INTRODUCTIONThere has been a dramatic explosion in human population.

The number of new humans added to world population each year and the additional demands for food, energy, and other resources from our planet are frightening

One of the important barrier for increasing food production are: Diseases, insects, and weeds.

Crop losses to diseases and insects not only affect national and World food supplies and economies, but also affect individual Farmers even more, whether they grow the crop for direct consumption of for sale.

ULAT API Kelapa sawitSetora nitensDarna trimaBirthosea bisuraPloneta (Darna) diductaSusica pallidaSetothosea asignaPloneta (Darna) bradleyi

Oryctes rhinoceros

Busuk Sklerotium Sclerotium rolfsiiBusuk Batang Vanili (BBV) Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vanillae

Tomato plants wilting as a result of reduced water translocation to the leaves due to infection of the vascular system by the bacterium Pseudomonas solanacearum Vascular system of infected plants usually turns to brown due to accumulation of oxidized phenolics and plant cell breakdown products

Rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae

Typical leaf lesions are spindle-shapedAttack the stem at the nodes: the sheath pulvinus rots, turn blaskish, and breaks easily.3. Attack panicle neck : neck rot occur, few or no seeds

Crater rot on carrot caused by Rhizoctonia Scab symptoms on orange fruit caused by the fungus Elsinoe fawcetti

Penyakit penyakit penting yang memberikan pengaruh besar terhadap Kehidupan manusia :

Di Eropa mulai tahun 1000 an, penyakit api suci (holy fire); orang memakan roti dari tepung rye (Secale cereale) yang terserang jamur Claviceps purpurea, penyakitnya disebut ergotisme: menyebabkan jari tangan dan kaki, hidung dan telinga bengkak-bengkak dan dapat menyebabkan putusnya bagian tubuh tsb, sehingga menyebabkan kematian. Terutama di Eropa Barat seperti Perancis dan Belgia.Penyakit hawar daun (late blight dieases) tanaman kentang disebabkan oleh Phytophthora infestans: di Irlandia pada tahun 1845-1860, menyebabkan 1 juta orang mati kelaparan, dan 1 juta lainnya mjd imigran ke USA. Juga menyebabkan Jerman kalah dalam Perang Dunia I, pada tahun 1917. karena tanaman kentang mati 1/3nya akibat serangan penyakit ini karena bahan tembaga yang biasanya digunakan untuk mengendalikan penyakit ini tidak tersedia akibat digunakan untuk senjata perang.

3. Pada Tahun 1942-1943 di Benggala (Bangladesh), terjadi paceklik akibat tanaman padi terserang penyakit bercak coklat (Drechslera oryzae, Helminthosporium oryzae) mengakibatkan 2 juta orang mati kelaparan. Tragedinya terkenal The Great Bengal Famine. Krn beras dari Myanmar tidak bisa didatangkan karena pendudukan jepang.Pada tahun 1936-1937, di Afrika Barat, kakoa terserang penyakit tunas bengkak (Swollen shoot) yang disebabkan oleh vvirus, menyebabkan produksi kakao turun dari 116 ribu ton menjadi hanya 64 ribu ton.Setelah perang dunia I, di Amerika Tengah dan Selatan seperti Brazil, tanaman karet terserang penyakit hawar daun Amerika Selatan (South American leaf blight) yang disebabkan oleh Microcyclus ulei. Sehingga industri ban Amerika seperti Ford dan Goodyear bermasalah. Di Indonesia tahun 1930an adanya penyakit sereh pada tebu yang kemungkinan disebabkan oleh virus, tetapi penyakit hilang setelah Balai Penelitian Tebu menemukan varietas tahan yaitu POJ 2878 yang dikenal tebu ajaib

7. Di Indonesia, abad ke 18 di Jawa terkenal kopi arabika yang dikenal dengan kopi jawa, tetapi tahun 1880, terserang penyakit karat daun disebabkan Hamileia vastatrix, kemudian kopi arabika diganti dengan kopi Liberia, tetapi juga terserang, kemudian diganti dengan kobi Robusta yang sekarang banyak kita minum.8. Pada tahun 1970an puluhan ribu ha sawah, padinya terserang penyakit tungro yang dulu dikenal dengan nama hama mantek yang disebabkan oleh virus tungro yang disebarkan oleh wereng hijau (Nephotettix virescens)9. Tahun 1950an. Di Indonesia tanaman jeruk khususnya jeruk siem hancur karena seranggan penyakit CVPD (citrus vein phloem degeration) penyebabnya adalah sejenis mycoplasma/bacterial like microorganisms, di Sumatera Selatan khususnya di OKI semua tanaman jeruk hancur. Jeruk keprok Garut dan Tawangmangu yang lezat menjadi punah.

Pests and diseases problemsControlResistant cultivarsNew race of pathogenNot availableChemical pesticidesEnvironmental problemsExpensiveNot satisfactoryAlternative controlBiological Control

Yield increase

There were many prominent case related to toxicology pesticides in the world :

1. DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) Silent Spring "Over increasingly large areas of the United States spring now comes unheralded by the return of birds, and the early mornings are strangely silent where once they were filled with the beauty of bird song." Rachael Carson, 1962, Silent Spring Book quickly became a best-seller. Chemical and pesticide industry alarmed by books success and attacked it. 2. the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms: humans, animals, and plants. acute effects (e.g., eye and skin irritation, death) and whether long-term, continual exposure will cause chronic effects (e.g., impaired liver function, reproductive abnormalities, cancer).3.Target pest resurgence and secondary pest outbreak

4. Residual effect Chronic effects of pesticides residues on human health is very dengerous namely for pesticide residues on food residu pesitisida pada sayuran: penelitian pada sayuran: mempunyai residu berkisar 0,125-9,5 ppm, melampaui Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) yaitu sebesar 0,001-0,002 ppm, dan melampau Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) sebesar 0,045- 0,130 mh/kg.Killing the beneficial organismsOccurring pests and disease resistance to pesticides

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IS THE BEST SOLUTIONS

Defenition

According to Baker and Cook in their book Biological Control of Plant Pathogens (1974), Biological control is the reduction of inoculum density or disease-producing activities of a pathogen or parasite in its active or dormant state, by one or more organisms, accomplished naturally or through manipulation of the envitonment, host, or antagonist, or by mass introduction of one or more antagonists.

The objectives of biological control of plant pathogen is the reduction of disease by:Reduction of inoculumof the pathogen through: a. decreased survival between crop b. decreased production or release of viable propagules c. decreased spread by mycelial growth.2. Reduction of infection of the host by the pathogen3. Reduction of severity of attack by the pathogen

Campbell in his book (1989) Biological control of microbial plant pathogens Biological control of plant diseases, in its widest sense, is

Any means of controlling disease or reducing the amount or the effect of pathogens that relies on biological mechanisms or organisms other than man. It includes

1). Crop rotation and some tillage system and fertilizer practices which affect microbes

2). The direct addition of microbes antagonistic to pathogens or favourable to the plant.

3). The use of chemicals to change the microflora

4). Plant breeding, as it is known that changes in the plant genome may affect disease resistance and also the surface microflora.

In entomologist

Biological control is the action of parasites, predators, or pathogen in Maintaining another organismss population density at a lower average thanWould occur in their absence

Harry Smith (1919) who definedbiological control as suppression of insect populations by the actions ofTheir native or introduced natural enemies

Van Drieasche and Bellow (1996) The use of parasitoid, predator, pathogen, antagonist, or competitor Populations to suppress a pest population, making it less abundant and Thus less damaging than it would otherwise be

THE COMPARATIVE APPROACHETO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT PATHOGEN AND INSECTS

Biological control of plant pestBiological control of plant pathogenNatural anemiesPredator, parasitoid and entomopatogenAntagonist, Plant growth promotion fungi/rhizobacteriaNon-pathogenic-hipovirulent microorganismsMechanismsActively mobile, seek their prey,Operate on the basis of a single predator or parasite against a single prey.Antibiosis, competition, hyperparasitism and induced rsistance. Passive and non-mobile, make accidental contact with the pathogen and operate in mixed groups more than as individuals.Introduce natural anemiesFreely introduce foreign predator and parasites when native ones is not available Native antagonists and attempted to strengthen their effectiveness by manipulation of the environment

WHY BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IS IMPORTANT

Biological control could answer many modern agriculture problem and to be the important component in developing sustainable agriculture system.

Increasing plant production without changing natural resources

b. Avoiding the development of pathogen resistant to pesticides Disease resistant to fungisida benomyl: Venturia inaequalis (scab on aple), Erysiphe cichoracearum (downy mildew on various cucurbit and Botrytis cinerea Disease resistance on metalaxyl : Phytophtora infestans (late blight on potato ); P. paraistica var. nicotiana (black shank on tobaco) ; Peronospora tabacina (blue mold on tobaco). c. free-risk of the pollution problem and pesticides residues d. compatible with sustainable agricultural system e. Keep biological balance in nature f. support organic farming

Before 1971, some plant pathologists have hopeful skepticism that Biological control of plant diseases will ever be more than a noveltyStudied by petri-dish biologist, with little chance of success under Field conditons. It has been referred to as emperical, unreliable.

It was stated in 1962 as a principle of plant pathology that biological control plays a minor role in the control of plant disease

In April 7-13, 1963. Very important International symposium was held in berkeley campus, University of California. The symposium was Attended 310 participants from 24 countries. This seminar produce proceeding Ecology of soil-borne plant Pathogen : Prelude to Biological Control

In 1971, the Symposium in title Biological control Mission Impossible ? was held in annual meeting of the American PhytoPathological Society.

A successful biological control for crown gall has been developed by Kerr and associates (1973). They demonstrated that nonpatogenic Agrobacterium radiobacter stran K.84. could effectively control crown gall caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This agens strains K84 has been sold commercially in Australia since 1973.

1974, Scientific book on Biological control was released in title Biological control of plant pathogens Written by Kenneth F. Baker and R. James Cook

Cook and Baker again write new book in title The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens (1983)

Then the biological control developed well

Symposium dan konferensi tentang pengendalian hayatiSimposium pertama yang berhubungan dengan pengendalian hayati dilakukan di Universitas Kalifornia di Berkeley pada bulan April 1963 yang dihadiri oleh 24 negara dengan mengeluarkan proceeding dengan judul Ecology of Soil-Borne Plant pathogens, Prelude to Biological Control. Selanjutnya seminar ini dilakukan setiap lima tahun.Tahun 1971 pertemuan tahunan ke 63 di Amerika mempublikasi Biological Control of Soil-borne Pathogen-Mission Impossible ? dalam jurnal Soil biology dan Biochemistery.International symposium Biological Control of Plant Pathogen di Australia tahun 1974 National Science Foundation Warkshop on Biological Control in Plant pathology, di Arizona, December 1981.International symposia on Biological Control of Soilborne Plant pathogen dan Biological Control of Pathogen of Ornamental Plant pada pertemuan tahunan di Amerika tahun 1983.Dan sebagainya symposium tentang pengendalian biologi berkembang dengan pesat.

Note : *) Biopesticides which released in Indonesia.

Ampelomyces quisqualisAQ10Powdery mildew pada anggur, tomat dllCandida oleophilaAspireBotrytis spp.dan Penicillium spp.pada penyakit lepas panenConiothyrium minitansContans WG/Intercept WGSclerotinia sclerotiorum dan S.minorMyrothecium verrucaria (killed)DiTeraNematoda parasitNonpatogenik FusariumBIO-FOB*)Busuk Batang Vanili

Diantara produk biopestisida untuk yang terdaftar di United State-Environmental Protection Agency dan sudah dijual dipasaran USA : RootShield; Soil Gard;YieldShield, AQ10, Aspire, Constans WG/Intercept WG, DiTera; Galltrol, Nogall,Companion; HiStick N/T; Kodiak; Serenede;Deny; Intercept WG; Bio-Save, BlightBan, Cedomon; Actinovate; Mycostop;

Agen pengendalian biologi dipasaranyang terdaftar di United State-Environmental Protection Agency :Cendawan:Trichoderma spp./Gliocladium spp., Candida oleophila, Ampelomyces quisqualis,Coniothyrium minitans, Myrothecium verrucariaBakteri:Bacillus spp., Agrobacterium radiobacter,Pseudomonas spp., dan Streptomyces spp.

Contoh biopestisida yang dijual dipasaran di USA

MIKROORGANISME ENTOMOPATOGENIK PADA Ulat Pemakan Daun Kelapa Sawit

Jenis Mikroorganisme

Hama Sasaran

Jenis

Stadia

Bakteri :

Bacillus thuringiensis

S. asigna, M. plana,

M. corbetti

Ulat

Jamur :

Cordyceps militaris

Beauveria bassiana

S. asigna, S. nitens, D. diducta, D. trima

M. plana

Ulat/pupa

Ulat

Virus :

( Nudaurelia

Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus (MNPV)

Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV)

Granulosis virus (GV)

S. asigna, S. nitens

S. asigna

M. corbetti

M. corbetti

Ulat

Ulat

Ulat

Ulat

PENABURAN JAMUR2-4 MSAPENGGUNAAN JAMUR Metarhizium anisopliae UNTUK PENGENDALIAN LARVA Oryctes rhinoceros PADA MULSA TKSBiakan massal jamur