Name

Midterm Study Guide BioSci

The Basics (Chapter 1)

Biology

1. Biology is the study of _______Living organisms___________________________.

Metric System

2. Fill in the chart to identify the basic units in the metric system

To measure… Use…

Length Meters

Volume Liters

Mass Grams

Scientific Method

3. Complete each step of the Scientific Method below:

a) State __the question_____or make an ____observation_______________

b) Gather__background information___________________________

c) Form _____Hypothesis_____________________________________

d) Test _______Hypothesis_______________________________

e) Collect and analyze ____Data______________________________

f) Draw ______Conclusion______________________________

*Retest the hypothesis*

4. What is a hypothesis? A possible, testable, explanation

5. When is a conclusion made? At the end of your experiment

6. Why do scientists use controlled experiments? So they have something to compare it to

**ONE Variable at a time!!!**

Homer notices that his shower is covered in a strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer decides to check this this out by spraying half of the shower with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is no change in the appearance of the green slime on either side of the shower. 7. Based on the experiment above, identify:

*Manipulated variable or independent variable -_____Coconut Juice___________________ *Responding variable or dependent variable-______Appearance of Slime____________ *Controlled variables – _________Side sprayed with water____________________________

*Hypothesis-(if, then statement) ___If the shower is sprayed with coconut juice, then

it will get rid of the slime_______

8. There are two types of data to collect: quantitative and qualitative

(numbers/amounts) (descriptions)

Use the graph to the right to answer the next three questions.

9. The manipulated/independent variable:

Month

10. The responding/dependent variable:

Number of critters

11. What can you conclude based on this data?

There is an increase in critters in the spring months

The Microscope

Use the word bank to label the parts of the microscope.

Coarse adjustment Light source Stage clips Fine adjustment Objective lens Eyepiece Arm Base

The Characteristics of Life (Chapter 2)

12. Identify and explain the eight characteristics of life.

a) All living things are made up of cells. Can be unicellular or multicellular

b) All living things reproduce. Can be asexual or sexual reproduction.

c) Cells grow and develop. Growth and development ends when an organism dies.

d) Living things obtain and use energy. Energy is required for growth and development.

Cells require energy.

e) Living things respond to their environment. Stimulus: Signal that an organism

responds to. Yanking your hand away after touching hot stove.

f) Genetic Code. All living things have to have DNA or RNA. This is how we get our

genetics.

g) Maintain a stable internal environment. Homeostasis: Ability to maintain internal

balance. Sweating in heat, shivering in cold.

h) Evolve: Living things change over time.

13. Give two examples of unicellular organisms: Paramecium and Ameoba

14. Give two examples of multicellular organisms: Humans and Birds

15. Autotrophs 16. Heterotrophs

Definition

Make their own food Have to consume their food

Examples

Plants, bacteria Animals

17. Metabolism is the combination of Anabolism and Catabolism

18. Ecology is the study of Ecosystems

19. Describe each of the levels of organization shown in the diagram:

-Individual: a group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

-Population: groups of organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same area

-Community: different populations that live together in a defined area

-Ecosystem: community of organisms including their non-living physical environment

-Biome: group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar communities

-Biosphere: Parts of the planet in which all life exists

20. Climate is one example of an abiotic factor (non-living factor). Name at least 3 more.

Soil, Sunlight, Rocks, Wind

21. An abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the number of organisms in an ecosystem is called a

Limiting factor.

22. What is carrying capacity? What happens when a population reaches carrying capacity?

Maximum amount that an ecosystem can sustain. Species start to die until it levels out (Stables)

More Ecology

23. Name and describe the 3 types of symbiosis:

a. Mutualism (Both organisms benefit)

b. Commensalism (One organism benefits, one is not affected)

c. Parasitism (One organism benefits, one is harmed)

24. Why is the number 10% important in this diagram?

25. Food webs are made up of several food chains. Construct a food web using the following animals. This ecosystem represents a farm area. The corn is the main source of food for many of the herbivores in the area. (You do not have to draw pictures, you can just use the animal names and draw arrows between them.)

COW, MOUSE, CORN, HUMAN, BLACKBIRD, CHIPMUNK, MICROORGANISMS (decomposers), FOX, CHICKEN

10% of the energy is passed on, the rest

is released as heat.

Cow

Mouse Corn

Human

Blackbird

Chipmunk

Microorganisms

Fox

Chicken

Chemistry! (Chapter 3)

26. In a Chemical change, the substance actually changes into a different substance.

However, in a Physical change, the substance’s chemical makeup does not

change.

27. Decide whether the following are a physical change (P) or chemical change (C):

C a. burning paper

P b. writing on a napkin with a pen

C c. eating a bagel

P d. breaking a window

P e. melting an ice cube

28. The minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction is called Activation Energy

29. The basic unit of matter is an Atom 30. Inside the nucleus 31. Outside the nucleus --__Protons______(+) -- Electrons (-) --___Neutrons_______ 32. When two or more different atoms combine, a Compound is formed 33. If this were a chemical formula, which parts would be the reactants, and which would be

the products?

Eggs + Oil + Brownie Mix -----> Brownies + Smiles

___Reactants__________ _Products____________

34. What is an enzyme? Speeds up the reaction 35. How can you recognize an enzyme? Ends in “ase”

Water (Chapter 4) ☼☼☼ Water is the Universal Solvent ☼☼☼

37. What does this mean?

36. Draw a water molecule: Just about anything that

is polar will dissolve in water

38. Why are water molecules called “polar”? (HINT: NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE COLD!!)

Uneven distribution of charges. One side is positive, one is negative.

39. What kind of bond holds water molecules together?

a. James Bond

b. Covalent Bond

c. Hydrogen Bond

d. Ionic Bond

e. Junk Bond

40. Why can’t water dissolve oil?

Oil is Non-Polar

Acids and Bases

41. Bases contain Hydroxide OH- ions 42. Acids contain Hydrogen H+ ions

ACID BASE

H+ > OH

- Neutral H

+ < OH

-

pH _0___ to pH_6.9____ pH __7____ pH _7.1____ to pH _14_____

43. What does a buffer do?

Balances out the pH.

H H

O

Organic vs. Inorganic (molecules, not food)

44. Organic molecules/substances contain the element __Carbon___ (SUPER IMPORTANT!)

45. One exception: CO2

46. Organic compounds can form Polymers (like how letters get organized into words)

47. The six most abundant elements found in all living organisms Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfer

48. Fill in the table below with descriptions and examples of the four organic biological

compounds of life: Compound Description/Job Examples

Carbohydrates Contain C, H, and O; end in –ose; necessary for energy; can be used for structure

Breads, Grains, Starch, Fruit, Sugar

Lipids Waxy, oily; store energy, protect

organs, help nervous system Butter, Milk, Oil

Proteins

For structure, storage, transport, enzymes, defense; made of amino acids

Muscle, Enzymes, Hair, Steak

Nucleic Acids Used to transmit genetic information

DNA, RNA

49. What are some differences between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats come from animals, are solid at room temperature, and are considered “bad fats.” Unsaturated fats

are oils, generally liquid at room temperature, and are considered “good fats.”

**Carbon forms many

covalent bonds that are

strong and stable

50. Make bigger organic molecules through _Dehydration Synthesis _____

--removing _Water______ to join molecules together

51. Make smaller organic molecules through __Hydrolysis ________

--adding _Water______________ to break molecules apart

Cells (Chapter 5)

52. Be able to identify and label the

organelles and structures in a plant cell

53. Which organelles are only found

in plant cells?

_Chloroplasts, Cell wall, large vacuole_

54. Know the function of the following

organelles:

o Cell Membrane

Protects and supports cells

Semi-permeable--regulates the flow of substances in/out of cell

Made up of a phospholipid _bilayer (hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic Head )

Proteins and Carbohydrates also play a role

o Cell Wall

Provides structure and protection____ for a PLANT cell

Made up of Cellulose________

Surrounds cell membrane

o Nucleus

Information center of the cell

Contains genetic information (DNA)___

Nucleolus--only function is to make _Ribosomes_________

o Cytoplasm

Jelly like substance that contains the organelles

o Mitochondria

Provides _Energy________ for cells

o Chloroplast

Traps sunlight to make energy (Food) for plants___

Found in __Plants____ ONLY

o Ribosome

Make _Proteins______________

o Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough--synthesize proteins

Smooth--detoxify cells and makes ____________________

o Golgi Apparatus

Collect, modify, package and distribute Proteins_________

o Lysosomes

Break down things in cell (food, invaders, old organelles)

Movement Through the Cell Membrane

(selectively permeable)

55. Types of Passive transport – does not require energy

a) __Diffusion_______________

b) __Osmosis_______________

c) ___Facilitated Diffusion

56. Types of Active transport – requires energy

a) ___Membrane pumps_

b) __Endocytosis_______

c) __Exocytosis____________________

Know the difference between:

57. Hypertonic: ______Moving out of the cell________

58. Hypotonic: ____Moving into the cell _______

59. Isotonic: ____Equal amount _________

60. Diffusion: molecules move from an area of _High____ concentration to an area of

_Low___ concentration

*NO ENERGY REQUIRED

61. Osmosis: movement of _water____ molecules through a selectively permeable membrane

--water moves from an area of High water concentration (low solute

concentration) to an area of Low water concentration (high

solute concentration)

*NO ENERGY

REQUIRED

62. Facilitated Diffusion: use of a helper protein to move _Large_______ molecules across

the membrane

*NO ENERGY NEEDED

High Concentration

Low Concentration

63. Active Transport: allows materials to move from an area of _Low__ concentration to

_High_____concentration

***REQUIRES ENERGY***

GOING IN

Endocytosis

64. _Phagocytosis_____—large particle is engulfed by membrane and brought into cell

65. Pinocytosis--__Smaller particles brought into the cell membrane ____

GOING OUT

Exocytosis

--substances released by the membrane out of the cell

66. Explain what is happening in this diagram:

67. Use the picture below to describe how a cell is like a city. Name at least 6 cell parts in

your description.

Water Tower: Central Vacuole

Post office: Golgi apparatus

Power Plant: Mitochondria

Solar Plant: Chloroplast

Town Hall: Nucleus

Processing and Shipping: Endoplasmic Reticulum

Street Cleaners: Lysosomes

City Boundaries: Cell Membrane

Concrete wall of impenetrability: Cell Wall

Water is moving from an area of low

concentration to an area of high

concentration.

Chapter 6

68. Photosynthesis: ___Using light energy to make glucose and oxygen ______

69. --occurs in the ___Chloroplast_____________________________

KNOW THE FORMULA!!!!!

70. Light Dependent Reaction:

--takes place in the _Thylakoid membrane____

71. Light Independent Reaction:

--takes place in the __Stroma__________

72. A pigment is: Reflects wavelengths of light

73. What are the only three things that are required to complete a light independent reaction?

CO2, ATP, NADPH

74. In the light dependent reaction, how to the electrons travel from photosystem II to

photosystem I?

Electron Transport System

75. What is cellular respiration?

Using glucose (Sugar) to create ATP (Energy)

76. Glycolysis takes place in the Cytoplasm

77. What do NADPH, NADH, and ATP have in common?

Energy Carriers

(reactants) (products)

H2O CO2

Light C6H12O6 O2

78. Use the data table to draw a line graph. Make sure the numbers you use are consistent!! Include all

labels!! Temperature of Syrup

Time

Temperature (

0C)

Title: Temperature of Syrup over an hour