Migration

• The mass movement of people from one area to another.

Emigration

• Migration from a place (especially migration from your native country in order to settle in another)

Immigration

• Entering and settling in a country or region to which one is not native.

Nativism and xenophobia

• Anti-immigration feelings grow

• Nativism-idea that native-born Americans are better

• Xenophobia-fear of foreigners

Between 1850 and 1914 over forty million people left Europe for a new life in America, making it the biggest movement of people in history. A combination of push and pull factors caused this mass migration. The push factors were those that forced the immigrants to leave their homeland while the pull factors were those that attracted them to the United States.

You now need to decide what the push and pull factors were.

OvercrowdingOvercrowdingin Europein Europe

OvercrowdingOvercrowdingin Europein Europe

OvercrowdingOvercrowdingin Europein Europe

Plenty of foodPlenty of foodin USAin USA

Plenty of foodPlenty of foodin USAin USA

Plenty of foodPlenty of foodin USAin USA

Persecution ofPersecution ofRussian JewsRussian Jews

Persecution ofPersecution ofRussian JewsRussian Jews

Persecution ofPersecution ofRussian JewsRussian Jews

PovertyPovertyin Europein Europe

PovertyPovertyin Europein Europe

PovertyPovertyin Europein Europe

The US BillThe US Billof Rightsof Rights

The US BillThe US Billof Rightsof Rights

The US BillThe US Billof Rightsof Rights

Higher pay forHigher pay forUS workerUS worker

Higher pay forHigher pay forUS workersUS workers

Higher pay forHigher pay forUS workersUS workers

EuropeanEuropeanclass systemclass system

EuropeanEuropeanclass systemclass system

EuropeanEuropeanclass systemclass system

ReligiousReligiousfreedom in USfreedom in US

ReligiousReligiousfreedom in USfreedom in US

ReligiousReligiousfreedom in USfreedom in US

The Great Melting pot

• Melting pot: theory that US is a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blend together to become American.

• Truth-many do not give up their customs

• Might be more like a salad bowl

RELIGION

BIRTHPLACE

REASONS

DESTINATION

OCCUPATION

RELIGION

BIRTHPLACE

REASONS

DESTINATION

OCCUPATION

Protestant Catholic and Jewish

North/Western Southern/Eastern Europe Europe

Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution

Moved to farms Moved to cities in the in the Midwest Northeast

Became farmers Unskilled workers

Protestant Catholic and Jewish

North/Western Southern/Eastern Europe Europe

Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution

Moved to farms Moved to cities in the in the Midwest Northeast

Became farmers Unskilled workers Old vs New Immigrants

Cartoon: Immigration•Old Immigrants resented the New Immigrants.

•New Immigrants came to this country for the same reasons as the Old Immigrants.

•Resentment and discrimination

against the Chinese.

•Chinese look different (physical

features, hair, dress etc…

•First law to restrict

immigration.

•Taking away jobs from Nativists

(sound familiar?)

Chinese Exclusion Act 1

•President Hayes vetoed this act and Congress

would override it.

•He would not be re-elected.

•Chinese immigration would be outlawed until

the 1920’s.

Ellis IslandEllis Island was built in 1892 as the

1st “Immigration

Center”

Later, closed in the 1940s

Today it is a museum.

•The goal was to “screen” immigrants coming from Europe.

•Immigrants took physical examinations and were held at Ellis Island before they were released to the US mainland.

Immigrants also came in through the West Coast at a place called Angel Island

In the late 1800s, Chinese immigrants had many reasons to leave for the United States

1) The Gold Rush of 18482) Construction of the Central Pacific Railroad3) The Taiping Rebellion

Two Different Worlds 1

The wealthy lived extravagant lifestylesextravagant lifestyles and considered themselves elitists.

The common people resented their snobbish attitudes and wealth.

1861---------3 millionaires----------1900--------3,800 1900, 90% of wealth, controlled by 10% of population.

Cities grew rapidlyCities grew rapidly

near raw materialsindustrial areas

transportation routes. Opportunities in the job market.

Terrible ConditionsTerrible ConditionsPoor sanitary and living conditions

Tenement apartmentsSweathouses

Immigrants Settle in Cities Industrialization leads to urbanizationurbanization, or growth of

cities

Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs

AmericanizationAmericanization—assimilate people into main culture

Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills

English, American history, cooking, etiquette

Ethnic communities provide social support

Migration from Country to CityFarm technology decreases need for laborers; people

move to citiesMany African Americans in South lose their

livelihood

1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence

Find segregation, discrimination in North too

Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension

Water 1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water,

indoor plumbing rare Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908

Sanitation Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor

trash collection Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage,

clean outhouses-------often do not do job properly By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation

departments

Crime As population grows, thieves flourish

Early police forces too small to be effective Fire Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles,

kerosene heaters Most firefighters volunteers, not always available 1900, most cities have full-time, professional fire

departments Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make

cities safer

Job opportunities for Women•School teaching

•Domestic service

•Women doctors

•Lawyers, typists, telephone girls, librarians, journalists and social workers.

•Women gainfully employed rose from 2.5 million in 1880 to 8 million in 1910.

Job opportunities for Women•School teaching

•Domestic service

•Women doctors

•Lawyers, typists, telephone girls, librarians, journalists and social workers.

•Women gainfully employed rose from 2.5 million in 1880 to 8 million in 1910.

Cities had many facesCities had many faces•Slums

•Criminals

•Beggars

•Pollution

•bad smells

•grafters (corrupt politicians)

Cities had many facesCities had many faces•Slums

•Criminals

•Beggars

•Pollution

•bad smells

•grafters (corrupt politicians)

•Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S.

•Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities

•Meatpacking

•Steel mills

•Cattle industry

•Multi-cultural community

•Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S.

•Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities

•Meatpacking

•Steel mills

•Cattle industry

•Multi-cultural community

•Many American nativists disliked new immigrants

because they would not

assimilate into American society.

•Would stay segregated in their

ethnic neighborhoods.

•It’s why we have Chinatowns,

Japantown, North Beach, the

Mission (which started for the

Irish), etc.