II LO im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Końskich

What is migration?Migration is the movement of people from one place to another.•Internal migration is when people migrate within the same country or region - for example, moving from London to Plymouth.•International migration is when people migrate from one country to another - for example, moving from Mexico to the USA.

Two key migration terms•Emigration - when someone leaves a country.•Immigration - when someone enters a country.

Migration has become an increasingly important phenomenon for European societies. Patterns of migration flows can change greatly over time, with the size and composition of migrant populations reflecting both current and historical patterns of migration flows. Combined with the complexity and long-term nature of the migrant integration process, this can present challenges to policymakers who need good quality information on which to base decisions. It is important that the statistics should go beyond the basic demographic characteristics of migrants and present a wider range of socio-economic information on migrants and their descendants.

- Since the EU was formed, it is easier to migrate between countries.

As one of the ‘four freedoms’ of the EU, each European citizen may take up and pursue employment in the territory of another member state under the same conditions as the nationals of the host state (EU Treaty Art. 1 & Reg. 1612/68)

Within the EU migrants may come:from different countries in the EUfrom outside of the EUIn 2004 Poland, and seven other Eastern European countries joined the EU. This increased migration into the UK. The largest group of migrants were from Poland.

Immigrants into EU Member States in 2009 were, on average, much younger than the population already resident in their country of destination.

As the countries of Europe recovered from World War II, they again became attractive destinations for potential migrants and opened their doors to immigrants to help rebuild their economies. Furthermore, during the post-war period, technological improvements in land and air travel decreased the cost of migration. Emigration from developing countries to Western countries expanded rapidly as incomes in the developing world rose enough to make emigration feasible, but not enough to make it moot.

Post-World War II Migration

• As the countries of Europe recovered from World War II, they again became attractive destinations for potential migrants and opened their doors to immigrants to help rebuild their economies. Furthermore, during the post-war period, technological improvements in land and air travel decreased the cost of migration. Emigration from developing countries to Western countries expanded rapidly as incomes in the developing world rose enough to make emigration feasible.

• Likewise, many workers from former colonies of European powers migrated to Europe in search of work, facilitated by still-existing ties between the colonial home countries and their colonies, such as Indians, Pakistanis, and West Indians who moved to England, and Vietnamese, Cambodians, Algerians, Tunisians, Moroccans.

• Most noticeable were immigrants to Germany from Turkey, who were brought into the country as “Gastarbeiter” or “guest workers” in the 1950s and 1960s as the country’s post-war “economic miracle” demanded labor.

Migration nowadaysCountries in blue have a positive migration rate and countries in orange have a negative

Poland has a small immigrant population. Most non-EU immigrants (both legal and illegal) come from Poland's Eastern European neighbors and Asia: Ukraine, Belarus, Vietnam, and Armenia. Russian and Moldovan nationals belong to the stable core as well.

The number of Chinese citizens receiving temporary residence permits has grown in just the past few years, making them the fourth-largest group — and surpassing Russians and Armenians — in this category in 2009

After Poland joined the European Union, the number of settlement permits decreased while the number of temporary permits rose by more than 5,000 between 2004 and 2009.

The number of foreigners living in Poland at just 49,221 people. This would correspond to just 0.1% of the total population. The most widely represented nationalities in 2002 were Ukrainians (20%), Russians (8.8%), Germans (7.5%).

Some people choose to migrate, eg someone who moves to another country to enhance their career opportunities.

Some people are forced to migrate, eg someone who moves due to war or famine.

A refugee is someone who has left their home and does not have a new home to go to. Often refugees do not carry many possessions with them and do not have a clear idea of where they may finally settle.

Often migration is illegal immigration to a country/state in violation of the immigration laws and sovereignty of that country/state. Illegal immigration raises many political, economic and social issues and has become a source of major controversy in developed countries and the more successful developing countries.

Push and pull factors

Push factors are the reasons why people leave an area.

Pull factors are the reasons why people move to a particular area.- Migration usually happens as a result of a combination of these push and pull factors.

Impact of Immigration• Language

• Religion and Religious Freedom

• Customs/Traditions

• Cultural Landscape

Migration to the UK from Poland

• Millions of young people have left Poland since it joined EU in 2004 resulting in many clubs and bars struggling to attract enough customers. On the positive side some migrants on the return to Poland tend to spend their wages. Socially, the emigration of young people, in 18-35 age group, can potentially have negative impact on the education system. Many university courses may have to close due to the insufficient amount of students to fill the places. Artistic and cultural scenes could also suffer as a result of the migration. This is evident in Poland where many musicians have moved to London. Arguably, migrants may return to Poland with new ideas and skillsets they have learned abroad which could have long-term positive effects on Polish arts and education.

VOLUME 650,000 Poles have entered the UK (2004+)

CHARACTERISTICS They bring a range of skills and occupations, including dentists and builders

DEMOGRAPHICS The majority are aged 18-30 and significant numbers are having children while in the UK

LONG-TERM Many will remain in the long-term but many more claim they will eventually return to Poland

NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES Poland suffers from economic and social losses as a result of this migration POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES Remittances are sent back to families to Poland

Seasonal jobs Some people are forced into seasonal jobs , mostly because they need

the money.

- In order to learn more about migration patterns in Poland, I asked my friends and family about their experiences with working abroad. Most of them worked at least one summer holidays in Germany as farmhands. A successful farming area, Germany produces a variety of crops. German farmers primarily grow potatoes, grains, and seasonal fruits and vegetables.

- France ( Place: Dorgodne. Time: summer months. Work: Grape Picking. Opinion: ”The work is only 'minimum wage' and it's true that it is hard work - particularly on your back. But you meet a good group of people and it's nice to be outdoors all day. We had a really lovely mix of people on our team of grape pickers. There were French locals looking to supplement their incomes, there were overseas students like myself from a wide range of countries like the United States, United Kingdom and many other European cities. We all got along really well and as well as getting paid at the end of each week, were also given free meals each lunchtime. In France this isn’t just a sandwich and a Coke – it’s a full four course meal with starter, main course, cheese and dessert. Plus you always get a glass of red (from the vineyard of course!) and a fresh cup of coffee to round things off.”

EmigrantsSince a huge part of my family migrated to

Germany, I had a chance to ask Polish people living there about the reason they decided to settle in different country. Below you can find a chart based on their replies:

Result of migration of one or both parents as a result of which the

children are usually under the care of grandparents, extended family, and

even themselves.

One of the effects of migration action turns out to be a serious disruption of

the social structure of the family. In general, one can say that „euro

orphans” apply to children of families in which the parent or parents living

abroad temporarily for work purposes to improve the economic situation of

the family.

• migration within one country

• Push factors are those in their old place which force people to move. For example, there may be civil wars or wars in general in the country, but political or religious oppression, climate changes, lack of jobs or simply poverty are all important push factors.

• Pull factors are factors in the target country which encourage people to move; these include peace and safety, a chance of a better job, better education, social security, a better standard of living in general as well as political and religious freedom.

• Half the world is now urban

Internal migration

Push and pull factors:Education: follow-up Urbanization - inception of the program of economy restructuring and modernization

Push factors:lack of services, workhigh crimeFlooding

Pull factors:higher employmentmore wealthbetter servicessafer, less crimelower risk from natural hazards