islanders. environmental refugees/migrants controversy

1

IslandersEnvironmental Refugees/Migrants ControversyMarco Agosta, Elisa Angelico, Michele Crivellaro, Elisa Raciti

Laboratorio di sintesi finalePolitecnico di Milano A.Y. 2011/2011M.Sc. Comunication DesignSection c3

Paolo CiuccarelliStefano MandatoDonato RicciTommaso VenturiniSalvatore ZIngale

Teaching AssistantsMatteo AzziGiorgio CavigliaMichele MauriAzzurra Pini




IslandersEnvironmental Refugees/Migrants ControversyMarco Agosta, Elisa Angelico, Michele Crivellaro, Elisa Raciti







Islanders story Environmental Refugees vs Environmental MigrantsControversy timelineControversy observations

Aim QuestionsProtocol

Url analysis CorpusCrawlIssue Geographer

Alchemy Keywords and Entities Distribution of Keywords and EntitiesKeywords Polar axis Comparison Qualitative Comparison Quantitave Comparison

Entities Polar axis Comparison Qualitative Comparison Country Quantitave Comparison Country Qualitative Comparison Organization Quantitave Comparison Organization Qualitative Comparison Person Quantitative Comparison Person

ConclusionCommon sites analysisAre the islands talking about themselves?Which Organizations talk about the controversy?Who Talks about the controversy?

Conclusion Conclusion

Summary

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4145

464850

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5254

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Islanders Story

9

Environmental Refugee

“A fundamental difficulty in dealing with this topic, however, is that there is still no agreed definition and typology of environmental refugees or migrants – and even less so in the case of the so-called climate refugees. Some events or phenomena relating to the environment that may lead to migration and provide the basis for a typology, include the following: natural disasters/sudden disasters; gradual environmental degradation/slow-onset disasters; environmental conflicts; environmental destruction as a consequence of or as a weapon in conflicts; environment conservation; development projects (such as dam construction); industrial accidents (such as Bhopal and Chernobyl). There may be even further sub-categories based on distinctions such as: human-made or natural change; climate change-induced or all environmental change; temporary or permanent environmental change, temporary or permanent migration, internal or international/cross-border migration. Of course, it matters little for the people affected if a disaster is related to human-induced climate change or not, but for some research and policy purposes this may be a useful distinction.”

Npr, 2010

Environmental refugees vs environmental migrants

Environmental Migrant

“People who have been forced to leave their traditional habitat, temporarily or permanently, because of a marked environmental disruption (natural and/or triggered by people) that jeopardised their existence and/or seriously affected the quality of their life. By environmental disruption in this definition is meant any physical, chemical and/or biological changes in the ecosystem (or resource base) that render it, temporarily or permanently, unsuitable to support human life.”

El-Hinnawi, 1985

“Persons who no longer gain a secure livelihood in their traditional homelands because of what are primarily environmental factors of unusual scope.”

Myers and Kent, 1995

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Controversy timeline

1976Lester BrownHe is a United States environmental analyst, founded the Worldwatch Institute, the first research institute devoted to the analysis of global environmental issues. He introduces for the first time the term of enviromnental refugees.

19881989 1995

Jodi JacobsonJodi Jacobson is cited as the first researcher to enumerate the issue, stating that there were already up to 10 million environmental refugees. Drawing on worst case scenarios about sea-level rise, she argued that all forms of environmental refugees would be six times as numerous as political refugees

Mustafa TolbaMustafa Tolba, Executive Director of UNEP, was claiming that “as many as 50 million people could become environmental refugees” if the world did not act to support sustainable development.

IPCCIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change declared that the greatest single consequence of climate change could be migration, ”with millions of people displaced by shoreline erosion, coastal flooding and severe drought”.

Norman MyersNorman Myers stated that there were 25 million environmental refugees in the mid-1990s, and claiming that this figure could double by 2010, with an upper limit of 200 million by 2050.He also hypothesised that displacement would amount to 30m in China, 30m in India, 15m in Bangladesh, 14m in Egypt, 10m in other delta areas and coastal zones, 1m in island states, and with otherwise agriculturally displaced people totalling 50m.

Nivanga BoatAustralian government donated the Nivanga boat to the Tuvaluan government migration and movement between the different atolls has considerably expanded. International support was provided for the establishment of numerous facilities, including a new administrative building, a hospital, a telecommunication centre, a wharf, and the development of the maritime school just outside of Funafuti. Migration from the outer islands to Funafuti boomed.

Richard BlackRichard Black for first criticized Myers’ prediction and stated that “this notion of environmental refugees hardly tallies with arguments about recent destruction of the ecological balance by modern society; rather, migration is again perhaps better seen as a customary coping strategy.”

19981990

11

2006 2007 2008 2009 20102011

Tulele PeisaThe low-lying Carteret Islands form a local NGO called Tulele Peisa, which in the local vernacular means Sailing the Waves on Our Own. It was decided that the Carterets people needed their own indigenous organisation to plan and implement a voluntary relocation program for the next 5-10 years.

PACTuvalu is the first country in which residents have been forced to evacuate because of rising sea levels. Nearly 3000 Tuvaluans have already left their homelands. In support of their crisis, the New Zealand government has established an immigration program called the Pacific Access Category, which currently sees seventy-five residents migrate to NZ each year. The PAC also allows 75 citizens of Kiribati, 250 citizens of Tonga, and 250 citizens of Fiji to emigrate to New Zealand each year.

MangroovesKiribati government planted mangroove trees as a way to try to protect his coastal environments.

Sun come upSun Come Up is released. A film about displaced Carteret islanders.

Carteret StormCarterets Islands were badly damaged by king tides and violent storm surges. Some ilanders were forced to move to Bougainville.

Mohammed NasheedNovember 11 Mohamed Nasheed is the first democratically elected Maldives president. He pledged to set an example by making the Maldives carbon-neutral within a decade by moving to wind and solar power. As part of a campaign, publicizing the threats of climate change and its effects on the Maldives, Nasheed presided over the world’s first underwater cabinet meeting on Oct. 17, 2009. Nasheed presided over the foundation of the Climate Vulnerable Forum.

Jane McAdamJane McAdam is an Australian Research Council Future Fellow, and the Director of Research in the Faculty of Law. She works widely in the area of international refugee law, in particular on complementary protection and climate change-related displacement. She argued that “climate change-induced migration and displacement are real. But it is too simplistic to suggest that the impacts of climate change on human settlements will spur mass migration, and it could feed panic about the security implications of human movement”.

UNEPUNEP its web site the map that shows the places most at risk for what concerns environmental refugees including the very sensitive low lying islands of the Pacific and Caribbean.

Gavin AtkinsGavin Atkins a journalist of the Asian corrispondent asked “What happened to the climate refugees?”. After the story was picked up by news outlets around the world such as Investor News, American Spectator and was cited in the Australian newspaper. It was also a report on Fox News..

The island PresidentThe Island President is released. A film about Mohammed Nasheed and his war against climate change.

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Controversy Observations

The debate developed around environmental migration topic, even if relatively new, has evolved quite quickly in the last few years. There are different opinions about the topic: those who focus on which are the reasons of the migration argue that the real motivation is related more to economic problems than environmental one. Others focus on what could be the solution to the problem, trying to define reception plans from refugees. Still others engage debates about which term is more appropriate, migrants or refugees. In the meanwhile, the islanders have to face the matter, fighting against what is becoming an everyday problem. Because of its multiple facets, it has been really interesting analyze the controversy on the Web, paying particularly attention to four small islands (Carteret Islands, Kiribati, Maldives and Tuvalu), that in the last decade experienced the problem to their own cost, and trying to understand if the situation they have to live today will be experienced by someone else tomorrow.

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Who Talks About The Controversy?Which Islands Talks About The Controversy?

What Are The Actors Talking About?What Are The Islands Talking About?Are The Islands Talking About Themselves?

Are There Some Differences If The Debate Is About Migrants Rather Than Refugees?

Questions

18

Protocol

Corpus construction The first step of this research was to create a single corpus, composed by one hundred websites, to analyze. To have a point of view as much heterogeneous as possible, it was chosen to use the terminological controversy between migrants and refugees querying both words on Google. These two words were combined with four terms that could have been associated with themselves (climate, environmental, forced and eco). Furthermore, these resulting five queries were combined with the names of the four islands chosen. In the end, to obtain a comparison between the way the controversy is discussed in the islands and the way the controversy is discussed from a global point of view, the previous queries were combined with a non-geographical research. The following step was to filter the obtained results. At first, the hosts in common to the ten lists were selected using the Triangulation Tool. To check if the websites selected were actually talking about the topic, they were scraped with Google Scraper Tool. The first ten results of each of the Scrape were joined together to create the final corpus made up by 50 websites on the migrants side and 50 websites on the refugees’ side. The hosts were then divided into five categories: Mainstream News, Independent News, Governmental Organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations and Academic Research. These five categories became the

actors of the controversy, the subjects of this research.Basing on the mutual comparison between the two corpus, it have been used three different tools. At first, to visualize the interconnections between the websites and their respective weight on the Web space, it has been done an outlink Crawler. The result was visualized on Gephi, first, and manually re-composed on Illustrator. Then, always considering the linguistic limitation deriving from the only use of English language in the research, to see if there was a geographical correspondence between small islands local problems and the Web debate, it has been used Issue Geographer Tool.

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Google Scrape

10 most relevant URLs for each islandv

mainstream newsindipendent news

governativenon governative organization

academic research

Organization for actor

-Carteret Islands

KiribatiMaldives

Tuvalu

“island” + “adjective + refugees”-

climateenvironmental

forcedeco

“climate refugees”“refugees”

“environmental refugees”“forced refugees”“eco refugees”

“Carteret Islands” “refugees”“Carteret Islands” “climate refugees”“Carteret Islands” “environmental refugees”“Carteret Islands” “forced refugees”“Carteret Islands” “eco refugees”

“Kiribati” “refugees”“Kiribati” “climate refugees”“Kiribati” “environmental refugees”“Kiribati” “forced refugees”“Kiribati” “eco refugees”

“Maldives” “refugees”“Maldives” “climate refugees”“Maldives” “environmental refugees”“Maldives” “forced refugees”“Maldives” “eco refugees”

“Tuvalu” “refugees”“Tuvalu” “climate refugees”“Tuvalu” “environmental refugees”“Tuvalu” “forced refugees”“Tuvalu” “eco refugees”

-Carteret Islands

KiribatiMaldives

Tuvalu

“island” + “adjective + migrants”-

climateenvironmental

forcedeco

“climate migrants”“migrants”

“environmental migrants”“forced migrants”“eco migrants”

“Carteret Islands” “migrants”“Carteret Islands” “climate migrants”“Carteret Islands” “environmental migrants”“Carteret Islands” “forced migrants”“Carteret Islands” “eco migrants”

“Kiribati” “migrants”

“Kiribati” “environmental migrants”“Kiribati” “forced migrants”“Kiribati” “eco migrants”

“Maldives” “migrants”“Maldives” “climate migrants”“Maldives” “environmental migrants”“Maldives” “forced migrants”“Maldives” “eco migrants”

“Tuvalu” “migrants”“Tuvalu” “climate migrants”“Tuvalu” “environmental migrants”

“Kiribati” “climate migrants”

“Tuvalu” “forced migrants”“Tuvalu” “eco migrants”

Triangulation

MN IN GO NGO AR

G

C

K

M

T

MN IN GO NGO AR

G

C

K

M

T

G

C

K

M

T

G

C

K

M

T

search urlCommon to 5Common to 4Common to 3Common to 2

Corpus analysis In the end, to make a semantic analysis of the corpus in aim to examine the words used in the debate, it has been used Alchemy Tool. The final results put in evidence the entities (Important people, Organizations and Countries) and the keywords. The last ones were then selected by relevance (minimum value: 0.70), grouped together by meaning into ten categories: administration, climate change, movie, global warming, islands, migrants, refugees, sea level, population and extreme events. Alchemy’s results were then combined with the actors, defining their position in the controversy.

Excel

Gephi

Illustrator

Scriptographer

Clash

Bipartite Graph

Toolbox

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AdministrationClimate change

MovieExtreme events

IslandsMigrantsRefugeesSea Level

Population

Alchemy

Entities

Keywords

Crawler

outlinkdivision for islanddivision for actor

division for islanddivision for actor

Issue Geographer

AR

Relevance ≥ 0,70

Selection

CountryPerson

Organisation

Entities selection Keywords organization

Corpus RefugeesCorpus Migrants

URLs analysis

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Legenda

All the information about a single page found in the research are visualized as a box, in which the long side represent the classifi-cation of the url (by actor or by island) and the short side represent the unit of a single page.

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Name of url Unit

Name of keyword or entities

Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News

GO Governative Organization

NGO Non governamental Organization

AR Academic Research

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

26

abc.net.au Australian Broadcasting Corporation, is an information local network

acp-eucourier.info The Courier, is an information global network.

allafrica.com AllAfrica Global Media is a multi-media content service provider, systems technology developer and the largest electronic distributor of African news and information worldwide. AllAfrica is one of a family of companies that aggregate, produce and distribute news from across Africa to tens of millions of end users.

allvoices.com The world’s premier platform for citizen journalism, Allvoices is committed to delivering a community-driven platform for open, global news and idea exchange.

banabanvoice.ning.com Indipendent information network. The Banabans are the Forgotten People of the Pacific who have suffered from one of the greatest ecological and environmental disasters over the past century.

bluepeacemaldives.org The organization is made up of concerned individuals who wish to ensure that the natural environment is used wisely and continues to be available for the benefit and enjoyment of future generations.

Bluepeace is the oldest environmental Non-Governmental Organization in the Maldives. Its mission is to create environmental awareness through its many campaigns and activities.

brookings.edu The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit public policy organization based in Washington, DC. It conducts high-quality, independent research and provide innovative, practical recommendations.

climate.aib.org.uk Indipendent blog that talks about environment and green thinking.

current.com Network founded by Al Gore. It makes and shows exhaustive analysis about climate change and its thorny problems.

economist.com An English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd. and edited in offices in the City of Westminster, London, England.

ehs.unu.edu Worldwide network of Research and Training Institutes. Research about: vulnerability assessment, resilience analysis, risk management and adaptation strategies within linked human-environment systems; and Internal displacement and transboundary migration due to

environmental push-factors.

ejfoundation.org Environmental Justice Foundation, charity helping people deal with environmental abuses, finding peaceful ways of preventing them. fm-cab.blogspot.com Forced Migration - Current Awareness. Service that highlights web research and information relating to refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced persons and other forced migrants.

foe.org.au Australian grassroots environmental organization.

goodplanet.info It provides information about ecologic issues.

greenleft.org.au Australia’s leading source of local, national and international news, analysis, and discussion and debate to strengthen the anti-capitalist movements.

grist.org Idependent green news network.

guardian.co.ukg Formerly known as Guardian Unlimited, is a British website owned by the Guardian Media Group. It contains nearly all of the content of the newspapers The Guardian and The Observer, as well as a substantial

body of web-only work produced by its own staff, including a rolling news service.

huffingtonpost.com The Huffington Post is an American news website and content-aggregating blog founded by Arianna Huffington,Kenneth Lerer, and Jonah Peretti, featuring liberal minded columnists and various news sources. The site offers coverage of politics, theology, media, business, entertainment, living, style, the green movement, world news, and comedy, and has news, blogs, and original content.

ipsnews.net Inter Press Service is a global news agency. Its main focus is the production of independent news and analysis about events and processes affecting economic, social and political development. The agency has established a niche in the international mediascape, not only by providing professional reporting on the Global South, civil society, and globalization, but also by covering topics in a more in-depth way than is common in the mainstream news.

irinnews.orgIntegrated Regional Information Networks acts as a news agency focusing on humanitarian stories in regions that are often forgotten, under-reported, misunderstood or ignored. The main purpose of this project of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) is to create greater awareness and

understanding of regional issues and events, and to contribute to better informed and more effective humanitarian action, media coverage and advocacy.

islandsbusiness.comMultimedia publishing company based in Suva, Fiji. With correspondents throughout Oceania, it describes itself as the “premier publishing group in the Pacific Islands region”, with fourteen outlets in digital and video media as well as printed magazines. The latter include current affairs and business magazines, in-flight magazines for three of the region’s airlines, including Cathay Pacific, and four special-interest industry publications.

judithcurry.com Forum that engages discussions about topics related to the climate science and the science-policy interface.

khaleejtimes.com The Khaleej Times is a daily English language newspaper published in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Traditionally perceived as the second most popular newspaper in the UAE, Khaleej Times has struggled to keep up its circulation and entered 2011 with a print run of just under 40,000 copies.

mediamatters.org No-profit organization center dedicated to comprehensively monitoring, analyzing, and correcting conservative misinformation

URL

in the U.S. media.

migrantsatsea.wordpress.com A blog that focuses on the subjects of maritime immigration enforcement, rescue at sea, and refugee and migrant rights and protections.

motherjones.com A nonprofit news organization that specializes in investigative, political, and social justice reporting.

mseumvictoria.com.au The largest public museums organization in Australia. It is responsible for the state’s scientific and cultural collections, providing public access through three museums.news.bbc.co.uk BBC News Online is the website of BBC News, the division of the BBC responsible for newsgathering and production. The website is the most popular news website in the United Kingdom and forms a major part of BBC Online (bbc.co.uk).

npr.org National Public Radio, is a privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization that serves as a national syndicator to a network of 900 public radio stations in the United States.

oikoumene.org Worldwide fellowship of churches.

opendemocracy.net openDemocracy publishes high quality news analysis, debates and blogs about the world and the way we govern ourselves.

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Urls in common beetween actorsguardian.co.ukunhcr.orgtowardsrecognition.orgnpr.orgtakepart.comipsnews.netallvoices.comnews.bbc.co.uk

outlookindia.com Outlook is one of India’s four top-selling English weekly newsmagazines.

pacific.scoop.co.nz Network that collects news from the pacific islands.

parl.gc.ca Parliament of Canada.

pina.com.fj The Pacific Islands News Association is the premier regional organisation representing the interests of media professionals in the Pacific region. It links radio, television, newspapers, magazines, online services, national associations and journalism schools in 23 Pacific Island.

praer.org Program to Relocate and Assist Environmental Refugees. It recognizes the legal status of those displaced by Climate Change so that they may seek asylum as refugees.

reliefweb.int Relief Web is an on-line gateway to information on humanitarian emergencies and disasters. An independent vehicle of information, designed specifically to assist the international humanitarian community in effective delivery of emergency assistance, it provides information as events unfold, while emphasizing the coverage of forgotten emergencies at the same time.

reuters.com Information network for businesses and professionals.

rsc.ox.ac.uk University of Oxford’s Refugee Studies Centre.

sfu.ca Canadian University website.

smh.com.au The Sydney Morning Herald is a daily broadsheet newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia.

spiegel.de Spiegel Online, the online version of German weekly news magazine Der Spiegel, is one the most visited news websites written in the German language.

sprep.org Regional organization established by the governments and administrations of the Pacific region to look after its environment.

suprememastertv.com Satellite channel website.

takepart.com A community website focused on socially conscious media and issues.

theage.com.au The Age is a daily broadsheet newspaper which has been published in Melbourne,

Australia since 1854. The Age primarily serves Victoria but is also available for purchase in Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory and border regions of South Australia and southern New South Wales.

thedailystar.net The Daily Star is the largest circulating English daily newspaper in Bangladesh.

theecologist.org The Ecologist is a British environmental publication. It addresses a wide range of environmental subjects and promotes an ecological systems thinking approach.

time.com Time is the world’s largest weekly news magazine.

towardsrecognition.org Toward Recognition is a blog with the primary goal of raising awareness of environmental migrants.

treehugger.com TreeHugger is a sustainability website. It was rated the top sustainability blog of 2007 by Nielsen Netratings, and was included in Time Magazine’s 2009 blog index as one of the top twenty-five blogs.

uk.oneworld.net Engaged to innovate people’s media for a fairer and greener worlds.

uk.reuters.com see reuters.com

un.org United Nation website.

unfpa.org United Nations Population Fund website.

unhcr.org UN refugees Agency website.

unicef.org United Nations Children’s Fund website.

unicef-irc.or Unicef Innocenti research centre website.

wn.com World news “delivers breaking news from all over the world in 43 Languages”.

pulitzercenter.org The Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting is an innovative award-winning non-profit journalism organization dedicated to supporting the independent international journalism.

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Corpus

In the tables the hosts in the corpus are di-vided by actors and geographical belonging. The squares near to the hosts’ names rep-resent the single page found. Therefore, in some cases, there can be multiple pages of the same host. From this partition, there are two things that could be immediately noticed: the first one is the total lack of websites in Academ-ic Research category in Refugees corpus. The second one is the presence of eight hosts in common to the two corpus (highlighted in bold).

allvoices.com

takepart.comtowardsrecognition.org

npr.org

banabanvoice.ning.com

climate.aib.org.ukpulitzercenter.org

wn.com

foe.org.au

greenleft.org.aumotherjones.compacific.scoop.co.nz

unhcr.org

bluepeacemaldives.orgejfoundation.org

reliefweb.int

G

MN IN GO NGO AR

C

K

M

T

guardian.co.uk

guardian.co.uk

ipsnews.net

ipsnews.net

news.bbc.co.uk

huffingtonpost.comsmh.com.au

time.com

uk.reuters.com

theecologist.orgtreehugger.com

treehugger.com

treehugger.com

theage.com.au

theage.com.au

suprememastertv.com

suprememastertv.com

uk.oneworld.net

uk.oneworld.net

abc.net.aucurrent.comgoodplanet.info

spiegel.de

oikoumene.orgunicef.org

grist.org

praer.orgdailymail.co.uk

ipsnews.net

reliefweb.int

reliefweb.int

Refugees

29

guardian.co.uk fm-cab.blogspot.com

economist.com

reuters.com

acp-eucourier.info

islandsbusiness.compina.com.fj

khaleejtimes.comoutlookindia.comthedailystar.net

guardian.co.uk

guardian.co.uk

guardian.co.uk

guardian.co.uk

ipsnews.net

news.bbc.co.uk

brookings.edu

unicef-irc.org

irinnews.org

rsc.ox.ac.uk

museumvictoria.com.au

unhcr.org

unhcr.org

sprep.org

parl.gc.caun.org

unfpa.org

allafrica.commigrantsatsea.wordpress.comopendemocracy.net

judithcurry.com

mediamatters.orgtakepart.com

towardsrecognition.org

npr.org

G

MN IN GO NGO AR

C

K

M

towardsrecognition.org

allvoices.com un.org

ehs.unu.edu

sfu.ca

T

Migrants

30

Percent of actors

As shown here, the division of the websites of the two corpus aggregated by actors has both similar than different characteristics. In both of them Mainstream News have the highest percentage of presence, while the ratio between the Non-Governmental Or-ganizations and the Governmental Organi-zations are far different: it looks like NGOs tend to use more the term refugees rath-er than migrants. Governmental Organiza-tions, instead, act exactly as the opposite. The other relevant observation, as said be-fore, is the total lack of Academic Research in Refugees’ corpus, as to suggest the non-scientific nature of the word refugee.

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Refugees

mai

nstr

eam

new

s

inde

pend

ent

new

s

gove

rnat

ive

orga

niza

tion

non

gove

rnat

ive

orga

niza

tion

Migrants

acad

emic

res

earc

h

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Crawler

After the corpus was divided into catego-ries, the next step was to look for the links between websites. The one hundred web-sites list was processed by Issue Crawler that, searching in the single pages outlinks, was able to determine which were the outlinks of the websites in the corpus and if they were connected one to another. The first visualization made with Gephi showed that most of the outlinks were not in common with the webpages of the corpus. Further-more, the biggest part of the outlinks were from Mainstream News websites. With the aim of visualize the crawling in a more read-able way than Gephi’s graphic, the data were copied on Illustrator and the graphics were drawn in a different way. For a more complete visualization, see the attached poster.

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

33

surveymonkey.com

digg.com

law.ox

.ac.uk

imi.ox.ac.uk

iom.int

ohch

r.org

reliefweb.int

forcedmigration.org

internal-displacement.org

forcedmigrationguide.pbworks.com

amnesty.org

fmreview.org

abc.n

et.au

indep

ende

nt.co

.uk

daily

mail.

co.uk

sprin

gerli

nk.co

m

omnit

ure.co

m

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

addthis.c

om

nytim

es.co

m

theregister.co.uk

climateprogress.org

realclimate.org

theecologist.org

wattsupwiththat.com

ec.europa.eu

gmpg.org

automattic.com

ACP-EUCOURIER.INFO

ECONOMIST.COM

GUARDIAN.CO

.UK

IPSNEWS.NETISLANDSBUSINESS.COM

KHALEEJTIMES.COM

NEWS.BBC.CO.UK

OUTLOOKINDIA.COM

PINA.COM.FJ

REUTERS.COM

THEDAILYSTAR.NET

ALLA

FRIC

A.COM

ALLVOICES.COM

FM-CAB.BLOGSPOT.COM

JUDITHCURRY.COM

MEDIAMATTERS.ORG

MIGRANTSATSEA.WORDPRESS.COM

NPR.ORG

OPENDEMOCRACY.NET

TAKEPART.COM

TOWARDSR

ECOGNITIO

N.ORG

PARL.GC.CA

SPRE

P.ORG

UN.ORG

UNFPA.ORG

UNHCR.ORG

BROO

KING

S.ED

U

UNICEF-IRC.ORG

EHS.UNU.EDU

IRIN

NEW

S.OR

G

MUSEUMVICTORIA.COM.AU

RSC.OX.AC.UK

SFU.CA

surveymonkey.com

digg.com

law.ox

.ac.uk

imi.ox.ac.uk

iom.int

ohch

r.org

reliefweb.int

forcedmigration.org

internal-displacement.org

forcedmigrationguide.pbworks.com

amnesty.org

fmreview.org

abc.n

et.au

indep

ende

nt.co

.uk

daily

mail.

co.uk

sprin

gerli

nk.co

m

omnit

ure.co

m

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

addthis.c

om

nytim

es.co

m

theregister.co.uk

climateprogress.org

realclimate.org

theecologist.org

wattsupwiththat.com

ec.europa.eu

gmpg.org

automattic.com

ACP-EUCOURIER.INFO

ECONOMIST.COM

GUARDIAN.CO

.UK

IPSNEWS.NETISLANDSBUSINESS.COM

KHALEEJTIMES.COM

NEWS.BBC.CO.UK

OUTLOOKINDIA.COM

PINA.COM.FJ

REUTERS.COM

THEDAILYSTAR.NET

ALLA

FRIC

A.COM

ALLVOICES.COM

FM-CAB.BLOGSPOT.COM

JUDITHCURRY.COM

MEDIAMATTERS.ORG

MIGRANTSATSEA.WORDPRESS.COM

NPR.ORG

OPENDEMOCRACY.NET

TAKEPART.COM

TOWARDSR

ECOGNITIO

N.ORG

PARL.GC.CA

SPRE

P.ORG

UN.ORG

UNFPA.ORG

UNHCR.ORG

BROO

KING

S.ED

U

UNICEF-IRC.ORG

EHS.UNU.EDU

IRIN

NEW

S.OR

G

MUSEUMVICTORIA.COM.AU

RSC.OX.AC.UK

SFU.CA

fds.duke.edu

preventionweb.net

greenpeace.org.uk

articles.latimes.com

latimes.com

newscientist.com

eau.sagepub.comearth-policy.orgtheatlantic.comsurveymonkey.com

tulelepeisa.org

web.mac.com

en.wikipedia.org

digg.com

globalvoicesonline.org

suncomeup.com

disqus.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

radioaustralia.net.au

ehs.unu.edu

monstersandcritics.com

omniture.com

radiofiji.com.fj

addthis.com

wedding.com.auweatherzone.com.auwatoday.com.au

tradingroom.com.au

tradingpost.com.authevine.com.au

newsvine.com

cgi.fark.com

lawyers.com.au

fairfax.com.au

electrician.com.au

business.com.au

brisbanetimes.com.au

apm.com.au

essentialbaby.com.au

goodguides.com.au

hairsalon.com.au

mycareer.com.au

rsvp.com.au

stayz.com.au

moviefone.com

drive.com.au

livejournal.coma0.

twimg.com

quantcast.com

nrc.no

coinet.org.uk

nytimes.comun.org

cnn.com

irinnews.org

UNHCR.ORG

UNICEF.ORG

RELIEFWEB.INT

FOE.ORG.AU

EJFOUNDATION.ORG

BLUEPEACEMALDIVES.ORG

OIKOUMENE.ORGPRAER.ORG

BANABANVOICE.NING.COM

CLIMATE.AIB.ORG.UK

GREENLEFT.ORG.AU

ALLVOICES.COM

TAKEPART.COM

GRIST.ORG

WN.COM

TOWARDSRECOGNIT

ION.ORG

MOTHERJONES.COM

NPR.ORG

PULITZERCENTER.ORG

SCOOP.CO.NZ

ABC.NET.AU

CURRENT.COM

DAILYMAIL.CO.UK

GOODPLANET.INFO

GUARDIAN.CO.UK

HUFFINGTONPOST.CO

M

IPSNEWS.NET

NEWS.BBC.CO.UK

REUTERS.COM

SMH.COM.AU

SPIEGEL.DE

SUPREMEMASTERTV.COM

THEAGE.COM.AU

THEECOLOGIST.ORG

TIME.COM

TREEHUGGER.COM

UK.ONEWORLD.NET

Migrants

Migrants Refugees

34

Issue Geographer

With Issue Geographer it has been analyzed the geographical source of the websites in the corpus. Since Google queries were found setting English as language, the final result is not to be considered very relevant, because only the Anglophone Countries appear on the map.Every square represent a site and is classified by actor. In the refugees’ corpus the type of site are homogeneous divided in every con-tinent. In the migrants’ corpus, instead, there more differences.

T

CMK

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

Refugees

35

T

CMK

Migrants

37Alchemy

38

Legenda

Keywords and entitiesAll the information about a single keyword found in the research are visualized as a disk, in which the one side represent the name of the keyword, the other side represent the unit of a single match and the thickness of the disk is the relevance.

Qualitative comparisonThe qualitative comparison has been made to make easier to compare common Key-words and Entities between the two lists. There are two type of graph: divided by ac-tor and divided by island. This is useful to make clear the differences between the two lists and to understand deeply the connec-tion between one certain actor or island and the words it uses.

Quantitative comparisonIn quantitative graphs, alchemy’s relevance has been used to find out how much actors and islands talks about these topics.

Polar axisThis graphic shows the general distribution of the keywords in the corpus. Made with Clash Tool, the position of the keywords is determined by their presence in the Refu-gees’ corpus instead of Migrants’ one. The areas of the circles changes depending on the number of websites using the keyword while the position is given by an arithmetic mean of the websites in Refugees’ corpus and the websites in Migrants’ corpus containing the word.

39

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

41

Distribution of Keywords and Entities

This graph represent how all the keyword and all the entities are distributed. The first column represent the islands (Gen-eral, Carteret, Kiribati, Maldives, Tuva-lu); the second column represent the actors (Mainstream News, Indipendent News, Governmental Organizations, Non Gov-ernmental Organizations).In the third column, in the lower side there are the keywords, and in the upper side there are the classification of Entities, all written in the fourth column.The main difference between the refugees’ corpus and the migrants’ one is the number and variety of both Keywords and Entities. The pages who use the word refugees, tend to talk about less argument, naming fewer people, countries and organizations than the pages who use migrants do.

42

G

C

K

M

T

MN

IN

GO

NGO

Country

Org

Person

administration

climate change

film

islands

refugees

population

sea level

migrants

Australia

Carteret Islands

Kiribati

Papua New GuineaTunisia

Tuvalu

COIN

WCC

Lewis Gordon Pugh

MaclellanMr Maroni

Jane McAdam

Maldives

EJF

IPCC

UN

Michael Nash

Alex de Sherbinin

Ali Rilwan

Janos Bogardi

Refugees

43

G

C

K

M

T

MN

IN

GO

NGO

AR

Country

Org

Person

administration

climate change

migrants

extreme eventsfilm

islands

refugeespopulationsea level

AustraliaBurundiCanadaCongoFijiIndiaItalyKenyaKiribatiMaldivesMexicoPakistanPapua New GuineaSingapore

USAUEJF

IPCC

UN

UNHCR

Francois Gemenne

GMGIOMNHRISBCJUNU

Andrea Gallina

Anna RushworthCecilia Tacoli

Vaughan Lowe

Harold Haig

Janos Bogardi

Jonathan Leake

Margaret OkekeMichael Oppenheimer

Mohammad Zaman

Nicole Marshall

Raquel Rolnik

Tullio Treves

Migrants

44

Keywords

Administrationgovernment, meetings, adaptation plans, humanitarian policy, human rights, right of asylum.

Climate changeglobal warming, climate change

Extreme eventsfloods and cyclones

MovieSun Come Up

IslandsLow lying islands, coral, nature.

MigrantsForced migration, resettlement, mass mi-gration, climate migrants, enviroment-re-lated migration.

Population Peoples, islanders, community.

Refugees Climate refugees, environmental refugees.

Sea levelSea lever rise.

46

Polar axis comparison

What can be noticed is that words like “cli-mate change”, “extreme events” and “ad-ministration” (which indicates adaptation plans) are nearer to Migrants than to Ref-ugees. This could suggest that this word is probably used the most in scientific and humanitarian discussions, while “refugees” could be considered as a more generic word.

47

refu

gees

mig

rant

s

Climate change

MovieRefugees

Population

Islands

Sea level

Extreme events

Migrants

Administration

48

Qualitative comparison

This graph shows how both the Refugees’ and Migrants’ corpus talk about the same things in Mainstream News and in Gener-al (the top rows of both graph). Watching the actor’s graph, the main differences are in the Non Governmental Organizations, in which pages with refugees talks about more arguments and in Academic Research, non present in the refugees’ corpus. More in general, Migrants’ corpus talks more about administration and, obviously, migrants.

49

MN

IN

G

C

GO

NGO

AR

islands

climate change

sea level

refugees

administration

migrants

movie

climate change

administration

migrants

islands

population

refugees

sea level

extreme events

climate change

islands

climate change

sea level

refugees

population

movie

islands

climate change

refugees

population

climate change

administration

migrants

population

movie

climate change

administration

migrants

islands

population

refugees

extreme events

islands

climate change

sea level

administration

population

administration

administration

K

M

T

climate change

sea level

refugees

administration

migrants

film film

climate change

administration

migrants

refugees

sea level

sea level

sea level

sea level

sea level

global warming

islands

climate change

sea level

refugees

population

film

islands

islands

islands

climate change

refugees

refugees

climate change

administration

migrants

population

film

climate change

administrationadministration

administration administration

migrantsmigrants

migrants

migrants

islands

population

population

population

refugees

refugees

islands

climate change

climate change climate change

climate change

sea level

sea level

administration

extreme events

MigrantsRefugees MigrantsRefugeesMN

IN

G

C

GO

NGO

AR

islands

climate change

sea level

refugees

administration

migrants

movie

climate change

administration

migrants

islands

population

refugees

sea level

extreme events

climate change

islands

climate change

sea level

refugees

population

movie

islands

climate change

refugees

population

climate change

administration

migrants

population

movie

climate change

administration

migrants

islands

population

refugees

extreme events

islands

climate change

sea level

administration

population

administration

administration

K

M

T

climate change

sea level

refugees

administration

migrants

film film

climate change

administration

migrants

refugees

sea level

sea level

sea level

sea level

sea level

global warming

islands

climate change

sea level

refugees

population

film

islands

islands

islands

climate change

refugees

refugees

climate change

administration

migrants

population

film

climate change

administrationadministration

administration administration

migrantsmigrants

migrants

migrants

islands

population

population

population

refugees

refugees

islands

climate change

climate change climate change

climate change

sea level

sea level

administration

extreme events

MigrantsRefugees MigrantsRefugees

50

Quantitative comparison

Actor

General viewMainstream and indipendent news talk a lot about nearly everything, to the contra-ry of academic reserarch, that talks less that the other two.

Corpus crossesIn particular there are crosses with almost the same relevance between migrants and refugees in mainstream news (climate change, migrants, islands and sea level), in indipendent news (climate change and population) and in non governative organizations (administration).

Islands

General viewIslands, in a broad view, talk a lot about everything, but there is a little less speech about movie and extreme events.

Corpus crossesFull crosses for climate change, in all the islands.

Keywords relevance (histogram)Both corpus talk a lot about climate change, but migrants talk louder than ref-ugees in movie, administration, migrants, population and refugees. Furthermore, they’re the only one who talk about ex-treme events. To the opposite, refugees talk louder on islands and sea level.This means, for us, that migrants’ speech is more varied, because it deals with a broader range of arguments than refugees

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

51

G

K

M

T

C

Clim

ate

chan

ge

Mov

ie

Adm

nins

trat

ion

Isla

nds

Mig

rant

s

Pop

ulat

ion

Ref

ugee

s

Sea

leve

l

Extr

eme

even

ts

Clim

ate

chan

ge

Mov

ie

Adm

nins

trat

ion

Isla

nds

Mig

rant

s

Pop

ulat

ion

Ref

ugee

s

Sea

leve

l

Extr

eme

even

ts

AR

GO

IN

MN

NGO

52

Entities

Country

AustraliaIs politically involved into the refugees problem. A strong resettlement program continues to provide durable solutions for refugees from the region and around the world.

BurundiDuring ‘90s Burundi had a bloody civil war beetween etnies. After these conflicts, intense fluxes of refugees moved to near nations. This fact started a long serie of crossed military interventions. The return of displaced persons begun beetween 2002-2003.

CanadaCanada’s current humanitarian immigration program comprises various streams, the main one being refugees. Refugees come to Canada one of two ways: either they are selected abroad to receive a permanent resident visa to come to Canada or they come to Canada on their own and claim protection once here.

CongoThe Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is still contending with ongoing conflict in its troubled east. Approximately 2 million people remain internally displaced and there are more than 450,000 Congolese refugees in neighboring countries.

Fiji

Refugee advocates say increasing numbers of Fijians are seeking asylum in Australia to escape persecution at the hands of Fijian military government, and they say these people are the most vulnerable to the scam artists.

IndiaThough India has not ratified the 1951 United Nations (UN) and 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, it provides shelter to over 300,000 refugees from neighboring countries.

ItalyAccording to Human Right Watch, since Italy established its new interdiction and summary return policy on May 6. 2008, about 500 migrants and asylum seekers have been interdicted by Italian security forces and their boats towed to Libya.

KenyaThe drought situation in the eastern Horn of Africa is deteriorating and it is unlikely to improve until next year, the humanitarian organization CARE International warns. More than 1,000 Somali refugees are arriving daily at the refugee settlements of Daadab in northern Kenya.

KiribatiThe island nation of Kiribati is preparing for the possibility that sea level rise could render large parts of the country uninhabitable: A program that’s training i-Kiribati people as nurses to help them move comfortably to

Australia. Anote Tong, Kiribati’s president, calls the strategy “migrating with dignity.”

MaldivesThe Maldives plans to move money from tourism to purchase land in case of climate disaster. The country’s new president also envisions a sovereign wealth fund for the island nation’s relocation and investments in alternative energy technologies. The vice president said the Maldives would seek international support to reinforce natural coral barriers.

PakistanThe number of refugees in Pakistan keeps growing. United Nations officials are putting the number at one and a half million people this month. They are fleeing the region where Pakistan’s army is trying to put down the Taliban.

Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea is a signatory to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol.

Organization

EJFEJF is a registered charity established in 2000 to empower people who suffer most from environmental abuses to find peaceful ways of preventing them.

IPCCThe IPCC assesses the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change.UNThe Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), also known as The UN Refugee Agency is a United Nations agency mandated to protect and support refugees at the request of a government or the UN itself and assists in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country.

GMGThe Global Migration Group (GMG) is a group consisting of fourteen UN agencies, the World Bank and the International Organisation for Migration that work in cooperation to address global migration issues. It was created in 2006 by then UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, in order to better coordinate multilateral migration governance initiatives.

IOMThe International Organization for Migration is an intergovernmental organization. It was initially established in 1951 as the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) to help resettle people displaced by World War II.

NHRI

The research institute for the Department of Health, Taiwan.

UNUUnited nation university contributes, through research and education, to efforts to resolve pressing global problems of human survival, development and welfare.

Persons

Andrea GallinaAssistant Professor at the Department of Social Sciences at Roskilde University, Denmark.

Anna RushworthPress Secretary at New Zealand Parliament

Cecilia TacoliResearcher at International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).

Chair Vaughan LoweChichele Professor of Public International Law at Oxford University.

Francois Gemenne Research fellow at the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI).

Harold HaigSecretary of the International Child Migrants Association.Janos Bogardi

Director of the United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS).

Jonathan LeakeScience and Environment Editor at the Sunday Times.

Margaret OkekeA cyclone tore through the Bay of Bengal leaving hundreds of thousands homeless. She and her family are some of those called environmental refgees.

Michael OppenheimerDirector of the Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy (STEP) at the Woodrow Wilson School and Faculty Associate of the Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences Program, Princeton Environmental Institute, and the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies.

Mohammad ZamanExecutive director of Society for Bangladesh Climate Justice.

Nicole MarshallGraduate student at University of Alberta. Research interests: environmental migration, forced migration and political philosophy.

Raquel Rolnikprofessor at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of Sao

53

Paolo and is the author of several books and articles on the urban issue.

Tullio TrevesProfessor at the University of Milano and Judge of the International Tribunal for the Law of Sea.

Alex de SherbininSenior Staff Associate for Research at the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).

Ali RilwanExecutive director of local environmental NGO Blue Peace, from the Maldives.

Jane McAdamDirector of Research in the Faculty of Law. Director of the International Refugee and Migration Law project at the Gilbert &Tobin Centre of Public Law and convenor of the Faculty’s Refugee Law and Policy Group. Lewis Gordon PughEnvironmental campaigner and maritime lawyer.

MaclellanWorked as a journalist at the Pacific Islands Forum in 1997 in Rarotonga.

Michael NashAmerican film director, screenwriter and producer. Author of the film “Climate refugees”.

Mr MaroniA member of the Northern League, an italian party known for its strong anti-immigrant stance.

54

Polar axis Comparison

These graphics work in the same way of the previous polar axis comparison made with the keywords. The objects analyzed are the entities, divid-ed into three categories: Countries, Organ-izations and Persons. The first comparison shows the names of all the Countries in-volved in the controversy. It’s interesting to highlight the presence of three of the Islands queried, Maldives, Kir-ibati and Tuvalu, while Carteret is totally missing. This could be a consequence of the media phenomenon related to Kiribati and the Maldives. In the second one, the distinction between Organizations involved is quite amazing: only two Organizations are totally aligned with the Refugees’ side. One of them is en-vironmentalist, the other one is a Christian charity. The other Organizations, on the Mi-grants’ side, are all big ones. What can be de-duced is that, maybe, “migrants” is a word used preferably in institutional texts. The third one shows two distinct factions. Except for Janos Bogardi, the director of United Nations University, whose name is quite in the middle of the graphic, the oth-er names are definitely divided. On the ref-ugees side there are activists, a journalist and the director of the movie “Climate refugees”. On the other side there are all the people be-longing to scientific or institutional Organi-zations. This could be another proof of the fact that the word “migrants” is preferred to the word “refugees” because of its being more technical, more ‘politically correct’.

55

mig

rant

s

refu

gees

Janos Bogardi

Alex de Sherbinin

Ali Rilwan

Andrea Gallina

Anna Rushworth

Cecilia Tacoli

Francois Gemenne

Harold Haig

Jane McAdam

Jonathan Leake

Maclellan

Michael Nash

Mohammad Zaman

Mr Maroni

Nicole Marshall

Raquel Rolnik

Tullio Treves

Vaughan Lowe

Margaret Okeke

Michael Oppenheimer

Lewis Gordon Pugh

migrants

refugees

UN

AUCOIN

EJF

GMG

IOM

IPCC

NHRIs

SBCJ

UNHCR

UNUWCC

mig

rant

s

refu

gees

Australia

Burundi

Canada

CarteretCongo

Fiji

India

Italy

Kenya

Kiribati Maldives

Mexico

Pakistan

Papua New Guinea

Singapore

Tunisia

Tuvalu

US

56

The following graphics are the same of the previous one. The only difference is that this one shows what the actual number of words in the corpus really is, instead of counting the number of websites. That’s why the cir-cles are generally bigger than the other ones.

Polar axis Comparison

57

MIGRANTSREFUGEES

KiribatiMaldives

PapuaNew

Guinea

Pakistan

Canada

Congo

Fiji

India

Italy

Kenya

Mexico

Singapore

Carteret Islands

Burundi

Usa

Tuvalu

Tunisia

Australia

EJF UN

COIN

WCC

Andrea Gallina

Anna Rushworth

Cecilia Tacoli

Vaughan Lowe

Francois Gemenne

Harold Haig

Jonathan Leake

Margaret Okeke

Michael Oppenheimer

Mohammad Zaman

Nicole Marshall

Raquel Rolnik

Tullio Treves

Alex de Sherbinin

Ali Rilwan

Jane McAdam

Lewis Gordon Pugh

Maclellan

Michael Nash

Mr Maroni

AU

GMG

IOM

NHRIs

SBCJ

UNHCR

IPCC

JanosBogardi

MIGRANTSREFUGEES

KiribatiMaldives

PapuaNew

Guinea

Pakistan

Canada

Congo

Fiji

India

Italy

Kenya

Mexico

Singapore

Carteret Islands

Burundi

Usa

Tuvalu

Tunisia

Australia

EJF UN

COIN

WCC

Andrea Gallina

Anna Rushworth

Cecilia Tacoli

Vaughan Lowe

Francois Gemenne

Harold Haig

Jonathan Leake

Margaret Okeke

Michael Oppenheimer

Mohammad Zaman

Nicole Marshall

Raquel Rolnik

Tullio Treves

Alex de Sherbinin

Ali Rilwan

Jane McAdam

Lewis Gordon Pugh

Maclellan

Michael Nash

Mr Maroni

AU

GMG

IOM

NHRIs

SBCJ

UNHCR

IPCC

JanosBogardi

MIGRANTSREFUGEES

KiribatiMaldives

PapuaNew

Guinea

Pakistan

Canada

Congo

Fiji

India

Italy

Kenya

Mexico

Singapore

Carteret Islands

Burundi

Usa

Tuvalu

Tunisia

Australia

EJF UN

COIN

WCC

Andrea Gallina

Anna Rushworth

Cecilia Tacoli

Vaughan Lowe

Francois Gemenne

Harold Haig

Jonathan Leake

Margaret Okeke

Michael Oppenheimer

Mohammad Zaman

Nicole Marshall

Raquel Rolnik

Tullio Treves

Alex de Sherbinin

Ali Rilwan

Jane McAdam

Lewis Gordon Pugh

Maclellan

Michael Nash

Mr Maroni

AU

GMG

IOM

NHRIs

SBCJ

UNHCR

IPCC

JanosBogardi

MigrantsRefugees

58

Qualitative ComparisonCountry

Common Country

Papua New GuineaLow-lying carteret islands are within Papua Nuova Guinea's jurisdiction.

KiribatiVery affected by the environmental degra-dation linked to the climate change, they are the first ones who try to protect coastal en-vironment by planting mangroves.

AustraliaAustralian government has been helping the local governments of the Pacific Islands since the problem of migration has become worrying.

MaldivesThe question of Maldivians' adaptation to climate change is brought on the screen thanks to the movie "The island President".

59

MN

IN

GO

NGO

AR

Maroni

Nash

Sherbinin

Pugh

Rilwan

Maclellan

Mc Adam

Mc Adam

Bogardi

Gemenne

Haig

Gallina

Bogardi

Tacoli

Okeke

Rolnik

Zaman

Treves

Rushworth

Vaughan Lowe

Oppenheimer

Leake

Marshall

MN

IN

GO

NGO

AR

MigrantsRefugees

MigrantsRefugees

MigrantsRefugees

COIN

EJF

EJF

IPCC

IPCC

UN

UNHCR

NHRIs

GMC

IOM

UN

EJF

WCC

IPCC

IPCC

SBCJ

UN

UNU

AU

MN

IN

GO

NGO

AR

Fiji

Pakistan

Kenya

India

Singapore

Italy

Mexico

United States

Canada

Maldives

Congo

Burundi

Kiribati

Papua New Guinea

Congo

Australia

Kiribati

Tuvalu

Maldives

Australia

Tunisia

Papua New Guinea

Carteret Islands

Carteret Islands

Kiribati

Maldives

Tuvalu

UN.

IPCC

EJF

Papua New Guinea

Kiribati

Maldives

Australia

Kiribati

Tuvalu

Australia

Carteret Islands

Janos Bogardi

MigrantsRefugees

MigrantsRefugees

MigrantsRefugees

G

C

K

M

T

G

C

K

M

T

G

C

K

M

T

UN

IPCC

EJF

IPCCCOIN

AUIPCCUN

NHRIsSBCJIPCCUNHCR

EJFGMCIOM

UNUNUIPCC

UNHCR

EJFUN

IPCCUN

UNWCC

Papua New Guinea

Kiribati

Maldives

Australia

Carteret Islands

Kiribati

Singapore

Kenya

Pakistan

Italy

Mexico

United States

Australia

Burundi

Congo

Kiribati

Fiji

Papua New Guinea

Canada

Maldives

India

United States

Congo

Maldives

Tuvalu

Australia

Maldives

Carteret Islands

Papua New Guinea

Kiribati

Tuvalu

Carteret Islands

Kiribati

Australia

Janos Bogardi

Bogardi

Maroni

Nash

Sherbinir

Mclellan

McAdam

Pugh

Rilwan

McAdam

Leake

Vaughan Lowe

Rushworth

Oppenheimer

Tacoli

Treves

Gallina

Haig

Gemenne

Rolnik

Okeke

Zaman

Bogardi

Gemenne

Marshall

60

Quantitative ComparisonCountry

Actor

General viewThe biggest thing here is that mainstream news talk really loud about a lot of coun-tries.

Corpus crossesThe only cross is in mainstream news about Kiribati and papua New Guinea.

Islands

General viewThe curious thing is that the main talker here are the general corpus and the tuvalu's one.

Corpus crossesKiribati talk about itself, but the Carteret is-lands talk about Maldives.

Keywords relevance (histogram)In Burundi, Fiji, India, Italy, Mexico, Paki-stan, Singapore and US migrants is the only talker and it’s prevalent in Kiribati and the Papua New Guinea. Instead, refugees are the only talker in Tunisia, Tuvalu and Car-teret Islands; but they are predominant in Australia and the Maldives.

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

61

Aust

ralia

Can

ada

Car

tere

t Isl

ands

Con

go Fiji

Indi

a

Italy

Ken

ya

Kir

ibat

i

Mal

dive

s

Mex

ico

Pak

ista

n

Pap

ua N

ew G

uine

a

Sing

apor

e

Tuni

sia

Tuva

lu US

Bur

undi

T

K

C

G

M

Aust

ralia

Can

ada

Car

tere

t Isl

ands

Con

go Fiji

Indi

a

Italy

Ken

ya

Kir

ibat

i

Mal

dive

s

Mex

ico

Pak

ista

n

Pap

ua N

ew G

uine

a

Sing

apor

e

Tuni

sia

Tuva

lu US

Bur

undi

AR

GO

IN

MN

NGO

62

Common Organization

EJFEnvironmental Justice Foundation, is a reg-istered charity established in 2000 to em-power people who suffer most from envi-ronmental abuses to find peaceful ways of preventing them. EJF has argued that the people who will be forced to move due to climate change cur-rently have no adequate recognition in in-ternational law. The EJF contends that a new multilateral legal instrument is re-quired to specifically address the needs of climate refugees in order to confer protec-tion to those fleeing environmental degra-dation and climate change.

IPCCThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is a scientific intergovernmental body which provides comprehensive assess-ments of current scientific, technical and so-cio-economic information worldwide about the risk of climate change caused by human activity, its potential environmental and so-cio-economic consequences, and possible options for adapting to these consequences or mitigating the effects. Thousands of sci-entists and other experts contribute (on a voluntary basis, without payment from the IPCC) to writing and reviewing reports, which are reviewed by representatives from all the governments, with summaries for policy makers being subject to line-by-line approval by all participating governments. Typically this involves the governments of

more than 120 countries.

UNThe United Nations is an international or-ganization whose stated aims are facilitat-ing cooperation in international law, inter-national security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achieve-ment of world peace. The UN was found-ed in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for di-alogue. It contains multiple subsidiary or-ganizations to carry out its missions.

Qualitative comparisonOrganization

63

MN

IN

GO

NGO

AR

Maroni

Nash

Sherbinin

Pugh

Rilwan

Maclellan

Mc Adam

Mc Adam

Bogardi

Gemenne

Haig

Gallina

Bogardi

Tacoli

Okeke

Rolnik

Zaman

Treves

Rushworth

Vaughan Lowe

Oppenheimer

Leake

Marshall

MN

IN

GO

NGO

AR

MigrantsRefugees

MigrantsRefugees

MigrantsRefugees

COIN

EJF

EJF

IPCC

IPCC

UN

UNHCR

NHRIs

GMC

IOM

UN

EJF

WCC

IPCC

IPCC

SBCJ

UN

UNU

AU

MN

IN

GO

NGO

AR

Fiji

Pakistan

Kenya

India

Singapore

Italy

Mexico

United States

Canada

Maldives

Congo

Burundi

Kiribati

Papua New Guinea

Congo

Australia

Kiribati

Tuvalu

Maldives

Australia

Tunisia

Papua New Guinea

Carteret Islands

Carteret Islands

Kiribati

Maldives

Tuvalu

UN.

IPCC

EJF

Papua New Guinea

Kiribati

Maldives

Australia

Kiribati

Tuvalu

Australia

Carteret Islands

Janos Bogardi

MigrantsRefugees

MigrantsRefugees

MigrantsRefugees

G

C

K

M

T

G

C

K

M

T

G

C

K

M

T

UN

IPCC

EJF

IPCCCOIN

AUIPCCUN

NHRIsSBCJIPCCUNHCR

EJFGMCIOM

UNUNUIPCC

UNHCR

EJFUN

IPCCUN

UNWCC

Papua New Guinea

Kiribati

Maldives

Australia

Carteret Islands

Kiribati

Singapore

Kenya

Pakistan

Italy

Mexico

United States

Australia

Burundi

Congo

Kiribati

Fiji

Papua New Guinea

Canada

Maldives

India

United States

Congo

Maldives

Tuvalu

Australia

Maldives

Carteret Islands

Papua New Guinea

Kiribati

Tuvalu

Carteret Islands

Kiribati

Australia

Janos Bogardi

Bogardi

Maroni

Nash

Sherbinir

Mclellan

McAdam

Pugh

Rilwan

McAdam

Leake

Vaughan Lowe

Rushworth

Oppenheimer

Tacoli

Treves

Gallina

Haig

Gemenne

Rolnik

Okeke

Zaman

Bogardi

Gemenne

Marshall

64

Quantitative ComparisonOrganization

Actor

General viewOrganizations, indipendent news and Ac-ademic research talk more that the others, in general the topic distribution a far varied and it focus on many organizations.

Corpus crossesThe only cross is Ejf in mainstream news.

Islands

General viewThe general and carteret island corpus are those who talk more and about more dif-ferent actors.

Corpus crossesNon present.

Keywords relevance (histogram)

Keywords relevance (histogram)Only refugees talk about WWC and COIN, instead in AU, GMG, IOM, NHRIs, SBCJ, UNJCR and UNU there’s only migrants who talk about them. In EJF and UN, mi-grants talks more that refugees.

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

65

AU EJF

GMG

IOM

IPCC

NHRIs

SBCJ UN

UNHCR

UNU

WCC

COIN

T

K

C

G

M

AU EJF

GMG

IOM

IPCC

NHRIs

SBCJ UN

UNHCR

UNU

WCC

COIN

AR

GO

IN

MN

NGO

66

Qualitative ComparisonPerson

Common Person

Jane Mcadam Professor Jane McAdam is an Australian Research Council Future Fellow, and the Director of Research in the Faculty of Law. She is also the Director of the Internation-al Refugee and Migration Law project at the Gilbert&Tobin Centre of Public Law and the convenor of the Faculty’s Refugee Law and Policy Group. She is a Research Asso-ciate at the University of Oxford’s Refu-gee Studies Centre, and was the Director of its International Summer School in Forced Migration in 2008.(Vedi timeline pag XX)

Janos BogardiJanos Bogardi has been the Director of the United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) since 2003. Simultaneously he is also Vice-Rector a.i. of the Vice Rectorate in Eu-rope since May 2007.Janos Bogardi started his UN career in 1995 with the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UN-ESCO) in Paris, France, as a Senior Pro-gramme Specialist and soon became the Chief of the Section on Sustainable Water

67

MN

IN

GO

NGO

AR

Maroni

Nash

Sherbinin

Pugh

Rilwan

Maclellan

Mc Adam

Mc Adam

Bogardi

Gemenne

Haig

Gallina

Bogardi

Tacoli

Okeke

Rolnik

Zaman

Treves

Rushworth

Vaughan Lowe

Oppenheimer

Leake

Marshall

MN

IN

GO

NGO

AR

MigrantsRefugees

MigrantsRefugees

MigrantsRefugees

COIN

EJF

EJF

IPCC

IPCC

UN

UNHCR

NHRIs

GMC

IOM

UN

EJF

WCC

IPCC

IPCC

SBCJ

UN

UNU

AU

MN

IN

GO

NGO

AR

Fiji

Pakistan

Kenya

India

Singapore

Italy

Mexico

United States

Canada

Maldives

Congo

Burundi

Kiribati

Papua New Guinea

Congo

Australia

Kiribati

Tuvalu

Maldives

Australia

Tunisia

Papua New Guinea

Carteret Islands

Carteret Islands

Kiribati

Maldives

Tuvalu

UN.

IPCC

EJF

Papua New Guinea

Kiribati

Maldives

Australia

Kiribati

Tuvalu

Australia

Carteret Islands

Janos Bogardi

MigrantsRefugees

MigrantsRefugees

MigrantsRefugees

G

C

K

M

T

G

C

K

M

T

G

C

K

M

T

UN

IPCC

EJF

IPCCCOIN

AUIPCCUN

NHRIsSBCJIPCCUNHCR

EJFGMCIOM

UNUNUIPCC

UNHCR

EJFUN

IPCCUN

UNWCC

Papua New Guinea

Kiribati

Maldives

Australia

Carteret Islands

Kiribati

Singapore

Kenya

Pakistan

Italy

Mexico

United States

Australia

Burundi

Congo

Kiribati

Fiji

Papua New Guinea

Canada

Maldives

India

United States

Congo

Maldives

Tuvalu

Australia

Maldives

Carteret Islands

Papua New Guinea

Kiribati

Tuvalu

Carteret Islands

Kiribati

Australia

Janos Bogardi

Bogardi

Maroni

Nash

Sherbinir

Mclellan

McAdam

Pugh

Rilwan

McAdam

Leake

Vaughan Lowe

Rushworth

Oppenheimer

Tacoli

Treves

Gallina

Haig

Gemenne

Rolnik

Okeke

Zaman

Bogardi

Gemenne

Marshall

68

Quantitative ComparisonPerson

Actor

General viewMainstream news, followed by indipendent news talk about he wider range of people.

Corpus crossesThe only cross between the two corpus of migrants and refugees is Janos Bogardi.

Islands

General viewThe Maldives and the general are the main talker.

Corpus crossesNo crosses.

Keywords relevance (histogram)There is only migrants in: Gallina, Rush-worth, Tacoli, Lowe, Gemenne, Haig, Leake, Okeke, Oppenheimer, Zaman, Marshall, Rolnik, Treves. instead there is only refugees in far less people: Rilwan, Sherbinin, McAdam, Pugh, Maclellan, Nash, Maroni. Despite that, Refugees is louder in Bogardi.

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

69

Alex

de

Sher

bini

n

Andr

ea G

allin

a

Anna

Rus

hwor

th

Cec

ilia

Taco

li

Cha

ir V

augh

an L

owe

Fran

cois

Gem

enne

Har

old

Hai

g

Jane

McA

dam

Jano

s B

ogar

di

Jona

than

Lea

ke

Lew

is G

ordo

n P

ugh

Mac

lella

n

Mar

gare

t Oke

ke

Mic

hael

Nas

h

Mic

hael

Opp

enhe

imer

Moh

amm

ad Z

aman

Mr

Mar

oni

Nic

ole

Mar

shal

l

Raq

uel R

olni

k

Tulli

o Tr

eves

Ali R

ilwan

AR

GO

IN

MN

NGO

Alex

de

Sher

bini

n

Andr

ea G

allin

a

Anna

Rus

hwor

th

Cec

ilia

Taco

li

Cha

ir V

augh

an L

owe

Fran

cois

Gem

enne

Har

old

Hai

g

Jane

McA

dam

Jano

s B

ogar

di

Jona

than

Lea

ke

Lew

is G

ordo

n P

ugh

Mac

lella

n

Mar

gare

t Oke

ke

Mic

hael

Nas

h

Mic

hael

Opp

enhe

imer

Moh

amm

ad Z

aman

Mr

Mar

oni

Nic

ole

Mar

shal

l

Raq

uel R

olni

k

Tulli

o Tr

eves

Ali R

ilwan

T

K

C

G

M

71Conclusions

72

This graphs shows the percentage of argu-ments discusses in the common sites be-tween the refugees’ and migrants’ corpus. The dimension of the pie charts is given by the number of pages of the site found in both the corpus. It has to be noticed that the common sites are only from three types of actor: Mainstream News, Indipendent News e Governative Organization. Every site, except takepart.com talk about climate change.

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

Common sites analysis

73allvoices.com guardian.co.uk ipsnews.net news.bbc.co.uk

npr.org takepart.com towardsrecognition.org unhcr.org

Clim

ate

Chan

ge

Islands

Refugees

Climate

Change

Movie

Migrants Administratio

n

ClimateChange

Isla

nds

Refugees

Administration Movie

Climate

Change

Islands

ClimateChangeIslands

Clim

ate

Chan

ge

Islands

Mig

rant

s

Refugees

Sea Level

Migrants

Population

Refugees

Sea Level

Islands

Adm

inis

trat

ion

ClimateChange

74

These graphics show the division by islands’ websites of the Countries found in the Al-chemy’s research. The main difference between Refugees and Migrants could be noticed from the differ-ent size of the slices in the pie charts dedi-cated to the islands: in the first one the per-centage is 81.5%, while in the second one it’s only 11.8%. Migrants’ websites seem to be more sensitive than Refugees’ to all the Countries having migration problems. An-other interesting thing is the difference be-tween the percentages of the islands: in the first one, Kiribati reaches the biggest value. This difference could be explained by the media phenomenon built around Kiriba-ti’s situation. In Migrants it’s quite the op-posite: there is not such a difference in the localization of the islands, since the biggest part of the results come from websites be-longing to general’s set.

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

Are the Islands talking about themselves?

75

refugees migrants

Australia

Carteret IslandsKiribatiMaldives

Canada

Italy

US

Burundi

Congo

Fiji

India

Kenya

Kirib

ati

Mal

dives

Mexico

Pakistan

Papua New GuineaSingapore

29,4

%

58,8 %

11,8 %Islands

Other contries with emigration

Invo

lved

coun

tries

Papua New Guinea

Tunisia

Australia

Tuvalu

81,5 %

7,4 %

11,1 %

Othe

r con

tries

with

emig

ratio

n

Islan

ds

Involved countries

Refugees Migrants

refugees migrants

Australia

Carteret IslandsKiribatiMaldives

Canada

Italy

US

Burundi

Congo

Fiji

India

Kenya

Kirib

ati

Mal

dives

Mexico

Pakistan

Papua New GuineaSingapore

29,4

%

58,8 %

11,8 %Islands

Other contries with emigration

Invo

lved

coun

tries

Papua New Guinea

Tunisia

Australia

Tuvalu

81,5 %

7,4 %

11,1 %

Othe

r con

tries

with

emig

ratio

n

Islan

ds

Involved countries

76

This pie chart shows the distribution of the Organizations divided by actor. The most relevant thing is the massive presence of Governmental Organizations in Migrants’ corpus, almost the double of Refugees’. This and the fact that almost half of the words are from Academic Research set, further demonstrates that the word “migrants” is considered as more technical of the word “refugees” and it’s used above all in scientif-ic field. The presence of the WCC (World Council of Churches) in Refugees’ corpus shows how this side of the topic, instead, tends to integrate variegated points of view.

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

Which Organizations talk about the controversy?

77

COINEJFWCC

IPCC

UN

AU

GMG

IOM

NHRIsUN

UNHCREJF

SBCJ

IPCC

UNU

refugees migrants

60 %

26,7 %

13,3 %

Rese

arch o

rganizations

Gover

nativ

e org

aniza

tions

Non governative organizations

44,4 %

22,2 %

33,3 %


Rese

arch organizations

Governative organizations

Refugees Migrants

COINEJFWCC

IPCC

UN

AU

GMG

IOM

NHRIsUN

UNHCREJF

SBCJ

IPCC

UNU

refugees migrants

60 %

26,7 %

13,3 %

Rese

arch o

rganizations

Gover

nativ

e org

aniza

tions


44,4 %

22,2 %

33,3 %


Rese

arch organizations

Governative organizations

78

Name of url Unit


Relevance

Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Island Actor

G General

C Carteret

K Kiribati

M Maldives

T Tuvalu

Corpus

Refugees

Migrants

MN Mainstream News

IN Indipendent News




Unit

This pie chart shows the division by actors of the people found in Alchemy research. What can be seen is the different percent-age of researcher in Migrants’ corpus and in Refugees’ one: in the first case, the percent-age reaches the 66.7% of the total amount, outnumbering the amount of researchers in Refugees. Another interesting difference is the presence of a new category in Refugees’ corpus, “film maker”, while in Migrants ap-pears the name of Margaret Okeke, a mi-grant.

Who talks about the controversy?

79

RefugeesMigrants

Ali R

ilwan

Lewis

Gordo

n Pugh

Michael Nash

Maclellan

Mr M

aroni

Jane McAdam

Janos Bogardi

Alex de Sherbinin

Moh

amm

ad Z

aman

Haro

ld H

aig

Jonathan Leake

Margaret Okeke

Anna Rushworth

Raquel Rolnik

Chai

r Vau

ghan

Low

e

Michae

l Opp

enhe

imer

Nicole M

arshallTullio

TrevesAndrea GallinaCecilia Tacoli

Francois Gemenne

Janos Bogardi

6,7 %6,7 %

6,7 %

13,3 %

66,7 %

Journalists

Activists

Politicians

Researchers

Migrants10 %

50 %

10 %

10 %

20 %

Activists

Journ

alist

s

Politicians

Rese

arch

ers Film

makers

Refugees Migrants

RefugeesMigrants

Ali R

ilwan

Lewis

Gordo

n Pugh

Michael Nash

Maclellan

Mr M

aroni

Jane McAdam

Janos Bogardi

Alex de Sherbinin

Moh

amm

ad Z

aman

Haro

ld H

aig

Jonathan Leake

Margaret Okeke

Anna Rushworth

Raquel Rolnik

Chai

r Vau

ghan

Low

e

Michae

l Opp

enhe

imer

Nicole M

arshallTullio

TrevesAndrea GallinaCecilia Tacoli

Francois Gemenne

Janos Bogardi

6,7 %6,7 %

6,7 %

13,3 %

66,7 %

Journalists

Activists

Politicians

Researchers

Migrants10 %

50 %

10 %

10 %

20 %

Activists

Journ

alist

sPoliticians

Rese

arch

ers Film

makers

81Conclusions

83

From the research came out the informations expected. Medias use more the term “refugees” and maybe because of its impact on the feelings of the reader and its capacity to attract the attention to the fact that those people are forced to leave their homes. But under this use there is a lack of a broader view of the problem, favouring sensationalism to the detriment of the complexity of the topic. Migrants’ websites put the debate under both governmental and scientific points of view, focusing mostly on adaptation plans.To better develop the topic in order to continue this research in the future, it could be useful to integrate the English queries with the same ones translated into other languages. Furthermore, the top results could be analyzed with a deeper semantic research (taking, for instance, all the results with a relevance lower than 0.70) and .pdf files found with Google’s research could be included in the analysis.

Conclusion

islanders. environmental refugees/migrants controversy

Documents

permanent environmental

environmental change

sintesi finalepolitecnico

natural change climate

climate refugees

elisa angelico

elisa racitilaboratorio

humaninduced climate