minerals in forages: plant considerationsplant considerations j.b. peters and k.a. kelling soil...
TRANSCRIPT
Minerals in Forages:Plant Considerations
J.B. Peters and K.A. Kelling
Soil Science Department
University of Wisconsin - Madison
Mac
ro-m
iner
als:
•C
a–
com
pone
ntof
cell
wal
ls,i
nvol
ved
ince
lldi
visi
onan
del
onga
tion,
cell
mem
bran
esan
dN
met
abol
ism
•M
g–
com
pone
ntof
chlo
roph
yll.
Low
Mg
asso
ciat
edw
ithhy
pom
agne
sem
ia(grass
tetany
)
•P
–en
ergy
tran
sfer
inpl
ants
,com
pone
ntof
the
nucl
eus
•K
–ne
eded
inla
rge
quan
titie
sin
plan
ts
Pota
ssiu
m f
unct
ion
in f
orag
ele
gum
es
•E
nzym
eac
tivity
•C
arbo
hydr
ate
prod
uctio
nan
dtr
ansp
ort
•St
omat
alac
tivity
•L
inks
toin
crea
sed
resi
stan
ceto
dise
ase
and
lodg
ing
•B
alan
ces
anio
nic
char
ges
Kin
plan
ts:
•T
aken
upas
K+
•0.
5-8%
inpl
antt
issu
e
•C
once
ntra
ted
inst
ems
and
top
ofpl
ant
•M
oves
toro
otby
mas
sfl
owan
ddi
ffus
ion
Km
anag
emen
tin
Wis
cons
in
1.So
ilsca
nbe
low
orde
fici
ent,
espe
cial
lyif
alfa
lfa
isin
the
rota
tion,
with
outs
igni
fica
ntm
anur
eap
plic
atio
ns
2.T
opdr
ess
Kis
ofte
nus
edas
insu
ranc
e
3.E
xces
sive
Kin
som
efo
rage
sis
com
mon
Com
pari
son
of c
orn
nutr
ient
nee
ds w
ithm
anur
e nu
trie
nt c
onte
nt -
Nitr
ogen
str
ateg
y
020
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Co
rn n
utr
ien
t nee
d, 1
60b
u/a
cre
Man
ure
nu
trie
nt c
on
ten
t,40
ton
s/ac
re
N
P2O
5K
2O
N
P2O
5
K2O32
0
Nutrient, lb/acre
Com
pari
son
of c
orn
nutr
ient
nee
ds w
ithm
anur
e nu
trie
nt c
onte
nt-
Phos
phor
usst
rate
gy
020
40
60
80
10
0
12
0
14
0
16
0
Co
rn n
utr
ien
t n
eed
, 160
bu
/acr
eM
anu
re n
utr
ien
t co
nte
nt,
20to
ns/
acre
N
P2O
5K
2O
NP
2O5
K2O
Nutrient, lb/acre
Plot
loca
tions
use
d fo
r fo
rage
cat
ion
rese
arch
, 199
7-20
01
•M
arsh
fiel
d–
six
pHle
vels
4.8
-7.
3
•Sp
oone
r–
five
pHle
vels
4.7
-6.
7
•H
anco
ck–
six
pHle
vels
4.5
-7.
0
Spoo
ner
Mar
shfi
eld
Han
cock
pH –
4.9
Pic
ture
take
n in
May
fol
low
ing
the
seed
ing
year
pH–
6.8
Pict
ure
take
n in
May
fol
low
ing
the
seed
ing
year
Ave
rage
ann
ual a
lfal
fa d
ry m
atte
ryi
eld
by s
oil p
H (
1998
-200
1)
00.
511.
522.
533.
544.
5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
Soil
pH
T/a
Han
cock
Mar
shfi
eld
Sp
oon
er
Fina
l sta
nd q
ualit
y by
soi
l pH
(199
8-20
01)
012345678910
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
Soil
pH
plts/ft2
Han
cock
Mar
shfi
eld
Sp
oon
er
KT
reat
men
ts
•Fo
urK
2Ole
vels
–0,
100,
200,
400
lbs
K2O
/a/y
ear*
* App
lied
afte
r fi
rst c
uttin
g
Alf
alfa
resp
onse
toan
nual
Kap
plic
atio
nsat
pH7.
0
3rd c
ut M
arsh
fiel
d, 2
000
0lb
K2O
/a20
0lb
K2O
/a
Alf
alfa
resp
onse
toan
nual
Kap
plic
atio
nsat
pH6.
4
400
lbK
2O/a
0lb
K2O
/a
3rd c
ut M
arsh
fiel
d, 2
000
Ann
ual a
lfal
fa y
ield
by
K2O
rat
e(1
998-
2001
)
0
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.5
T/a
Han
cock
Mar
shfi
eld
Sp
oon
er
0 lb
/a K
2O10
0 lb
/a K
2O20
0 lb
/a K
2O40
0 lb
/a K
2O
Eff
ects
of
pH a
nd K
on
alfa
lfa
dry
mat
ter
yiel
d (H
anco
ck, 1
998-
2001
)
00.
511.
522.
533.
54
T/a
4.5
55.
56
6.5
70
10020
0400
Soil
pH
K ra
te
Alf
alfa
tiss
ue K
by
K2O
rat
e(1
998-
2001
)
0
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.5
%
Han
cock
Mar
shfi
eld
Sp
oon
er
0 lb
/a K
2O10
0 lb
/a K
2O20
0 lb
/a K
2O40
0 lb
/a K
2O
Tot
al K
rem
oved
in a
lfal
fa ti
ssue
(199
8-20
01)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
lb/a
Han
cock
Mar
shfi
eld
Sp
oon
er
0 lb
/a K
2O10
0 lb
/a K
2O20
0 lb
/a K
2O40
0 lb
/a K
2O
Tot
al K
rem
oved
in a
lfal
fa ti
ssue
(199
8-20
01)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
Soil
pH
lb/a
Han
cock
Mar
shfi
eld
Sp
oon
er
Fina
l soi
l tes
t K(1
998-
2001
)
050100
150
200
250
ppm
Han
cock
Mar
shfi
eld
Sp
oon
er
0 lb
/a K
2O10
0 lb
/a K
2O20
0 lb
/a K
2O40
0 lb
/a K
2O
Wis
cons
in s
oil t
est K
tren
ds19
64-1
999
82.8
87.7
9810
612
413
313
414
1
020406080100
120
140
160
ppm
1964
-67
1968
-73
1974
-77
1977
-81
1982
-85
1986
-90
1990
-94
1995
-99
Alf
alfa
Ca
leve
l by
soil
pH(1
998-
2001
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.81
1.2
1.4
1.6
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
Soil
pH
%
Han
cock
Mar
shfi
eld
Sp
oon
er
Alf
alfa
tiss
ue C
a by
K2O
rat
e(1
998-
2001
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.81
1.2
1.4
%
Han
cock
Mar
shfi
eld
Sp
oon
er
0 lb
/a K
2O10
0 lb
/a K
2O20
0 lb
/a K
2O40
0 lb
/a K
2O
Eff
ects
of
pH a
nd K
on
alfa
lfa
tissu
eC
a le
vels
(Sp
oone
r, 1
998-
2001
)
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
%
4.7
5.2
5.7
6.2
6.7
010
020
040
0
Soil
pH
K ra
te
Alf
alfa
Mg
leve
lby
soil
pH
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
Soil
pH
%
Han
cock
Mar
shfi
eld
Sp
oon
er
Alf
alfa
tiss
ue M
g by
K2O
rat
e(1
998-
2001
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
%
Han
cock
Mar
shfi
eld
Sp
oon
er
0 lb
/a K
2O10
0 lb
/a K
2O20
0 lb
/a K
2O40
0 lb
/a K
2O
Eff
ects
of
pH a
nd K
on
alfa
lfa
tissu
eM
g le
vels
(M
arsh
fiel
d, 1
998-
2000
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
%
4.8
5.3
5.8
6.3
6.8
7.3
010
020
040
0
Soil
pH
K ra
te
Alf
alfa
Tis
sue
PL
evel
s
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
Soil
pH
%TissueP
Mar
shfi
eld
Sp
oon
erH
anco
ck
3rd c
ut,1
999
Ave
rage
Tis
sue
PL
evel
s
0
0.050.1
0.150.2
0.250.3
0.350.4
0.45
TissueP%
Mar
shfi
eld
Sp
oon
erH
anco
ck
0 lb
/a K
2O10
0 lb
/a K
2O20
0 lb
/a K
2O40
0 lb
/a K
2O
3rd c
ut a
lfal
fa,1
999
Rom
inge
r et
al.,
197
5
Alf
alfa
tiss
ue K
leve
l by
heig
ht, f
irst
cut M
arsh
fiel
d 20
02
0
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
TissueK(%)
97 p
pm15
0 pp
m43
0 pp
m
0-2
inch
es2-
4in
ches
4-6
inch
es6-
8in
ches
8+in
ches
Soil
Tes
t K
Alf
alfa
tiss
ue C
a le
vel b
y he
ight
,fi
rst c
ut M
arsh
fiel
d 20
02
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.81
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
TissueCa(%)
0-2
inch
es2-
4in
ches
4-6
inch
es6-
8in
ches
8+in
ches
K =
97
ppm
Ca
= 13
20 p
pmK
= 2
35 p
pmC
a =
1380
ppm
K =
430
ppm
Ca
= 14
60 p
pm
Alf
alfa
tiss
ue M
g le
vel b
y he
ight
,fi
rst c
ut M
arsh
fiel
d 20
02
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
TissueMg(%)
0-2
inch
es2-
4in
ches
4-6
inch
es6-
8in
ches
8+in
ches
K =
97
ppm
Mg
=36
0pp
mK
= 1
15 p
pmM
g=
400
ppm
K =
430
ppm
Mg
=38
0pp
m
Alf
alfa
Tis
sue
PL
evel
s
00.
050.1
0.150.2
0.250.3
0.350.4
0.45
TissueP%
Soil
test
K,7
0pp
mSo
ilte
stK
,370
ppm
0-2
inch
es2-
4in
ches
4-6
inch
es6-
8in
ches
8+in
ches
3rd c
ut,2
001
Bake
r an
d Rei
d, 1
977
K c
ompo
sitio
n of
per
enni
al f
orag
es(H
offm
an, e
t al.
1994
)
2
2.252.5
2.753
3.253.5
3.754
Lat
eve
geta
tive
Ear
ly b
udL
ate
bud
Ear
lybl
oom
Mid
bloo
mF
ull
bloo
m
TissueK(%)
Alf
alfa
Red
Clo
ver
Bro
meg
rass
Com
pari
son
of f
orag
e K
leve
ls o
fle
gum
es a
nd le
gum
e-gr
ass
mix
ture
s
3.37
2.86
2.92
4.33
with
rye
gras
s2.
932.
423.
223.
14B
irds
foot
Tre
foil
3.32
2.56
3.26
4.14
with
rye
gras
s3.
222.
383.
773.
50R
ed C
love
r
3.16
2.24
3.80
3.45
with
rye
gras
s3.
052.
362.
973.
82A
lfal
fa
----
----
----
----
--%
K--
----
----
----
----
Ave
rage
Cut
3C
ut 2
Cut
1
Ten
-yea
r av
erag
e fo
rage
min
eral
cont
ent
0.26
2.51
0.29
0.94
Smal
lgra
insi
lage
0.21
1.18
0.24
0.28
Cor
nsi
lage
0.27
2.92
0.35
0.59
Gra
sssi
lage
0.27
1.89
0.36
0.71
Gra
ssha
y0.
322.
840.
331.
08L
egum
e-gr
ass
sila
ge0.
292.
250.
271.
01L
egum
e-gr
ass
hay
0.30
2.86
0.32
1.14
Leg
ume
sila
ge0.
322.
710.
301.
20L
egum
eha
y--
----
---
%(DMbasis)
---
----
--
Mg
KP
Ca
UW
Soi
l & F
orag
e A
naly
sis
Lab
, Mar
shfi
eld,
WI
(199
2-20
01)
Sum
mar
y
•So
ilpH
has
asi
gnif
ican
teff
ecto
nca
tion
leve
lsfo
und
info
rage
tissu
e•
App
lyin
gK
has
asi
gnif
ican
tinf
luen
ceon
allt
issu
eca
tion
leve
ls•
As
soil
Kin
crea
ses,
tissu
eK
incr
ease
san
dtis
sue
Ca
and
Mg
tend
tode
crea
se.
•T
ypic
ally
,min
eral
Ple
vels
are
notg
reat
lyaf
fect
edby
the
pres
ence
ofhi
ghle
vels
ofK
.
Sum
mar
y
•A
pply
nutr
ient
sac
cord
ing
toso
ilte
stre
com
men
datio
ns.
Hig
hK
leve
lsw
illle
adto
“lux
ury
cons
umpt
ion”
info
rage
s.
•If
redu
cing
Kis
your
goal
–cl
ipfo
rage
low
er,a
ndal
low
the
fora
geto
mat
ure
abi
tm
ore
than
norm
al.
•K
eep
low
Kfo
rage
sse
para
ted
inst
orag
e.
