier Aceituno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

[South America] Native Male Founder Lineages of South AmericaVirginia Ramallo, Marina Muzzio, Mara R. Santos, Josefna M. B. Motti,

Laura S. Jurado Medina, Claudio M. Bravi, and Graciela Bailliet . . . . . . . . . 29[Colombia] Dental and Craniofacial Diversity in the Northern Andes, and the Early

Peopling of South AmericaMiguel E. Delgado-Burbano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

[Chile] Te Bioanthropological Evidence of a ca. 10,000 calybp en-IndividualGroup in Central PatagoniaOmar Reyes, Csar Mndez Melgar, Francisco Mena, and Mauricio Moraga . . . 39

[Chile] An Appraisal of Human Remains from Pali Aike Cave (Magallanes, Chile):Inferences about Demography and Mortuary Practices during the Early HoloceneG. Lorena LHeureuxand Tom Amorosi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Part 2 Archaeology of Early South Americans

[Brazil] Te Itaparica echnocomplex: Te First Conspicuous Settlement of Central andNortheastern Brazil from a echnological PerspectiveAntoine Lourdeau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

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[Southern SA] Exploring Morphometric Variations in Fishtail Projectile Points from Uruguay,Pampa, and PatagoniaCarola Castieira, Judith Charlin, Marcelo Cardillo, and Jorge Baeza . . . . . . . 57

[Argentina] Variability of riangular Non-Stemmed Projectile Points of EarlyHunter-Gatherers of the Argentinian PunaSalomn Hocsman, Jorge G. Martnez, Carlos A. Aschero, andAlredo D. Calisaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

[Argentina] Patterns of Cultural ransmission in the Manufacture of Projectile Points:Implications for the Early Settlement of the Argentine PunaRodolphe Hoguin and Federico Restio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

[Argentina] Evidence of Early Human Burials in the Southern Argentinian PunaJorge G. Martnez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

[Chile] Procuring Quartz Crystal in Latest-Pleistocene/Early-Holocene Sites in

Northern Semiarid and Mediterranean-Central ChileCsar Mndez Melgar and Donald Jackson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

[Southern SA] Human Occupation in the Northern ArgentineChilean Central Andesduring the Early HoloceneValeria Cortegoso, Vctor Durn, Silvina Castro, Alejandra Gasco,Gustavo Lucero, and Diego Winocur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

[Argentina] Human Occupation of the Central Mountains of Argentina during thePleistocene-Holocene ransition (11,0009000 rcybp)

Diego E. Rivero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

[Argentina] Lithic echnology at Campo Laborde, an Early-Holocene Megamammal

Hunting Site in the Pampean Region (Argentina)Pablo G. Messineo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

[Argentina] Early Settlements in Eastern andilia, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina:Archaeological Contexts and Site-Formation ProcessesDiana Mazzanti, Gustavo Martnez, and Carlos Quintana . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

[Argentina] Early Settlers and Teir Places in the andilia Range (Pampean region,Argentina)Natalia Mazzia and Nora Flegenheimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

[Argentina] Broken Stone ools from Cerro El Sombrero Cima (andilia Range, Argentina)

Celeste Weitzel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111[Argentina] Te First Occupations of the El rebol Site during the Pleistocene-Holocene

ransition (Nahuel Huapi Lake, Patagonia, Argentina)Adam Hajduk, Ana M. Albornoz, Maximiliano J. Lezcano, andPablo Arias Cabal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

[Argentina] Formal Variability in Fishtail Points of the Amigo Oeste Archaeological Site,Somuncur Plateau (Ro Negro, Argentina)Daro Hermo and Enrique Terranova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

[Argentina] Geochemical Sourcing of Obsidian Fishtail Points: Studies for the SomuncurPlateau (Ro Negro, Argentina)

Laura Miotti, Enrique Terranova, Ramiro Barberena, Daro Hermo,Martn Giesso, and Michael D. Glascock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

[Argentina] Te Use of the Form: Functional Analysis of Lower Component Artifactsfrom Piedra Museo (Santa Cruz, Argentina)

Virginia Lynch, Daro Hermo, and Myrian lvarez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

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[Argentina] New Data on Exploited Pleistocene Fauna at Piedra Museo (Central Plateauof Santa Cruz Province, Argentina)Laura Marchionni and Martn Vzquez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

[Argentina] Variability in Lithic echnological Strategies of Early Human Occupations fromthe Central Plateau, Santa Cruz, ArgentinaFabiana Skarbun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

[Argentina] echnological and Functional Analysis of Pleistocene Components fromLa Mara Locality, Santa Cruz, ArgentinaManuel Cueto and Alicia Castro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

[Argentina] Heat reatment of Lithic Artifacts in Early Sites from the Central Plateauof Santa Cruz (Argentina)Ariel D. Frank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

[Argentina] Initial Human Exploration at the Southern End of the Deseado Massif?

Nora Viviana Franco, Pablo Ambrstolo, Natalia Cirigliano, andLuis Alberto Borrero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

[Argentina] A Fossil Shark ooth in Early Contexts of Cerro Casa de Piedra 7, SouthwestPatagonia, ArgentinaAlicia Castro, Alberto Luis Cione, Mara Teresa Civalero, andMariana De Nigris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

[Argentina] Early Occupations in ierra del Fuego and the Evidence from Layer S at theImiwaia I Site (Beagle Channel, Argentina)Ernesto Luis Piana, Atilio Francisco Zangrando, and Luis Abel Orquera . . . . . . 177

Part 3 Paleoenvironments of Latin America

[Mxico] A New Pleistocene-age Archaeological-Paleontological Deposit in Santiago

Chazumba, Oaxaca, Mxico: An Initial AppraisalJoaqun Arroyo-Cabrales, Ramn Vias-Vallverd, Xose Pedro Rodriguez, AlbertRubio, Jordi Rosell, Alejandro Lpez-Jimnez, and Irn I. Rivera-Gonzlez . . . . 179

[Mxico] Extinct Birds and Early Humans in the Basin of MxicoEduardo Corona-M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

[Argentina] Late Quaternary Ecosystems and Humans in Northern Patagonia: NewResults from Cueva Huenul 1 (Neuqun, Argentina)Mara de la Paz Pompei, Ramiro Barberena, M. Eugenia de Porras,Karen Borrazzo, Agustina A. Rughini, and Adolo F. Gil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

[Argentina] Diatom Analysis in Santa Cruz Central Massif (Patagonia, Argentina):Preliminary ResultsMariln Fernndez and Mnica Salemme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

[Argentina] Early Human Occupation and Environment South of the Deseado Massifand South of Lago Argentino (Argentina)Mara Virginia Mancini, Nora V. Franco, and George A. Brook . . . . . . . . . 197

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

General Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

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Part 1Peopling Models and Bioanthropology

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South America 18,000 Years Ago:Topographic Accessibility and HumanSpread

Laura Miotti1 and Luca Magnin1

Keywords: Human colonization, digital models, Pleistocene/Holocene, South America

Theorized entrance routes to the South American continent have been debated throughout

the twentieth century (i.e., Martin 1973; Sauer 1944), and they are stil l being discussed and

contested. Among the actors analyzed in the diverse theories are demographic considerations,

paleoenvironmental conditions, the eect o natural barriers, the availability o resources

necessary or survival, and various technologies used by the frst colonizers. Most prevailing

theories propose that populations either ollowed a strategy o terrestrial advance or moved

along rivers and coastlines.

The models or settlement o early America thereore propose two undamentally dierent

lieways or these highly mobile groups, terrestrially adapted (Martin 1973) and water adapted

(Bryan 1978; Dixon 2000; Erlandson 2001; Fladmark 1983; Meltzer 1993). In the frst case,

human movements adhered to a terrestrial-advance strategy; in the second case, population

movements ollowed rivers and coastlines (Miotti 2006).

Methodologically, models predicting possible routes have applied several lines o evidence,

such as human craniometrics and genetic analysis (Meltzer 1993; ORourke and Ra 2010;

Pucciarelli et al. 2006), demographic simulations (Gillam et al. 2007; Steele et al. 1998), and

digital modeling o territorial analysis (Anderson and Gillam 2000).

This paper proposes a geographic digital-modeling approach, such as that suggested by

Anderson and Gillam (2000). Our main goal is to contrast two digital models o terrain

1 CONICET Divisin Arqueologa del Museo de la Plata. Arqueologa de Paisajes Patagnicos (FCNyM UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s/n, CP: 1900, L Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; e-mails: [email protected] [email protected]

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accessibility generated or South America presented by Magnin et al. (this volume), against

archaeological data or the earliest occupations on the continent. The models contrast the

two prevailing ideas concerning human dispersal across the continent (terrestrial vs. littoral

and riverside). We assess both models and discuss objections to both.It is reasonable to assume that during the colonizing process, areas with lower costs o ac-

cess to humans were settled beore areas natural ly less accessible (Borrero 1995; Miotti 1998,

2006). Thereore people moving through the landscape would have chosen more-accessible

paths, or example, fatlands, coastal plains, and river banks, rather than strenuous routes,

such as mountainous terrain. We can also assume that glacial masses were barriers to general

movement. Ater analyzing the data, we wil l discuss whether one o the models better ts the

data, evaluate the predictive potential o both models, and nally assess alternative models

or human dispersal across the continent.

Data, Method, and ResultsThe data include two digital models (Figure 1) and a set o geo-reerenced archaeological

inormation. The digital models are raster maps whose individual cells contain accessibility

values presented in Magnin et al. (this volume). They were generated based on (1) estimated

bathymetry or the span ca. 18,0009000 rcybp, (2) inland altitudinal values (masl), and (3)

glacial extent (Magnin et al. 2010, this volume). Archaeological data include 30 sites with reli-

able contexts dated to earlier than 10,500 rcybp, when glacial withdrawals and re-advances

took place (Rabassa 2008) (Figure 1).

The applied methodology assigns an accessibility value rom each model to every site, by means

o value extraction using Zonal Statistics in GIS Spatial Analyst (http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgis-desktop/9.2.), to obtain a value distribution or each model. The value obtained is not the localized

pixel value o the precise location, but a median value calculated or a 10-km buer surrounding

the site. This method determines the accessibility o the territory immediately surrounding each

site and avoids possible errors caused by assigning values to a very small area unit. The resultant

distribution o values (Figure 2) shows that in model 1 most sites t in the lowest accessibility-

value bin, while in model 2 the highest number o sites t in the second dened bin.

Discussion

According to the expected pattern (sites should be located in areas with highest accessibility

values) the results indicate that the data t model 2 better than model 1. Since we can assume

that most o the coastal evidence rom the earliest period is submerged today, inerences about

population movements along the coast cannot be veried. The analyzed evidence could be

valid, however, or showing that riversides were traveled intensely since the earliest times. These

results, however, must be considered a rst step in developing and testing models. Although

we could detect trends in the data, we could not rule out or conrm any o the theoretical

models discussed. Furthermore, the models may not be mutually exclusive (Miotti 2006).

We conclude that a GIS-based dispersal model is a thought-provoking way o analyzing

archaeological data relating to early human occupations. It describes complex patterns o

mobility as a digital map which can be analyzed to detect spatial trends in archaeologicaldata. Future work and testing could lead to a better t between the archaeological data and

models.

Furthermore, the present study has launched an intense discussion o the South American

data. Although denite patterns o site accessibility have emerged and model 2 had a higher

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predictive value, it would not be right to assume that the location o early sites can be explained

solely in terms o environmental variables (Kohler and Parker 1986). Instead, human choices

may have been dierently motivated.

Conclusions

In this paper we sought to nd patterns o dierential mobility and use o specic environ-

ments as a way to characterize the strategies employed by dispersing rst Americans. Theresults avored model 2, the model representing water-adaptation strategies, as the model

that better ts the analyzed data. The current discussion dealing with theories and methods,

however, shows that in light o the great potentiality o the methods and the complexity o

the issue, neither the terrestrial nor the water-based model can be rejected at the moment.

10N

0

10S

20S

30S

40S

50S

1

3

2

30

4

5

10

6

8

2825

11

912

7

2613

15

1617

1427

1819

2923

24

22

2021

80W 70W 60W 50W 40W

Model 1Site

Low accessibility value

High accessibility value

1

3

2

30

4

5

10

6

8

2825

11

912

7

2613

15

1617

1427

1819

2923

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Model 2Site

Low accessibility value

High accessibility value

Figure 1. Archaeological sites located on model 1 and model 2 dispersal maps (generated by Magnin

et al. (this volume). Accessibility values are symbolized in two classes (low and high) by the method

o natural breaks. Sites:

1 Taima-Taima

2 Vegas Temprano

3 El Abra and Tibit

4 Cumbe

5 Telarmachay

6 Pedra Furada

7 Touro Passos

8 Santa Elina9 Lagoa Santa

10 Pedra Pintada

11 Santana do Riacho

12 Lapa Vermelha IV

13 Cerro de los Burros

14 Cerro La China 2

15 Cerro El Sombrero

16 Los Pinos

17 Arroyo Seco 2

18 Los Toldos19 Piedra Museo

20 Cueva del Medio

21 Fell

22 Palli Aike

23 Cueva Lago Sofa 1

24 Tres Arroyos

25 San Lorenzo-Tuina

26 Tagua-Tagua

27 Monte Verde

28 Hornillos 229 Cerro Tres Tetas

30 Paijn

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Future studies could incorporate archaeological and environmental data with moreaccurate dating to analyze which areas were repetitively occupied, to evaluate possible

changes adopted through time, and to add more inormation about how spatial knowledge

o territories was built into the long-term process o the peopling o the South American

continent.

The research reported here was supported by grants PIP-5885 and ANPCyT-PICT1552.

References Cited

Anderson, D., and J. C. Gillam 2000 Paleoindian Colonization ohe Americas: Implications rom anExamination o Physiography, Demography, and Artiact Distribution.American Antiquity65(1):4366.

Borrero, L. A. 1995 Arqueologa de la Patagonia Palimpsesto. Revista de Arqueologa N 4, pp. 969.

Bryan, A. 1978 An Overview o Paleo-American Prehistory rom a Circum-Pacic Perspective. InEarly Man in America rom a Circum-Pacifc Perspective, edited by A. Bryan, pp. 30627. OccasionalPapers 1, Department o Anthropology, University o Alberta, Canada.

Dixon, J. 2000 Coastal Navigators. Te First Americans May Have Come by Water. ScientifcAmericans Discovery Archaeology, pp. 3435.

Erlandson, J. 2001 Te Archaeology o Aquatic Adaptations: Paradigms or a New Millenium. Journal

o Archaeological Research 9(4):87349.Fladmark, K. 1983 imes and Places: Environmental Correlates o Mod to Late Wisconsin HumanPopulation Expansion in North America. In Early Man in the New World, edited by R. Shulter, pp. 1324.Sage Publishing, Beverly Hills.

Gillam, J. C., D. G. Anderson, and A. . Peterson 2007 A Continental-scale Perspective on the Peopling

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14

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10

8

6

4

2

02309

Siteincidence

Model 2

Accessibility values

202309 402309 602309 802309

18

16

1412

10

8

6

4

2

02408 502408 1002408 1502408 2002408 2502408

Siteincidence

Model 1

Accessibility values

2

3 45

1

1

2

3

4 5

Figure 2. The quantity o sites registered in each o fve bins defned by natural breaks in the acces-

sibility values or model 1 and model 2. The ollowing table lists the specifc sites contained in each

accessibility-value bin (see Figure 1 or site numbers).Model 2

bin 1: site no. 1, 4, 8, 11, 1415, 19, 26, 2930

bin 2: site no. 3, 5, 67, 9, 10, 12, 13, 1618,

2223, 25, 28

bin 3: site no. 2, 21, 27

bin 4: site no. 24

bin 5: site no. 20

Model 1

bin 1: site no. 3, 4, 712, 1416, 19, 22,

2425, 2728

bin 2: site no. 1, 56, 13, 17, 23, 2930

bin 3: site no. 2, 26

bin 4: site no. 18, 20

bin 5: site no. 21


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o the Americas: Modeling Geographic Distributions and Ecological Niches o Pleistocene Populations.Current Research in the Pleistocene 24:1922.

Kohler, ., and S. Parker 1986 Predictive Models or Archaeological Resource Location, edited by

M. B. Schifer,Advances in Archaeological Method and Teory9: 397452. New York, Academic Press.Martin, P. 1973 Te Discovery o America. Science 179:96974.

Meltzer, D. J. 1993 Pleistocene Peopling o the Americas. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News,and Reviews 1:15769.

Miotti, L. 1998 Zooarqueologa de la Meseta Central y costa de la provincia de Santa Cruz: Un enoquede las estrategias adaptativas aborgenes y los paleoambientes, edited by H. Lagiglia, Museo Municipalde Historia Natural de San Raael, Mendoza.

2006 La achada atlntica, como puerta de ingreso alternativa de la colonizacin humana deAmrica del Sur durante la transicin Pleistoceno/Holoceno. En: II Simposio Internacional El Hombre

emprano En Amrica. Eds. J. C. Jimnez, S. Gonzlez; pp. 15588. INAH (Mxico), Museo del Desiertode Coahuila, UNAM, Mxico.

ORourke, D. H., and J. Raf 2010 Te Genetic History o the Americas: Te Final Frontier. CurrentBiology20(4):R2027.

Pucciarelli, H., W. Neves, R. Gonzlez-Jos, M. Sardi, F. Ramrez Rozzi, A. Struck, and M.Bonilla 2006 East-West Cranial Diferentiationin Pre-Columbian Human Populations o SouthAmerica. Homo 57:13350.

Rabassa, J. 2008 Late Cenozoic Glaciations in Patagonia and ierra del Fuego. In Late Cenozoic oPatagonia and ierra del Fuego:Developments in Quaternary Science, edited by J. Rabassa, pp. 151204.Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Sauer, C. O. 1944 A Geographical Sketch o Early Man in America. Geographical Review 34:54354.

Steele, J., J. Adams, and . Sluckin 1998 Modelling Paleoindian Dispersals. World Archaeology30(2):286305.

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