minimizing legal risks associated with sales contracts
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Risk Avoidance Report:
Minimizing Legal Risks Associated with Sales Contracts
Product Liability and Performance on Sales Contracts
Sandra Armenta
South University Online
Professor Karin Bogue
April 23, 2011
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Risk Avoidance Report: Minimizing Legal Risks Associated with Sales Contracts,
Product Liability and Performance on Sales Contracts
Legal risks can be found in every area of the business environment. A risk avoidance plan
should be well developed to include all possible legal risks. These issues can also be addressed in a
good risk management program. Some additional areas where legal risks can occur are sales contracts,
product liability and the performance on sales contracts. There are ways to minimize or avoid overall
risks.
One way to generally avoid or minimize many of the legal risks is an intensive training
program. This training can be performed in-house by the Executives or managers that have an
extensive background in the area being taught. Training can also be provided by an outside firm that
specializes in risk avoidance. A final option is seminars or conferences. Continuous training and
review is essential due to the changes in business environments and laws. However, there are specific
ways to address individual risks.
For BGP Technologies, sales contracts can create legal risks since they are a worldwide
organization. When dealing with different countries one of the main risk factors in sales contracts is
which countrys laws will apply, the buyers country or the sellers country (McPhillips, 2004, para. 3).
In 1986 the United States ratified the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International
Sale of Goods (McPhillips, 2004, para. 4). It is important to become familiar with the differences
between the Convention and the UCC when writing contracts.
One important way to avoid legal issues in sales contracts is to have a written contract.
Although the Convention permits oral contracts, the UCC requires all sales contracts over $500 to be
in writing. In addition, some countries still require written contracts for agreements to be binding
(McPhillips, 2004, para. 9).
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Another helpful tool is to include an arbitration clause in the contract. This can help U.S.
companies avoid the risk of being sued in foreign courts, under foreign rules, by a judge that is
speaking in the language of that country (McPhillips, 2004, para. 32). The arbitration clause should
include where the arbitration would be held, the language used at the hearing and the number of
arbitrators that should be present (McPhillips, 2004, para. 43).
An additional area of concern for BGP would be product liability. With an increase in the news
media reporting on cases of product liability there is a higher risk of product liability today (Ross,
2010, para. 1). The crucial function of product liability prevention is to identify and quantify
potential legal problems and prevent or minimize the risk of their occurring and also to be prepared to
deal with them if they occur (Ross, 2010, para. 5).
The ideal solution would be to obtain legal counsel experienced in product liability. They can
not only help after an incident, they can help develop a risk assessment program to minimize risks
before an incident. BGP can also develop their own risk management program. A risk management
program for product liability should focus on minimizing the potential for incidents, complying with
all laws and regulations, providing a good defense, and evaluating incidents to help prevent future
incidents (Ross, 2010, para. 16). All employees would benefit from training in product liability,
regulatory law and product safety (Ross, 2010, para. 17).
Other ways to minimize product liability legal risks deal with manufacturing, design, and
warnings and instructions. When manufacturing products it is critical to ensure that they meet all
design and manufacturing specifications (Ross, 2010, para. 23). During the production process
performing quality inspections and testing can help to identify any problems. Defects in the product
design can be the biggest risk in product liability. This can be minimized by a risk assessment. A risk
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assessment can be a costly process so an alternative would be for engineers to use various software and
checklists (Ross, 2010, para. 27).
The most important way to minimize the legal risks relating to product liability is identifying
any possible hazards and if they cant be removed, they must include a warning. Manufacturers need
to establish warning label guidelines that will allow for the creation of legally adequate warnings
(Ross, 2010, para. 31). Some products require warning labels be on the product in a specific place,
while others only require warnings to be in an instruction manual (Ross, 2010, para. 33).
Performance on sales contracts can be another area of concern regarding legal risks. Failing to
carry out obligations on a sales contract can have a negative impact on the buyers business creating
legal action against the seller for non-performance (Risks in international, n.d., p. 1). Some
examples of ways to minimize these risks are making sure the contract has no terms or conditions that
can be the subject of future disputes, be knowledgeable in document preparation, be aware of and
respect the cultural differences of the buyer, have sufficient insurance and have a contingency plan.
Repudiation of a contract is the result of a buyer or seller refusing to perform the contract as
stated (Twomey & Jennings, 2010, p. 582). This can include failing to deliver the product, delivering
late or delivering part of the order, and/or delivering damaged or defective goods or goods that do not
meet the specifications of the contract (Rutter, 1996, para. 37). These risks can be avoided by making
sure that the terms of the contract are reasonable for both the buyer and the seller. This is especially
important when doing business with other countries (Rutter, 1996, para. 41).
Using a trader that is experienced in the specific country is another option for delivery of the
product. This can help in avoiding the risk of non-performance of the contract (Rutter, 1996, para. 43).
However, when using a third party as a trader it is advisable to get a guarantee to protect yourself in
the event the trader fails to perform. The guarantee can be a standby letter of credit, performance
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bonds, bank guarantees, cash deposited in an escrow account, product delivered to a neutral party, or
government guarantees (Rutter, 1996, para. 48).
The legal risks involving sales contracts, product liability and the performance of the sales
contract can lead to costly lawsuits. Avoiding or minimizing these risks can be very easy with the
knowledge and/or training. Being familiar with contract law under the UCC or the Convention for
international transactions can help to create a sales contract that can avoid any legal risks.
The manufacturing of the goods should include quality inspections and testing. This legal risk
may not be avoidable, but by placing the appropriate warning and instructions the risk can be
minimized. The performance of the sales contract can be minimized by having a well written and
reasonable contract. The key to minimizing the risks in all these areas is the sales contracts, including
disclaimers.
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References
McPhillips, C.V. (2004, January/February). Buying and selling overseas: Dealing with contracts in a
foreign world. Business Law Today: American Bar Association, 13(3). Retrieved
fromhttp://www.americanbar.org/publications/business_law_today_table_of_contents/buslaw_
blt_2004_01_02_mcphillips.html
Ross, K. (2010, August 25). Product liability risk management. The Hennepin Lawyer. Retrieved
from http://www.productliabilityprevention.com/images/HCBA-
Product_Liability_Risk_Management_Aug2510_.pdf
Rutter, N. K. (1996). Part 1: Managing risks in countertrade transactions.BarterNews, 37. Retrieved
from http://www.barternews.com/managing_risks.htm
Twomey D., & Jennings, M. (2010). Andersons business law and the legal environment (21st Ed.)
[Vital Source Digital Bookshelf]. Retrieved from www.myeclassonline.com
Risks in international trade and mitigating measures. (n.d.). United Overseas Bank Limited Co.
Retrieved from
http://www.uob.com.sg/assets/pdfs/corporate/corporate/TradeTutorials_RisksinInternationalTra
de.pdf