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IGCSEMigrationandGCSEMigrationIGCSEMigrationandGCSEMigration

Specification:

1.1Populationdynamics(inthespecificationthemigrationsectionofthecoursefallsunderpopulation)Candidatesshouldbeableto:Describeandsuggestreasonsforpopulationmigrations.Referenceshouldbemadetointernalmovementssuchasruralurbanmigrationaswellastointernationalmigrationsbothvoluntaryandinvoluntary.

Migration:Themovementfromonelocationtoanotherlocation.

Therearemanydifferenttypesofmigration.Themostcommonlyreferredtoare:

InternalMigration:Migrationwithinacountrye.g.SantaAnatoSanSalvadororBirminghamtoLondon.

Ruralurbanmigration:Thisisatypeofinternalmigration.Itisthemovementofpeoplefromruralareas(thecountryside)tourbanareas(townsandcities).Inthesettlementstopicwelookatthecauses,problemsandsolutionsofandtoruralurbanmigrationinRiodeJaneiro.Ifyouwanttoreadmoregotothesettlementspage:IGCSESettlementsandGCSESettlements.

InadditiontoruralurbanmigrationwealsolookedattheprocessesofcounterurbanisationandreurbanisationinMEDCs(bothformsofinternalmigration).Againdetailsofthesecanbefoundonthesettlementspage:IGCSESettlementsandGCSESettlements.

InternationalMigration:Migrationbetweencountriese.g.ElSalvadortoUS.

TemporaryMigration:Migrationforalimitedperiod,thismightonlybeforafewweeksorevenseveralyears.

PermanentMigration:Migrationwiththeintentionofstayingforever.

ForcedMigration:Whenpeopleareforcedtomigrate,oftenbecausetheirlifeisindanger.

VoluntaryMigration:Whenpeoplefreelychoosetomigratee.g.forbetterweatherorbetteruniversities.

EconomicMigration:Migrationforworke.g.bettersalaryorpromotion

SeasonalMigration:Migrationjustforaparticularseasone.g.theskiseasonortheharvestingseason

Commuting:Movementfromhometoworkplaceandviceversa.

CommutingisbiggestproblemBBCarticle

Differenttypesofmigrationcanalsobeusedtogether,forexampleMrGreenfieldwasainternationaltemporaryvoluntarymigrantwhenhemigratedtoVietnam,theUAEandElsalvador.

Examplesofforcedandvoluntarymigration:

FORCEDMIGRATION:Whenpeoplehavetomoveusuallybecausetheirlifemightbeindanger.

VOLUNTARYMIGRATION:Whenpeoplechosetomove,usuallyforeconomicbenefit.

Naturaldisaster(volcano,earthquake,flood,famineetc.)WarPoliticalpersecutionReligiousorethnicpersecutionRedevelopmentorresettlemente.g.ThreeGorgesDam

NewjoborbetterpayRetirementUniversity/schoolHealthcareBetterweather

Emigrant:Apersonwholeavesacountrytomigratetoanother.

Immigrant:Amigrantarrivinginanewcountry.

MigrationBalance:Thedifferencebetweenemigrantsandimmigrants.Ifacountryhasmoreemigrantsthanimmigrantsthatitisexperiencingnetmigrationloss.Ifacountryhasmoreimmigrantsthanemigrantsthenitisexperiencingnetmigrationgain.

Peoplewillnormallymigratebecauseofacombinationofpushandpullfactors.

PushFactor:Thingsthataredrivingyoufromthelocationthatyoulivee.g.crimeandpollution

PullFactor:Thingsthatareattractingyoutoanewlocatione.g.betterjobandniceweather.

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TheLee'sModelaboveshowthataswellastherebeingpushfactorsfromwhereyoulivetherearealsopullfactorsthatkeepyouthere(representedby+inmodel).Italsosaysthataswellaspullfactorsthatattractyoutoanewlocation,therearealsopushfactorsnotmakingyouwanttomovethere(representedbyinthediagram).

PushFactorsfromSource(origin)CountryPullFactorsfromSource(origin)Country

NojobLowsalaryPollutionandcongestionBadweatherCrimePooreducationandhealthcarePoorhousing

FriendsandfamilyHouseKnowthecultureUnderstandthelanguageUnderstandhowcountryworks

PullFactorsofDestinationCountry PushFactorsfromDestinationCountry

BetterjobBettersalaryBetterschoolsandhospitalsPeacefulandsafeFriendsandfamilyalreadylivingtheir

CostofhousingRacialtensionLanguagebarriersDifferentcultureNofriendsandfamily

Interveningobstacles:Theseareproblemsthatamigrantmayfaceonhisjourney.TheyarerepresentedontheLee'sModelbythewigglylineinbetweencountryoforiginanddestinationcountry.Interveningobstaclesmayinclude:

ShortageofmoneyLanguagebarriersPassportorvisaissuesBadweatherTransportdelaysProblemswithhousing

ThecharityAmnestyInternationalhasmadefourshortdocumentarieshighlightingtheproblemsfacedbyCentralAmericansmigratingtotheUSthroughMexico.ThedocumentariesarecalledtheInvisibles.TheproblemsinMexicomayinclude:

KidnapRapeRobberyDeathTorture

PART1:Seaworld PART2:SixoutofTen

PART3:WhatRemains PART4:Goal

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MexicodeniesElSalvador'sclaimofmigrantabductionsBBCarticle

UNcallsforinvestigationtomigrantabductionsinMexicoBBCarticle

Morethan11,000migrantsabductedinMexicoBBCarticle

AmericanIllegalsinMexicoBBCarticle

ImpactsofMigration

Theprocessofmigrationcanhavepositiveandnegativeimpactsonboththesourcecountryandthereceivingcountry.Belowisasummaryofsomeofthoseimpacts.

Advantages Disadvantages

SourceCountry(losingcountry)

Reducedunemployment.ElSalvador'siscurrentlyabout10%,butinrealityitisprobablymuchhigher.Thereisalsoalotofunderemployment.Reducedpressureonschoolsandhospitals.Itisestimatedthatthereare2millionmigrantslivingintheUSfromElSalvador.Remittancessentbyfamilyandfriendslivingabroad.Remittancesgostraightintothehandsofthepeople,notthegovernment.In2010itwasestimatedthatElSalvadorreceived$2.5billioninremittances,sharedbetween22.5%offamilies.Improvedrelationswithforeigncountriese.g.ElSalvadorandUS,in2011BarackObamavisitedElSalvadorMigrantsmayreturnhomewithnewskillsandknowledgeofnewtechnologyReducedbirthandfertilityrateandpeopleinreproductiveagerangeleave

Oftenskilledandeducatedmigrantsleave'BrainDrain'ThedependencyratioincreasesastheeconomicallyactiveleaveAdependencyonremittancesdevelopsTheremaybeshortageofworkers,especiallyduringharvestsFamilyseparationGangshavereturnedbacktoElSalvadorthatwereformedintheUSe.g.MSandM18.

DestinationCountry(receivingcountry)

Sourceofmanualworkerswhoarepreparedtoworkdirtylowpaidjobse.g.farming,constructionandcleaning.Alsosourceofskilledworkerswhoareaddedtoskilledworkforce'BrainGain'e.g.teachers,nursesandlawyers(baseballplayers!)Newculturese.g.foodanddance,PupasasaresoldintheUSImprovedlinkswithsourcecountries,possiblenewmarketse.g.ElSalvadorbuysUSproductsandfranchisese.g.BurgerKingandStarbucks.

Possibleracialtension.UScitizenswilloftenblameCentralAmericansfortakingtheirjobs.InflationcausedbyincreasedemandPressureonschoolsandhospitals.InpartsofCaliforniaoverhalfofpeoplespeakSpanish,thiscancauseproblemsforschools,hospitals,etc.PossibleunemploymentPressureonhousing,electricity,water,etc.IncreasedcongestionandpollutionGangswerecreatedbySalvadorianmigrantse.g.MS,M18

Remittances:Moneythatissenthometofriendsandfamilybymigrantslivinginadifferentlocation,oftenoverseas.

Remittancestopworldaid

DownturnhitsFilipinoRemittances

CentralAmerica(includingMexico)toUSMigration

TheUSandMexicosharealandborderofroughly2000km.Becauseofaseriesofpushandpullfactors,migrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica(ElSalvador,HondurasandGuatemala)tryandmakethejourneyacrosstheborder.Itisestimatedthatover1millionmigrantseachyearattempttocross.Manymakeit,butothersarealsocaught,in1995about850,000werecaughtanddeported.

PUSHFACTORSFROMMEXICO PULLFACTORSTOUS

Poormedicalfacilities1800perdoctorLowpaidjobs(GNP=$3,750)Adultliteracyrates55%pooreducationprospectsLifeexpectancy72yrs

Excellentmedicalfacilities400perdoctorWellpaidjobsGNP=$24,750)Adultliteracyrates99%goodeducationprospectsLifeexpectancy76yrs

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40%Unemployed42,000violentdrugsdeathssince2006

LowcrimeratesManyjobsavailableforlowpaidworkerssuchasMexicans

ImapactsonUS(positiveandnegative)

IllegalmigrationcoststheUSAmillionsofdollarsforborderpatrolsandprisonsMexicansareseenasadrainontheUSAeconomyMigrantworkerskeepwageslowwhichaffectsAmericansTheycauseproblemsincitiesdueculturalandracialissuesMexicanmigrantsbenefittheUSeconomybyworkingforlowwagesMexicanculturehasenrichedtheUSborderstateswithfood,languageandmusicTheincidentsofTBhasbeenincreasinggreatlyduetotheincreasedmigration

ImpactsonMexico(positiveandnegative)

TheMexicancountrysidehasashortageofeconomicallyactivepeopleManymenemigrateleavingamajorityofwomenwhohavetroublefindingmarriagepartnersYoungpeopletendtomigrateleavingtheoldandtheveryyoungLegalandillegalimmigrantstogethersendsome$6billionayearbacktoMexicoCertainvillagessuchasSantaIneshavelost2/3ofitsinhabitants

Pushandpullfactorsandimpactsarefrom:SLNUSMexicoMigration

RefugeesandIDPs

Refugees:Apersonwhohasbeenforcedtoleavetheirhomeandtheircountry.Thismightbebecauseofanaturaldisaster,war,religiousorpoliticalpersecution.

Persecution:Whensomeoneisattackedforwhattheybelieveine.g.theirreligionorpoliticalbelief.

Internallydisplacedperson(IDP):Whensomeonehasbeenforcedtoleavetheirhomebutnottheircountry.

AsylumSeekers:Someonewhoistryingtogetrefuge(residency)inaforeigncountrybecausetheirlifeisindangerintheirhomecountry.Thisisusuallybecauseoftheirpoliticalorreligiousbeliefs.

AsylumSeekersdrownoffAustralia

Reasonsforbecomingarefugee

Problemsfacedbyrefugees

Problemsfacedbyreceivingcountry Solutionstorefugeeproblem

Ware.g.IraqNaturaldisastere.g.IndianOceantsunamiFamineand/ordroughtPoliticalpersecutione.g.SyriaReligiousorethnicpersecution

NohousingShortageoffoodandwaterNojobornomoneyNoclothesorlimitedclothesPoormedicalcareDiseasePoorsanitationSafetyconcernse.g.war,robbery,rape.LanguagebarriersNoeducationforchildren

CostofprovidingfoodandwaterCostofprovidingeducationforchildrenandmedicalcareforeveryonePossiblespreadofdiseasetonativepopulationIncreasedpollutionandcongestionPossibleracialtensionLanguageproblemsofdealingwithrefugeesIncreasedunemploymentPossibleinflationbecauseofrisingdemandFoodshortagesShortagesofwater,electricity,etc.

EndofprobleminsourcecountryThereturnofmigrantstotheirhome(1stchoice)Thereturnofmigrantstoaresorcountriesneartheirhome(2ndchoice)Migrantssettledinaforeigncountryalongwayfromtheirhome(3rdchoice)

TheabovethreechoicesarethethreepreferredsolutionsoftheUNHCR.

IraqiRefugeesandIDPs

Iraqhasseenaflowofrefugeesfromitsbordersoverthelast100years.However,sincetheAmericanledinvasionof2003,thenumberofrefugeesleavingIraqandalsothenumberofIDPswithinIraqhasincreasedrapidly.Itisestimatedthatsince2003,about2.2millionIraqi'shaveleftthecountryandafurther2.5millionhavefledinternally.

MostrefugeeshaveescapedtheongoingfightingbetweencoalitiontroopsandremnantsofSaddamHussein'sgovernment,butothersareescapingterroristattacks(AlQaedahasinfiltratedIraq)andpolitical,ethnicandreligiouspersecution.

Themajorityofrefugeeshavemovedtoneighbouringcountries(SyriaandJordan),wheretherearesimilaritiesinlanguageandreligionandtheyareeasilyaccessiblebyland.

WarningofIraqRefugeeCrisisBBCarticle

UNwarnsofIraqrefugeedisasterBBCarticle

UNHCR:TheUNHCRistheUnitedNationsHighCommissionforRefugees.ThisistheUNorganisationinchargeofhelpingpeoplewhohavebecomerefugees.

WHO:TheWHOistheWorldHealthOrganisation.ThisisaUNorganisationthathelpsprovidemedicalcaretoplacesthatcan'tprovidetheirown.

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WFP:TheWFPistheWorldFoodProgramme.ThisisaUNorganisationthathelpsdistributefoodtoareassufferingshortageandfamine.

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