migration haitian refugeessalinas, ca. why do people migrate? push factors – factors that cause us...
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Migration
Haitian RefugeesSalinas, CA
Why do people migrate?• Push Factors –
factors that cause us to move from a location: climate, economy, natural disaster
• Pull Factors – factors that cause us to move to a new location: jobs, climate, family, etc.
Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Emigration and immigrationChange in residence.Relative to origin and destination.
World Migration Routes Since 1700
European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese
Majority of population descended from immigrants
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
U.S. Immigration
Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S.immigration was from Britain
Two Big Waves:
1840 - 1930: W. and N. European transitioning to Southern and Eastern European by 1910
– Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans– During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech,
Poland, Romania, etc.) 1950 - Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining
Europeans– Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Phillipines, Vietnam, and
South Korea– Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted former illegals in 1990, 1991.
Ellis Island National Monument
U.S. MigrationPrior to 1840, 90% of U.S.
immigration was from BritainThree trends:
Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic neighborhoods often result of chain migration– Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York– Caribbean: Florida or New York– Chinese and Indians: New York & California– Other Asians: California
Ellis Island National Monument
U.S. Immigration Policies 1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended) 1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas 1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas 1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968,
with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for West 1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000 1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political
asylum 1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers
of former illegals. 1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,000 1995, visas issued Preferentially:
– 480,000 - to relatives of people here
– 140,000 - to those with special skills and education– 55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin
Amer. or Asia)Current Total: 675,000
U.S. Immigration Patterns
US Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1990-2050
75.669.1
6253
912.5
1824
11.712.1 13 14
3.6 6.3 7 9
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1990 2000 2025 2050
Asian/ OtherBlackHispanicWhite
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants,
19980 50000 100000 150000
Mexico
China
India
Philippines
Dominican Republic
Vietnam
Cuba
Jamaica
El Salvador
Korea
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in
1,000s)
2700
335
165
120
105
95
90
70
70
70
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Mexico
El Salvador
Guatemala
Canada
Haiti
Philippines
Honduras
Poland
Nicaragua
Bahamas
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in
%)
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
Percent
Male Female FemaleMale
Foreign Born Native
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
85+
Percent
Age
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Ravenstein’s Theories of Migration.
• Most migrants go a short distance, within same country.
• Long distance migrants head for major centers of economic activity.
• Most long distance migrants are male.
• Most long distance migrants are single without families.
Types of Migration• Internal Migration
* Within one country.– Crossing domestic
jurisdictional boundaries.
* Movements between states or provinces.
– Little government control.
* Factors:• Employment-based.• Retirement-based.• Education-based.• Civil conflicts
(internally displaced population).
Slide courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Migration by Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States, 1990-98
(in 1,000s)-1750 -1250 -750 -250 250 750 1250
New York
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Chicago
Miami
Atlanta
Las Vegas
Phoenix
Portland
Denver
Immigration
Net domesticmigration
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Types of Migration• Circular migration
* A type of temporary migration.
* Associated with agricultural work.
– The migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time.
– Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers).
Fall / Winter
Spring Summer
Types of Migration• Voluntary migration
* The migrant makes the decision to move.* Most migration is voluntary.
• Forced Migration* Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role
in the decision-making process.* Slavery.
• About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867.
• In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States.
* Refugees.– Military conscription.– Children of migrants.– Situations of divorce or separation.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Key Term: Forced Migration
Forced Migration
The Trail of Tears, 1838
Slaves Reaching British North America, 1601-1867 (in 1,000s)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1601-1650
1676-1700
1701-1725
1726-1750
1751-1775
1776-1800
1801-1825
1826-1850
1851-1867
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Interregional MigrationsU.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward
Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship.– Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible.
Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).
Voluntary African-American Migrations
Blacks moved to Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and Los Angeles during World Wars (labor shortages).
Intraregional Migrations in U.S.
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization and counterurbanization
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.
Developed Countries: suburbanizationautomobiles and roads‘American Dream’better servicescounterurbanizationidyllic settingscost of land for retirementslow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets
Intraregional Migrations in LDCs
Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income.
Urbanization migration from rural areas lack of jobs in countryside lack of services in cities Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list
Rank City Population1 Tokyo, Japan 28 million2 New York City, United States 20.1 million3 Mexico City, Mexico 18.1 million4 Mumbai, India (Bombay) 18 million5 Sao Paulo, Brazil 17.7 million6 Los Angeles, United States 15.8 million7 Shanghai, China 14.2 million8 Lagos, Nigeria 13.5 million9 Kolkata, India (Calcutta) 12.9 million
10 Buenos Aires, Argentina 12.5 million
Lagos, Nigeria Mumbai, India Mexico City, Mexico