!Promises, hopes, dreams. Every year hundreds of people make every effort to fulfill them, to grab, even if for a little time, the hand that will rescue them from extreme poverty, from hunger and from violence which overflow in their native countries. They do this for themselves, but above all to guarantee a better future for their children and grandchildren. A far future that unfortunately is not reached by everybody or which turns out to be even worse. But do you know what is exactly “illegal migration”, who are “migrants” and “refugees”, and which routes do they follow? If you aren’t able to reply to these questions, here you will found the answers.!!!!SUMMARY:!!!1) What is “illegal migration”? Which are the main types?!!2) Who are the involved people? Where do they come from?!!3) What are the main the routes?!Which are the main points of entry into Europe, America and South-East Asia?!!4) What are the EU actions and the future plans?!!5) Data!

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MIGRANTS, REFUGEES AND ROUTES!! An answer to all of your questions about this topic!!

1) Illegal migration!!Illegal migration is a phenomenon that refers to the migration of people who pass across national borders in a way that violates the laws. !Stricter government laws are imposed on immigration, and people win the right to live and work in a country that is not their own only after laborious paperwork and documentation. Each country has its set rules regarding allowing new immigrants within their borders.!!There are several types of illegal migrants: !! !!

- Unauthorized entrants are people who enter a country without documents, following a sea route, an air route or crossing the land borders;!- Fraudulent entrants are people who enter a country with false documents;!-Violators of the duration of the visa are people who enter a state properly, but overstay their visa.!- Violators of the terms and conditions of the visa are people who enter a country with proper documents and procedures, but at some point they violate the term of their visa. The most frequent violation is the acceptance of employment.!!!!

Furthermore, it is also important to mention the role represented by the trafficking and the smuggling of human beings. These two terms are not synonyms:!!!Human smuggling is the attempted transportation or illegal entry of people across an international border. The person who is being smuggled is generally cooperating and he/she is considered as an accomplice in the crime. !In general, the smugglers do not distinguish between refugees and migrants either and smuggle anyone who can pay. !Smuggling has been growing in Europe since 1990s, because of the Balkans wars, and later because of conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq.!!!Human trafficking is the trade of persons with the purpose of selling them as sexual slaves or forcing them to hard work. The victims are often under 18 years of age, and it is almost impossible to escape for them because the i r documents are confiscated. They are enslaved, also subjected to limited movement or isolation, or brainwashed through practices like juju, a specific branch of voodoo.!

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!2) The involved people and their origins!!!There are several types of illegal migrant status. The United Nation defines it, and distinguishes the illegal entrants between migrants and refugees. !Refugees and migrants are fundamentally different, and for that reason they are treated very differently under modern international law. However refugees and migrants are increasingly being confused, and increasingly being treated in the same way.!!!Migrants are people who choose to move in order to improve the future prospects of themselves and their families. They always have the choice to move back.!Migrants may be forced from their homes by floods, earthquakes and other natural disasters.!Their government is sympathetic towards them, giving them rights.!!Refugees have to move if they are to save their lives or preserve their freedom. Refugees are forced to relocate because of the fear of war, religion, political opinion, or beliefs. In most cases, it is not possible for them to go back.!They have no protection from their own state - indeed it is usually their own state that is threatening to persecute them. If they return to their homeland they may be condemned to death, or an intolerable life without rights.!!!!Generally both migrants and refugee come from an unstable community, countries marked by extreme violence, drought, foreign intervention, political unrest and corruption. There may also be abductions, forced marriages, exploitation and extreme poverty, w h i c h m a k e p e o p l e v e r y vulnerable, in particular women, who are at the bottom of society, with few resources to care for themselves and their families. So, they often accept risky job offers, maybe far ones, or are very often trapped into the sex industry.!

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!3) Routes and points of entry!!Traffickers use a large number of ways to illegally introduce the victims in the countries where they will “work”. These are the most important ones.! !!!

- Europe: Most of the movements are from east to west and sizable gateways into Western Europe are the Strait of Gibraltar and the Adriatic Sea, where migrants are trafficked from Albania to Italy. By land, migrants from Eastern Europe and Asia pass through the Balkan route and reach Greece.!Another significant stream of migrants moves from north Africa to Italy. Many arrive in Britain from north France and since the breakup of the Soviet Union, women from Russia, Estonia, and Latvia have been trafficked to Finland, where prostitution is legal.!!!

- The Americas: The United States draw a big number of migrants from Europe but many trafficking victims from other parts of the world arrive in Central or South America to enter the U.S. via Mexico. South America migrants are trafficked to work in the Japanese sex industry. !!- Southeast Asia: Most of the women smuggled in this region are sent to work in the commercial sex trade, particularly in Japan.!Much of the human trafficking in Southeast Asia centers around Thailand, where the sex trade accounts for between 2 to 14 percent of GDP. There is an increase in the number of illegal immigrants from South Asia and the Middle East who are arriving on the western shores of Australia, particularly on Christmas Island, close to Indonesia. There are also minor routes from Asia that run through countries like Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan to Russia and Western Europe.!!!On their arrival, the refugees find camps that are set up to provide aid till they can return to their country. In the event that they cannot, resettlement options are provided in a third country. A total of 17 Countr ies l ike Austral ia, Canada, Denmark, Chile and others have refugee quotas and provide resettlement options in their countries to individuals from refugee camps. Migrants have to explore their own settlement options in the new country.!

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4) Illegal migration and the EU!!!!In the last few years the EU has acted to improve plans to fight trafficking and the business of illegal migration. Here are some of the plans: !!

-Adoption, in 2002, of a legal framework on smuggling (“facilitators package”)!-Operational measures to disrupt and dismantle organized criminal groups involved in the facilitation of irregular immigration (also important to know the modus operandi and the collocations of the routes)!-Comprehensive approach to counter migrant smuggling —> prevention and cooperation with countries of origin and transit and dismantling of the criminal networks!-Better assistance for victims!-Creation of an EU Anti-Trafficking Coordinator who provides strategic policy orientation and improves coordination and consistency among actions by EU institutions, EU agencies, EU States, non-EU countries and international players addressing trafficking in human beings!

- Launch of an EU anti-trafficking website!- Sanctions for employers who employ irregular migrants —> protection measures in favor of

workers, especially those exploited by unscrupulous employers.!- Improving external border controls, also by using information technology (like the Visa

Information System) and biometric features (e.g. fingerprints) for identification.!!There are also plans for the future:!!!- Strengthening the mandate of FRONTEX —>

so it can act more effectively at the external border.!

- Establishing an evaluation mechanism to verify the correct application of the Schengen acquits.!

- Intensifying coordination between border surveillance authorities and considering the feasibility of creating a European system of border guards.!

- Establishing rules for the surveillance of the external sea borders in the context of operational cooperation coordinated by FRONTEX.!

- Considering the establishment of a European entry-exi t system and considering a registered traveller program allowing non-EU nationals to use an automated Border control system!!

!The EU is also working on a humane and effective return policy, where cooperation with non-EU countries is absolutely essential. There have been readmission agreements with several countries: !!Russia, Morocco, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, the Chinese Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macao, Algeria, Turkey, Albania, China, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Republic of Moldova, Georgia, Cape Verde, Tunisia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Belarus.!!Agreements with the two Chinese Special Administrative Regions, Sri Lanka, Russia, Ukraine, the Western Balkan countries, the Republic of Moldova, Georgia Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cape Verde and Pakistan have entered into force.!!!!5) Data!

!!The irregular immigration into the EU is difficult to quantify, but we have some indicators:!!- In 2013, the number of irregularly staying non-EU nationals apprehended in the EU was about

429 000 (-1% compared to 2012, and -30% compared to 2008).!!- In 2014, 276 113 migrants entered the EU irregularly (+138% compared to 2013). !!!!!!!!

IMAGES RESOURCES:!!!!Title, Word Map: "SHIPPING ROUTES" BY T. HENGL - Http://Www.Nceas.Ucsb.Edu/Globalmarine/Impacts. LICENSED UNDER CC BY-SA 3.0 VIA WIKIMEDIA COMMONS - Http://Commons.Wikimedia.Org/Wiki/File:Shipping_Routes.Png#/Media/File:Shipping_Routes.Png!!!Summary, People on the road : "Opening ceremony of new PNC headquarters in Goma

(6988913212)" by © MONUSCO/Sylvain Liechti. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via

Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/

File:Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_(6988913212).jpg#/

media/File:Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_(6988913212).jpg!

!!Point 1, Visas: “Passports” by J Aaron Farr. Licensed under CC BY 2.0 https://

www.flickr.com/photos/jaaronfarr/519948326/ !

!Point 1, Chained hands: Licensed Under CC 0 Public Domain http://pixabay.com/it/

carcere-prigioniero-schiavit%C3%B9-162885/!

!Point 2, Gun : "014 PLA Fighters" by Jonathan Alpeyrie. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0

via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:

014_PLA_Fighters.JPG#/media/File:014_PLA_Fighters.JPG!

!Point 3, Girl and boat : licensed under CC 0 Public Domain, http://pixabay.com/it/mare-

barca-ocean-rifugiati-acqua-412519/!

!Point 3, Refugees’ camp: "South Africa-Xenophobia-001" by NJR ZA - Own work.

Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/

wiki/File:South_Africa-Xenophobia-001.jpg#/media/File:South_Africa-Xenophobia-001.jpg!

!!

Point 4, EU flag: "European flag in Karlskrona 2011" por MPD01605 - http://

www.flickr.com/photos/mpd01605/6755068753/in/photostream/. Licensed under CC BY-SA

2.0, via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/

File:European_flag_in_Karlskrona_2011.jpg#/media/

File:European_flag_in_Karlskrona_2011.jpg!

!Point 4, Boat arrived to Lampedusa : "Lampedusa noborder 2007-2" by Sara

Prestianni / noborder network - http://www.flickr.com/photos/noborder/2495544558/.!

Licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/

File:Lampedusa_noborder_2007-2.jpg#/media/File:Lampedusa_noborder_2007-2.jpg!

!!Point 5, Suitcase and map: “ Globe-Map-Suitcase-Travel-1800x2880” by Wilerson S

Andrade. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 https://www.flickr.com/photos/will_spark/

8603567984/!