a & p midterm practical study guide

7/23/2019 A & P Midterm Practical Study Guide

1/23

Midterm Practical Study Guide

Chapter 1 Intro to Anatomical TermsAnatomical Terms

Body Cavities and Membranes

Two major body cavities


2/23

o Dorsal (posterior) ar!ely on the posterior"dorsal side o# the body

o $entral (anterior) ar!ely on the anterior"ventral side o# the body

o Major cavities are s%bdivided into smaller cavities& which are then

s%bdivided into even smaller s%bcavities #ormed by thin sheets o#

tiss%e called sero%s membranes& the cells o# which prod%ce a thin&

watery '%id called sero%s '%id that l%bricates or!ans so they movewith a minim%m o# #riction ero%s Membranes Composed o# two layers

*%ter +arietal ayer Attached to the s%rro%ndin!

str%ct%res

Inner $isceral ayer Attached to the or!an or or!ans o#

the ventral cavity

Dorsal (+osterior) Cavity

o Cranial Cavity Area encased by the s,%ll- contains the brain and the

special sense or!ans s%ch as the eyes and the or!ans #or hearin!o $ertebral (pinal) Cavity Area encased by the vertebrae- contains the

spinal cord

$entral (Anterior) Cavity

o Thoracic Cavity %perior to diaphra!m

+le%ral Cavities .ach ple%ral cavity s%rro%nds one o# the l%n!s

ocated between two sero%s membranes called the

ple%ral membranes

+arietal +le%ra Attached to body wall

$isceral +le%ra Attached to s%r#ace o# the l%n!o Mediastin%m Area between the ple%ral cavities- contains !reat

vessels& esopha!%s& trachea& and bronchi& and other str%ct%res- ho%ses

another set o# sero%s membranes that #orm the pericardial cavity +ericardial Cavity %rro%nds the heart

Between the pericardial membranes

+arietal +ericardi%m Attached to s%rro%ndin! str%ct%res

$isceral +ericardi%m Attached to heart m%scle

o Abdominopelvic Cavity In#erior to diaphra!m& e/tends into bony

pelvis +eritoneal Membranes

+arietal +eritone%m Attached to body wall and

s%rro%ndin! str%ct%res

$isceral +eritone%m Attached to s%r#ace o# many or!ans

in cavity +eritoneal Cavity 0o%nd in between the two layers o# peritoneal

membranes

etroperitoneal *r!ans 0o%nd posterior to the peritoneal

cavity Abdominal Cavity Area s%perior to bony pelvis- ho%ses many o#

the or!ans o# the di!estive& lymphatic& and %rinary systems


3/23

+elvic Cavity 2o%sed within the bony pelvis- contains certain

or!ans o# the reprod%ctive system as well as certain or!ans o#

the di!estive and %rinary systems

Chapter 3 Cytolo!y


4/23


5/23


6/23


7/23


8/23

The Cell Cycle

A contin%al cycle o# !rowth and replication- consists o# #o%r phases

o 14 51 Initial !rowth phase

o 64 +hase D7A is replicated

o 84 56 econd !rowth phase

51 56 9 Interphase& cell is not dividin!

o M +hase (Mitosis) Cell divides its or!anelles& cytosol& and replicated

D7A amon! two identical da%!hter cells +rophase 7%clear membrane starts to de!enerate& D7A

condenses so individ%al chromosomes are visible& mitotic

spindle #orms Metaphase Chromosomes line %p alon! central portion o# cell&

microt%b%les called spindle :ber emanate #rom mitotic spindle

and attach to center o# each pair o# chromosomes Anaphase Chromosomes start movin! toward opposite poles o#

cell as spindle :bers shorten& cyto,inesis be!ins Telophase Cleava!e #%rrow #orms& n%clear membranes be!in to

reassemble& mitotic spindle becomes less visible& cyto,inesis is

completed


9/23

Chapter ; 2istolo!y

Epithelial Tissues *%r coverin! and linin! tiss%es

Simple Squamous Epithelium A sin!le

layer o# 'at cells with a 'attened n%cle%s-

o#ten #o%nd in places where s%bstances

have to cross the epitheli%m


10/23

Stratifed Squamous Epithelium Many

layers o# 'attened cells- may also contain

,eratinocytes (,eratini=ed)- strati:ed

s


11/23

Pseudostratifed Ciliated

Columnar Epithelium 2as the

appearance o# havin! many layers

b%t act%ally has only one layer o#

cells- cell shape is always

col%mnar- #o%nd linin! the nasal

cavity and m%ch o# the respiratory

tract

Transitional Epithelium trati:ed

b%t not classi:ed by shape

beca%se cells can chan!e shape-

typically& the apical or s%r#ace cells

are dome>shaped& b%t when tiss%e

is stretched& they 'atten and are

s


12/23

Reticular CT Consists o# many retic%lar :bers prod%ced by retic%lar cells- located

in spleen and lymph nodes& where the :bers interweave to #orm ?nets@ that trap

patho!ens and #orei!n cells- also located aro%nd blood vessels and nerves& where it

#orms s%pportive networ,s

Adipose Tissue Consists mostly o# cells& with little visible .CM- h%!e cells are

adipocytes& each contains a lar!e lipid droplet that occ%pies most o# its

cytoplasm- n%cle%s and other or!anelles are barely visible& p%shed to peripheryo# cell- distrib%ted widely thro%!ho%t the body %nder the s,in and aro%nd or!ans


13/23

Dense Regular Collagenous CT Consists primarily o# colla!en :bers arran!ed in

parallel b%ndles with little !ro%nd s%bstance and #ew cells- e/ceptionally stron!&

ma,es %p str%ct%res that re


14/23

Dense Elastic CT Contains elastic

:bers arran!ed in parallel b%ndles-

#o%nd linin! lar!e blood vessels and in

certain li!aments

!"aline Cartilage Contains mostly

chondrocytes scattered in !ro%nd

s%bstance with #ew visible protein :bers-

smooth& !lassy appearance ma,es it

ideal to cover ends o# bones where they

#orm joints with another bone- also #o%nd

connectin! ribs to stern%m& in nose& and

#ormin! #ramewor, #or certain

respiratory passa!es

#ibrocartilage 0%ll o# protein :bers

(mostly colla!en)& ma,in! it to%!h and

e/tremely stron! b%t not smooth-

rein#orces li!aments and #orms artic%lar

discs- also #o%nd in joints where hyaline

cartila!e has been dama!ed


15/23

Elastic Cartilage 0illed with elastic

:bers that allow it to stretch and

recoil- #o%nd in ear and epi!lottis

$one(%sseous Tissue) Consists

o# osteocytes encased in an .CM

that contains colla!en :bers and

calci%m hydro/yapatite crystals-.CM arran!ed in concentric layers

(lamellae)& with osteocytes

sandwiched between them

ma,es bone the hardest tiss%e in

the body and most resistant to

mechanical stresses

Compact Bone Hard, dense bone

tissue found immediately deep to

periosteum; repeating, densely

packed osteons


16/23

Cancellous (Spongy) Bone Found

inside of a bone deep to compact

bone; somewat resembles a

sponge and consists of a

latticework!type structure wit tiny

bone spicules called trabeculae

$lood *nly CT that doesnt act%ally

connect anythin! physically-

consists o# erythrocytes andle%,ocytes& platelets& and plasma

S&eletal 'uscle Tissue Myocytes

are lon!& t%b%lar& and striated in

appearance d%e to myo:laments-

#ormed #rom the #%sion o# myoblasts

and #or this reason have m%ltiple n%clei


17/23

Cardiac 'uscle Tissue Myocytes

are short& #at& striated& and tend to

be branchin!- adjacent myocytes

lin,ed by intercalated dis,s- typically

only have one n%cle%s& b%t some

have more

Smooth 'uscle Tissue Myocytes

are 'at with one n%cle%s in the

center o# the spindle>shaped cell-

lac, noticeable striations- lines all

hollow or!ans and is #o%nd in s,in&

eyes& and s%rro%ndin! many !lands

erous Tissue +rimary

component o# brain& spinal cord&

peripheral nerves- consists o# a

%ni


18/23

Chapter Inte!%mentary ystem,in Anatomy and Accessory tr%ct%res

.pidermis (strati:ed slined sheath

s%rro%ndin! hair b%lb

ail Plate %rro%nded by s,in on all three sides (nail *olds)- #ormed by

nail matri,


19/23


20/23

Chapter Intro to the ,eletal ystem

Compact Bone 2ard& dense bone tiss%e #o%nd immediately deep to the

perioste%m- hardness comes #rom str%ct%re& which consists o# repeatin!&

densely pac,ed s%b%nits called osteons

0eat%res o# *steons

o amellae Concentric rin!s o# bone matri/- !ive compact bone a !reat

deal o# stren!tho Central (2aversian) Canal %ns down the center o# each osteon&

contains blood vessels and nerves and is lined with a CT membrane

called the endoste%mo ac%nae mall cavities sit%ated between lamellae& contain mat%re

osteoblasts called osteocytes that monitor and maintain the bone

matri/- nei!hborin! lac%nae and osteocytes are connected to each

other by tiny canals called canalic%lio +er#oratin! ($ol,manns) Canals ie perpendic%lar to osteon and

carry blood vessels into the bone #rom the perioste%m- lined by

endoste%m

pon!y Bone 0o%nd on inside o# a bone deep to compact bone- latticewor,>

type str%ct%re with tiny bone spic%les called trabec%laeo 2o%ses the bone marrow

ed Bone Marrow +rod%ces blood cells

ellow Bone Marrow Composed primarily o# adipose tiss%e

Classi:cation o# Bones by hapeLong $ones > on!er than they are

wide- bones o# %pper"lower

e/tremities e/cl%din! an,le and wrist

bonesShort $ones Abo%t as lon! as they

are wide- bones o# wrist and an,le#lat $ones 0lat- incl%de ribs& stern%m&

clavicle& certain s,%ll bones& bones o#

pelvisrregular $ones Bones whose shape

doesnt :t into any o# the other

classes- vertebrae& certain bones o#

s,%ll (mandible)Sesamoid $ones o%!hly oval>

shaped bones located within tendonsSutural $ones - 5enerally small bones

located between 'at bones o# s,%ll


21/23

Anatomy o# on! bones

Diaph"sis ha#t o# lon! bone- consists o# a

thic, collar o# compact bone s%rro%ndin!

a hollow area called the medullar"

cait"& which is :lled with yellow bone

marrow in livin! bone

Epiph"ses .nds o# a lon! bone- each

epiphysis contains a shell o# compact

bone s%rro%ndin! the inner spon!y bone&

which contains either red o# yellow bone

marrow- end o# each is covered with

hyaline cartila!e (artic%lar cartila!e)

Epiph"seal Line Thin& calci:ed remnant o#

the epiph"seal plate& a band o# hyalinecartila!e #rom which lon! bones !row in

len!th


22/23

Chapter E ,eletal ystemCranial Bones

0rontal bone

o ./ternal

%praorbital #oramen

%praorbital mar!in

5labella

o Internal

0rontal sin%ses %rro%nd nasal cavity& paranasal sin%ses

Anterior cranial #ossa

+arietal bones

Temporal bones

o ./ternal

Fy!omatic process

./ternal aco%stic meat%s

tyloid process

Carotid canal G%!%lar #oramen

0oramen lacer%m

o Internal

Internal aco%stic meat%s

G%!%lar #oramen

*ccipital bone

o ./ternal

*ccipital condyles

0oramen ma!n%m

In#erior"s%perior n%chal li ne

./ternal occipital prot%beranceo Internal

0oramen ma!n%m

+osterior cranial #ossa

phenoid bone

o 5reater Hin!

./ternal

0oramen ovale

0oramen spinos%m

Internal

0oramen lacer%m

0oramen rot%nd%m 0oramen ovale

0oramen spinos%m

o esser win!

Internal

ella t%rcica 2o%ses pit%itary !land

*ptic canal

.thmoid bone


23/23

o %perior

Cribi#orm plate 0orms roo# o# nasal cavity

*l#actory #oramina

Crista !alli

o ateral

.thmoid sin%ses +rojections into nasal cavity

%perior nasal conchae

Middle nasal conchae

+erpendic%lar plate 0orms part o# bony nasal sept%m

0acial Bones

Mandible

o Mandib%lar rami ?arms@

o Mandib%lar body

o Mandib%lar an!le

o Coronoid process Anterior

o Mandib%lar Condyle +osterior

Ma/illaeo

a & p midterm practical study guide

Documents